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Absolute Monarchs
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Definition Absolutism - A Political theory stating that all power should be in the hands of
one ruler or authority.
Absolutism of the 17th-18th century most often focused on monarchs, whose power was derived from “divine right” Absolutism - A Political theory stating that all power should be in the hands of one ruler or authority.
Absolutism of the 17th-18th century most often focused on monarchs, whose power was derived from “divine right”
“divine right” – Monarchs derive their right to rule directly from God and are only answerable to God.
Most importantly, absolute monarchs controlled their nobles, centralized their governments (court), expanded their taxation systems, and created large standing armies.
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Spain Devout Catholics: Against Lutherans and Muslims Charles V :1556 divided up empire and retired to a
Monastery Ferdinand (brother) left in charge of Austria and
Holy Roman Empire Philip II (son) Spain, American colonies.
Intelligent/hard working/lack of trust Seized Portugal’s kingdom when their king died
without an heir
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Spain Portugal had huge wealth Philip II was a defender of Catholicism Fought against the Ottoman Empire 1588 Launches Spanish armada against the
Protestant English. Lost
Weakens Spain
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Spain weakens Inflation (So much wealth from America
value dropped) Jews and Moors forced out Guilds produced items at too high a cost.
Citizens bought from other countries Philip had to declare bankrupt 3 times. Had to
borrow money to pay for the wars
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France Religious wars
1572 Saint Bartholomew’s day massacre sparked a 6 week slaughter of Huguenots.
Henry IV survived the attack but most nobles died
1589 Henry inherits throne
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France Henry IV: 1st king of Bourbon dynasty Gave up Protestantism and became Catholic. Edict of Nantes: Religious tolerance Restored powerful Monarchy Did a lot of good but hated by some because
of religious tolerance Stabbed
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France Henry’s son Louis XIII reigned Weak ruler but appointed a strong minister.
Cardinal Richelieu. Richelieu was against the Protestants. (No
Protestant cities could have walls)*wanted top weaken power of the nobles
*wanted France to be the strongest in Europe. Hapsburg empire was the revival
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Skepticism New intellectual movement
Nothing can be known for certain
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Louis XIV(Sun King)
Palace of Versailles (Luxury/meals/dress/nobles)
Nobles worshiping him increased his authority
“I am the state” Began reign at age 4 and took control at age
22. Increased the power of his central government Intendants Canceled Edict of Nantes
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Wars Most powerful country in Europe By 1680 European alliance against him Problems
Poor harvests Wars Taxes
Legacy Power/Military Arts Wars + Palace of Versailles= DEBT
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30 Years War Tension between Lutherans, Catholics and
Calvins. 1608:Protestant Union 1609:Catholic Union Ferdinand II ruled Bohemia. (Catholic)
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Prussia 1640 Frederick William I Inherits the throne.
Nation becomes a military society. Frederick the Great (son)
dad had concerns (beheading) followed military lead added religious policies
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Russia Ivan the Terrible
age 3/Boyars 16 took power for himself married Anastasia 1547-1560 prosperous period 1560 Anastasia died. Poison?
Period of turmoil Organized his own police. Thousands died 1581 killed his strongest son during an argument Weak son was his only heir Boyars struggled for power Romanov emerged as a new leader
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Peter the Great One of Russia’s greatest leaders Russia was a land of serfs. (Property) Peter’s visit to the west Goal Westernization. Must compete Reforms
introduced potatoes raised status of women 1st newspaper western clothing increased education Now people can travel. Encouraged Russia is a force to deal with
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England Monarchs defy parliament James I: (King 1603) fought with parliament for money Charles I: (son)
Needed money for war, parliament refused so he dissolved it. 1628 he needed money again. Parliament refused until he signed the
Petition of Right no imprisonment without cause no taxes without consent no soldiers in private homes agreed to petition and then ignored it. 1629 dissolved parliament again and refused to call it back in secession
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England 1641 Parliament passed laws to limit the
monarchy Tried to arrest parliament leaders Mob out side palace Charles flees to London
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English Civil War Cavaliers vs. Roundheads (Loyal to Charles) (Loyal to Parliament)
Oliver Cromwell:Defeated the cavaliersExecuted Charles (Public trial and execution!!!)
Total powerConstitution becomes military dictatorAbolish sinful activites
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Restoration Cromwell dies. People want a change. Charles II: Popular. Restored monarchy James II: Brother of Charles.
Appointed Catholics to high office Dissolved parliament
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Revolution James II had an older daughter Mary
(Protestant). Her husband was William a prince.
Parliament invites William and Mary to overthrow James II.
1688 bloodless overthrow called the Glorious Revolution. vowed to recognize parliament as a partner
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Revolution England became a constitutional monarchy
Bill of Rights
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Scientific Revolution Before 1500 the bible had the answers Geocentric theory: Earth was the center of the
universe Heliocentric: Sun centered
Copernicus Galileo
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Scientific Revolution Bacon/Descartes: Scientific method Newton: Gravitation/attraction/motion Janssen: microscope Leeuwenhock: Red blood cells Torricelli: Mercury thermometer Fahrenheit: Mercury glass thermometer. (32 degrees) Celsius: Water freezes at zero degrees. Vesalius: Human corpses Jenner: small pox vaccine Boyle: Father of modern chemistry
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Which is correct? Pasteur BeChamp Bernard
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Enlightenment Age of reason
2 views of government Hobbes: Pessimistic/Social Contract Locke: Optimistic
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Philosophers Voltaire: “I don’t agree with a word you say but I
will fight for you to say it”
Montesquieu: Separation of power
Rousseau: Individual freedoms
Beccaria: Justice system. Eliminate torture. punishment should fit the crime
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Legacy 1. Rise in the non-religious outlook
2. Importance of the individual
3. Belief in progress