Enhancing Competencies and Skills Through Career and Technical EducationBy Dr. Dou XianjinNational Centre for Education Development ResearchMinistry of EducationPeoples Republic of China

Presentation of StructureKnowledge-based Economy and the Competence-based SocietyLabor Market change and the emerging Competencies and SkillsImproving Career and Technical Education to Ensure Basic Competencies and Skills in ChinaExchanging Practice and Responding Common Challenges in APEC Economy

1. China is moving forward to knowledge-based Economy and the Competence-based SocietyGlobal integration of economy, Market-oriented Economy and Labour market functioning New roles of the national state, regional and local authorities----Public Service Domains and networks offer new platform for individuals Career Development depend on competencies and Skills the individual mastered

2.Labor Market Change and the emerging key competencies and skills Unemployed graduates and shortage of skilled workers. Continuous job transfer Ability to learn continuously Flexibility to adapt to change

Changes in Job Task-Skill Demands (USA, 1960 1998)

Source: Autor, Levy, and Murnane (2003) The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration, Quarterly Journal of Economics.

Chart1

00000

21.40.80-1

42.71.7-0.2-2

6.64.11.1-1.8-3.2

9.25.80.2-3.3-4.5

11.87.3-1.4-5.9-5

13.48.3-2.7-7.7-5.5

Expert Thinking

ComplexCommunication

Routine Manual

Routine Cognitive

Non-Routine Manual

Expert Thinking

Complex Communication

Routine Manual

Routine Cognitive

Non-Routine Manual

Percentile Change

Sheet1

1969197419791984198919941998

Expert Thinking0246.69.211.813.4

Complex Communication01.42.74.15.87.38.3

Routine Manual00.81.71.10.2-1.4-2.7

Routine Cognitive00-0.2-1.8-3.3-5.9-7.7

Non-Routine Manual0-1-2-3.2-4.5-5-5.5

Sheet2

Sheet3

Sheet4

Sheet5

Sheet6

The emerging key competencies and skills

Basic Competencies and Skills: Reading, writing and basic math, Sciences, technology, informatics, foreign languages The Emerging Competencies and skillsAbility to learn and think autonomouslyAnalytical thinking and problem solvingCreativityCommunicationTeamwork and ability to work within heterogeneous groups

Structured Shortage of Skilled Workers in ChinaSkilled workers have become a scarce resource in the labor market. The ratios of number of skilled workers needed and the number of those available are 2.59 for advanced technicians;1.93 for advanced engineers; and 1.84 for technicians ( wang, 2005,By report of China labor market information survey). The number of unemployed graduates is rising in recent years. In 2002 among 1.45 million college graduate ,440,000(30%) could not find jobs; in 2003, of 2.1 million graduates, 630.000(30%)aree still unemployed in September in terms of articles by (Bengali 2004). Therefore, education should adapt to the structural change and signals in the labor market.

3. Improving Career and Technical Education to Ensure Basic Competencies and SkillsChinas Strategic Priority China is the largest developing country. It has been thirties years since China started a transition to an internationally open market economy and the economy has been growing at more than 9 percent a year changing the economy structure. By 2020 China will be a more industry- and service-oriented economy, requiring a labor force with new competencies and skills geared to a knowledge-based economy. Technical workers now account for only one-third of the total industrial workers, most of them junior technicians. High-level skilled workers account for 4% and resulted in a bottleneck for Chinas industrial upgrading.

Improving Career and Technical Education to Ensure Basic Competencies and Skills in ChinaCTE/TVET has been defined as the strategy priority by 2020. The blueprint of CTE/TVET is to establish more flexible and autonomy linking to the labor market and enterprises for development with Chinese characteristics. The basic development modality is government taking leading roles, depending on the enterprises, involving industries, encouraging the participation of society, and promoting both the public and private sectors.

