English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil,...
-
Upload
cornelius-mcbride -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
2
Transcript of English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil,...
![Page 1: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
English Moods
Alexander Strelnikov ©
Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages
Nizhniy Tagil,
Jan. 13, 2014
![Page 2: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Mood ← Latin word ‘modus’
mode or manner
![Page 3: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Mood expresses
the character of connections between the process
denoted by the verb and actual reality
![Page 4: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Classification of moods
Different scholars define different number of moods:
0 ↔ 16
![Page 5: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Classification of moods
• Direct (indicative, imperative) mood shows that the process is real, i.e. that it took place in the past, takes place in the present, or will take place in future.
• Indirect (oblique) moods show that the process is unreal, imaginary (hypothetical, possible or impossible, desired, etc.).
![Page 6: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The indicative mood
Used to make a simple statement or to ask a question or to make a possible supposition.
I wake up early in the morning. (Statement)Sun rises in the east. (Statement)
Barking dogs seldom bite. (Statement)Milk is sweet. (Statement)
What is your name? (Question)Is that your husband? (Question)
If you ask him, he will help you. (Possible supposition)
![Page 8: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Note!
Terminology
Tenses (indicative)
↕
Forms of the verb (oblique)
![Page 9: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Imperative mood
• Used to express a command, request or advice.
Go at once. (Command)Sit down.(Command) Excuse me. (Request)Keep quiet. (Order)Work hard. (Advice)Don’t be silly. (Advice)
“You” is usually omitted.
![Page 11: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Subjunctive I
• Expresses various attitudes of the speaker: desire, consideration (supposition, suggestion, hypothesis), inducement (recommendation, request, command, order), etc.
![Page 13: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Subjunctive I
• has a certain formal, and even archaic stylistic flavor
![Page 14: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Subjunctive I
has a certain formal and even archaic stylistic flavor
Infinitive without “to”
Long Live Revolution! Long live October day!God bless you!God save the Queen!Success attend you!
![Page 15: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Subjunctive II
• All the meanings imply unreal conditions of some sort.
![Page 17: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Subjunctive II
V2 (to be – were)
• I wish he were here.
• If I were at home now!
• She behaves as if (as though) she were right.
• It’s high time she tried to change the situation.
• If only he had the tickets!
![Page 18: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The suppositional mood
• Expresses supposition, suggestion, recommendation, inducements of various types and degrees of intensity.
![Page 20: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The suppositional mood
should + infinitiveafter
necessaryImportantdesirablerequesteddemandedadvisablearrangedordered
commanded
![Page 21: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The suppositional mood
• It is obligatory that she should be present at the meeting.
• It is necessary that he should go there at once.• It is needed that she should say that at once.• It was important that he should stay at school.• Harris proposed that we should have eggs for
breakfast. • By the evening he looked so bad that she
suggested that he should go to bed.• I insist that I should be freed.
![Page 22: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The suppositional mood
Various tenses in the main clause.
• He demands (demanded, will demand) that we should be attentive.
• She insists (insisted, will insist) that he should be careful.
![Page 23: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The suppositional mood
to fearto worry
to be afraid +LEST
• Mary feared lest he should come in. • She closed the window lest the children should
catch cold.• She put her hand of the railing lest she should
fall.
![Page 24: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The suppositional mood
• Does not exist in American grammar.
• Subjunctive I is used instead.
It is obligatory that she be present at the meeting.
It is necessary that he go there at once.
![Page 25: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Conditionals
main clause + if-clause
or
if-clause + main clause
The conjunction “IF” occupies # 55 in the list of most frequently used English words.
![Page 27: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Using commas in conditional sentences
if-clause , main clause
main clause if-clause
If you swallow some of the cleaning fluid, it will kill you.
It will kill you if you swallow some of the cleaning fluid.
![Page 28: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
INDICATIVE!
• If I have money, I will buy a car.
• If the weather is fine, we will go to the park.
• If my friend is not late, we will go to the cinema.
• Variation:
• If a man has cheated before, he will do it again.
![Page 29: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
INDICATIVE!
General truth.
• If you heat ice, it melts.
• If you don’t understand, you are a fool.
• If somebody hits me, I hit back.
• If the boss finds out, he will be angry.
![Page 30: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Types of conditionals
Russian БЫ is used in translation.
Real
Unreal
Mixed types:
Real – unreal
Unreal – real
![Page 31: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Real conditions
• If I were rich, I would give iPhones to everyone.
• If I had money I would go to the seaside.
• If today were Saturday, we could go to the beach.
![Page 32: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Unreal conditions
• Refer to the past • The probability is 0 %.
• If I had known that you were there, I would have written you a letter.
• Had I known that you were there, I would have written you a letter.
• If you hadn’t been here, I would have made up a love for myself.
![Page 33: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mixed types of conditionals
REAL - UNREAL
Real (main clause) – Unreal (if-clause)
• I would be a general’s wife if I had married a general.
• I wouldn’t be so aggressive now if I hadn’t forgotten to take my pills yesterday.
![Page 34: English Moods Alexander Strelnikov © Municipal Resource Centre for Foreign Languages Nizhniy Tagil, Jan. 13, 2014.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649eaa5503460f94baed13/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Mixed types of conditionals
UNREAL - REAL
Unreal (main clause) – Real (if-clause)
• You would have passed the exam yesterday if you were more attentive.
• I would have become a basketball player if I were taller.
• I would have worked as Santa last Christmas if I were kinder.