Enlightened Absolutism. Evaluating “Enlightened Absolutism” To what extent did Enlightenment...
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Transcript of Enlightened Absolutism. Evaluating “Enlightened Absolutism” To what extent did Enlightenment...
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Enlightened Absolutism
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Evaluating “Enlightened Absolutism”
• To what extent did Enlightenment ideas influence monarchs of the time?
• Is “enlightened absolutism” a useful term to describe these monarchs?
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Historiography of the term• mid-19th c: concept of “enlightened absolutism”
develops• 1960s: historians start questioning term’s validity
… see monarchs as pursuing conventional aims of state-building above all – self-defense was key: need strong armies and strong
admin/fiscal systems to support them– enlightened policies existed but were “mere window-
dressing”– enlightened policies were often incomplete & limited
• 1970s/80s: back to the idea that “enlightened absolutism” is a valid term (product of detailed studies on particular countries)
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Most historians agree that:
• monarchs did encourage and spread cultural values of Enlightenment
• monarchs believed in change from above & tried to enact reforms
• improvements were only modest• life of peasantry remained very hard
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Historians differ on the question of why reform was so limited. Was it that…
• … monarchs were not really sincere in their efforts?
• … powerful nobilities blocked absolutists’ sincere desire to enact reforms?
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C’mon, Ms. Muller, what’s the right answer?
Some historians fuse the two ideas:monarchs were committed to reform but humanitarian objectives were secondary.
But what do you think? History is a matter of debate, and you are all budding historians!
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Assignment
• For each enlightened monarch (Fred, Cathy, MT & Joe), take notes on:1. policies that were enlightened2. policies that were not enlightened3. foreign policy / territorial expansion
• Write a thesis: To what extent were the policies of the “enlightened monarchs” actually enlightened?
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Jewish Enlightenment
• Haskalah: Jewish Enlightenment– 2nd half of the 18th c.– led by Moses Mendelssohn– advocated freedom and civil rights for Jews
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How did Jews fare during the Enlightenment?
• There were some reforms:– Britain: repealed a law that denied naturalization– Joseph II: granted Jews eligibility for military
service, admission to higher ed and artisanal trade, removed reqs for special clothing/emblems
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How did Jews fare during the Enlightenment?
• Many monarchs did not make reforms:– Fred the Great: no
emancipation of Jews– Cathy the Great: no
emancipation + est. the Pale of Settlement, a territory where most Jews were required to live, 1791-1917.
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When, if ever, did Jews gain more rights?
• France, 1791 (French Revolution) – first country to remove all restrictions on Jews
• 19th c: Jews gained more rights around Europe, until the 1870s, when a financial crash hit and Jews became scapegoats