The Specific Goals of CTE/TVET are the following: By 2010 enrollment in secondary vocational education will reach about 8 million, and tertiary vocational college enrollment will account for half of the tertiary education.Enhancing the training institute capacities and the number of the trained labor force will reach more than 100 million, the qualities of the labor force will be improved.The conditions of vocational education will be updated, overall quality of teachers will be strengthened, and effective and efficiency of CTE will be improved.Source:China State Council 2005a; Wen 2005a;

Chart2

1.6464

5.285

6.0887

1.9751

0.8832

Percentage

Percentage of the Educated People in the Nationl Total

1

2

3

4

199819992000200120022003200420052006

101161184386548711872921981

199819992000200120022003200420052006

0.06280.12340.19430.35490.59540.88381.18431.4441.7709

Year

Number

The Number of Tertiary Vocational-technical Colleges (Million)

2005

Year

Number

Enrolment of the Tertiary Vocational-technical College (Million)

IllteratePrimary SchoolJunior Secondary SchoolSenior Secondary SchoolCollege and Level

Percentage1.64645.2856.08871.97510.8832

(Notes:The data of this figure is according to the 1% national population sample survey sample data, which sampling ratio is 1.325%,and the population of national total means the population above the age of six and six-year-old )

Percentage

Percentage of the Educated People in the Nationl Total

198019902005

Primary Industry1359.4501723070.4

Secondary Industry21927717.487046.7

Tertiary Industry966.45813.572967.7

Total4517.818547.9183084.8

Number of Employed Persons in There Industris(Million)

198019902005

Primary Industry291.22389.14339.7

Secondary Industry77.07138.56180.84

Tertiary Industry55.32119.79237.71

Total423.61647.49758.25

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Year

Number

Gross Domestic Pruduct by Three Industry( Unit: in 100 Million Yuan)

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Year

Number

Number of Employed Persons in Three Industries (Million)

MBD0004E813.ppt

MBD000843BE.ppt

MBD00083D79.ppt

MBD00021E6A.ppt

Career and Technical Education in ChinaChinas career and technical education are keeping pace with eco-social development and supported by Central Government in the context of general education dominated country.In the past 20 years, China Government have taken a series of policies and measures to support career and technical education with development of eco-social development. Chinas education system needs to adapt to the economy structure change. Career and Technical Education have listed as one of Chinas Priorities in addition to universalizing 9-years compulsory education and improving quality of higher education.

Chart4

1359.42192966.4

50177717.45813.5

23070.487046.772967.7

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Year

Number

Gross Domestic Pruduct by Three Industry( Unit: in 100 Million Yuan)

1

2

3

4

199819992000200120022003200420052006

101161184386548711872921981

199819992000200120022003200420052006

0.06280.12340.19430.35490.59540.88381.18431.4441.7709

Year

Number

The Number of Tertiary Vocational-technical Colleges (Million)

2005

Year

Number

Enrolment of the Tertiary Vocational-technical College (Million)

IllteratePrimary SchoolJunior Secondary SchoolSenior Secondary SchoolCollege and Level

Percentage1.64645.2856.08871.97510.8832

(Notes:The data of this figure is according to the 1% national population sample survey sample data, which sampling ratio is 1.325%,and the population of national total means the population above the age of six and six-year-old )

Percentage

Percentage of the Educated People in the Nationl Total

198019902005

Primary Industry1359.4501723070.4

Secondary Industry21927717.487046.7

Tertiary Industry966.45813.572967.7

Total4517.818547.9183084.8

Number of Employed Persons in There Industris(Million)

198019902005

Primary Industry291.22389.14339.7

Secondary Industry77.07138.56180.84

Tertiary Industry55.32119.79237.71

Total423.61647.49758.25

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Year

Number

Gross Domestic Pruduct by Three Industry( Unit: in 100 Million Yuan)

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Year

Number

Number of Employed Persons in Three Industries (Million)

MBD0004E813.ppt

MBD000843BE.ppt

MBD00083D79.ppt

MBD00021E6A.ppt

Chart1

291.2277.0755.32

389.14138.56119.79

339.7180.84237.71

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Year

Number

Number of Employed Persons in Three Industries (Million)

1

2

3

4

199819992000200120022003200420052006

101161184386548711872921981

199819992000200120022003200420052006

0.06280.12340.19430.35490.59540.88381.18431.4441.7709

Year

Number

The Number of Tertiary Vocational-technical Colleges (Million)

2005

Year

Number

Enrolment of the Tertiary Vocational-technical College (Million)

IllteratePrimary SchoolJunior Secondary SchoolSenior Secondary SchoolCollege and Level

Percentage1.64645.2856.08871.97510.8832

(Notes:The data of this figure is according to the 1% national population sample survey sample data, which sampling ratio is 1.325%,and the population of national total means the population above the age of six and six-year-old )

Percentage

Percentage of the Educated People in the Nationl Total

198019902005

Primary Industry1359.4501723070.4

Secondary Industry21927717.487046.7

Tertiary Industry966.45813.572967.7

Total4517.818547.9183084.8

Number of Employed Persons in There Industris(Million)

198019902005

Primary Industry291.22389.14339.7

Secondary Industry77.07138.56180.84

Tertiary Industry55.32119.79237.71

Total423.61647.49758.25

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Year

Number

Gross Domestic Pruduct by Three Industry( Unit: in 100 Million Yuan)

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Year

Number

Number of Employed Persons in Three Industries (Million)

MBD0004E813.ppt

MBD000843BE.ppt

MBD00083D79.ppt

MBD00021E6A.ppt

Beyond Retirement AgeEducation and training for adult learnersTraining for the UnemployedGovernment Failure students out of schoolBasic EducationSecondaryHigher EdLabor Force (770m)Remedial/ Updating/ Upskilling the Participating WorkforceFormal Education 260m)Chinas Learning Needs Beyond Formal EducationTotal Population of 1.3 billionKnowledge for Development, WBI

Career Education in ChinaCareer Courses covered from primary to university education.Career guidance for the secondary vocational education and tertiary educationCareer guidance and job service centre located in the local communities around China.

Technical Education in ChinaChinas Technical Education included:

Secondary Technical Education:Secondary specialized schools;Secondary Vocational Schools;Secondary workers Schools;

Tertiary Technical Education:Tertiary Vocational and Technical college.

The main Policies related to CTE

The main Policies related to CTE

Secondary vocational and technical schools

Tertiary vocational and technical schools

Chart5

101

161

184

386

548

711

872

921

981

Year

Number

The Number of Tertiary Vocational-technical Colleges

1

2

3

4

199819992000200120022003200420052006

101161184386548711872921981

199819992000200120022003200420052006

0.06280.12340.19430.35490.59540.88381.18431.4441.7709

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Year

Number

The Number of Tertiary Vocational-technical Colleges (Million)

2005

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Year

Number

Enrolment of the Tertiary Vocational-technical College (Million)

IllteratePrimary SchoolJunior Secondary SchoolSenior Secondary SchoolCollege and Level

Percentage1.64645.2856.08871.97510.8832

(Notes:The data of this figure is according to the 1% national population sample survey sample data, which sampling ratio is 1.325%,and the population of national total means the population above the age of six and six-year-old )

0

0

0

0

0

Percentage

Percentage of the Educated People in the Nationl Total

GDP (100 Million Yuan)

198019902005

Primary Industry1359.4501723070.4

Secondary Industry21927717.487046.7

Tertiary Industry966.45813.572967.7

Total4517.818547.9183084.8

Number of Employed Persons in There Industris(Million)

198019902005

Primary Industry291.22389.14339.7

Secondary Industry77.07138.56180.84

Tertiary Industry55.32119.79237.71

Total423.61647.49758.25

000

000

000

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Year

Number

Gross Domestic Pruduct by Three Industry( Unit: in 100 Million Yuan)

000

000

000

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Year

Number

Number of Employed Persons in Three Industries (Million)

MBD00083D79.ppt

MBD000843BE.ppt

MBD00021E6A.ppt

MBD0004E813.ppt

Tertiary vocational and technical schools

Chart3

0.0628

0.1234

0.1943

0.3549

0.5954

0.8838

1.1843

1.444

1.7709

Year

Number

Enrolment of the Tertiary Vocational-technical College (Million)

1

2

3

4

199819992000200120022003200420052006

101161184386548711872921981

199819992000200120022003200420052006

0.06280.12340.19430.35490.59540.88381.18431.4441.7709

Year

Number

The Number of Tertiary Vocational-technical Colleges (Million)

2005

Year

Number

Enrolment of the Tertiary Vocational-technical College (Million)

IllteratePrimary SchoolJunior Secondary SchoolSenior Secondary SchoolCollege and Level

Percentage1.64645.2856.08871.97510.8832

(Notes:The data of this figure is according to the 1% national population sample survey sample data, which sampling ratio is 1.325%,and the population of national total means the population above the age of six and six-year-old )

Percentage

Percentage of the Educated People in the Nationl Total

198019902005

Primary Industry1359.4501723070.4

Secondary Industry21927717.487046.7

Tertiary Industry966.45813.572967.7

Total4517.818547.9183084.8

Number of Employed Persons in There Industris(Million)

198019902005

Primary Industry291.22389.14339.7

Secondary Industry77.07138.56180.84

Tertiary Industry55.32119.79237.71

Total423.61647.49758.25

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Year

Number

Gross Domestic Pruduct by Three Industry( Unit: in 100 Million Yuan)

Primary Industry

Secondary Industry

Tertiary Industry

Year

Number

Number of Employed Persons in Three Industries (Million)

MBD0004E813.ppt

MBD000843BE.ppt

MBD00083D79.ppt

MBD00021E6A.ppt

4.Exchanging Practice and Responding to the Common Challenges in APEC Economy In order to respond to the knowledge-based economy and enhancing competencies and skills of the labor force, many regions in APEC Economy are implementing career and technical strategy.In terms of APEC Survey related to policies and reforms on CTE/TVET co-organized by China and Philippines, we found many regions have initiated career and technical program, such as Chinas programme of financing the disadvantaged group to receive secondary vocational education, Australian Apprenticeships Incentive Programme, etc. Later, Madame wang will make presentation related to the survey in details

Exchanging Practice of Career and Technical Education in APEC EconomyEach regions CTE was developed in the respectively situation. But it will be definitely improved when we exchange practice of developing CTE. Understanding the CTE in the framework of education system.Understanding the curriculum of CTE among different regions, such as reading, math, ICT, language, etc.CTE/TVET teachers career development and training.CTE/TVET and qualification system.

Responding to the Challenges of CTE in APEC Economy Understanding employers views on the competencies and skills.How to validate competencies and skills scientifically by qualification systems.Embedding curriculum development and teachers training to improve competence-based and skills-oriented career and technical education.Realizing learning and competencies development.

Mastering Competencies and Skills Through Career and Technical Education

MENTAL AND BODILY BALANCE

Knowledge understanding skills

Motivation emotion volition

action

communication

cooperation

MEANING ABILITIES

CONTENT

INCENTIVE

INTER-ACTION

FUNCTIONALITY

SENSITIVITY

INTEGRATION

SOCIALITY

Competence Development Through Career and Technical Education

Concluding RemarksChinas career and technical education are at the across-road to adapt to development of restructuring economy and the competence-based society. We would like to exchange and share ideas and experiences among APEC region and enhance citizens competencies and skills to satisfy the progress of knowledge-based society.

Thank You !Dxj@moe.edu.cn

Effects of mass introduction of computers in the workplace on demand for skills.Figure displays trend for each of five types of tasks.Expert thinking: solving problems for which there are no rule-based solutions, e.g. research, forming and testing hypotheses, medical diagnosis and diagnostic in general (resolving discrepancies).Complex communication: interacting with humans to acquire information, to explain it, or to persuade others of its implications for action, e.g. persuading, selling, legal writing, managing others.Routine cognitive tasks: mental tasks that are well described by logical rules, e.g. maintaining expense reports, record keeping, repetitive customer service, bank teller.Routine manual tasks: physical tasks that can be well described using rules, e.g. counting and packaging pills, repetitive assembly.Non-routine manual tasks: physical tasks that cannot be well described as following a set of If-Then-Do rules instead, they require optical recognition and fine muscle control, e.g. janitorial services, truck driving.Each trend reflects changes in the numbers of people employed in occupations emphasizing that task.Importance of each task in US economy is set to 0 in 1969, value in each subsequent year represents percentile change in importance of each type of task in economy.Rules-based tasks (routine tasks) where computers can substitute for humans, have decline.