Present Simple Tense

Afirmativ S+V (pers. a-III-a : -s,-es, -o, -ss, -ch, -sh)

Interogativ do/does+S+V (inf.scurt)

Negativ S+do/does+not+V (inf.scurt)

Interogativ-Negativ (Don’t you?)

do/does+S+not+V (inf.scurt)

Question-Tag (Nu-i asa?)

She goes there every day, doesn’t she?

 1.Este o actiune obisnuita, repetata, permanenta.

# very day, every week, etc. pozitia: la sfarsit sau la inceput de propozitie

# ussualy, often, seldom, always, sometimes, generaly, never, okkasionaly, etc. pozitia: dupa subiect

# from time to time, once a week, twice a week, etc. pozitia: numai la sfarsitul propozitiei

2.Exprima un adevar general valabil.

3.Apare in: comentarii, retete, demonstratii, indicatii scenice, titluri de articole, etc.

4.Este o modalitate de exprimare a unui program oficial

Ex:We start a new term at school tomorrow

5.In propozitii circumstantiale de timp (when, while, after, before, as soon as, till, until ) si conditional tip 1 viitorul este inlocuit cu prezentul simplu pentru actiune simultana

Ex: I shall go to Bucharest if I have money.

Present Continuous Tense

Afirmativ S+to be(present)+V-ing

Interogativ to be+S+V-ing

Negativ S+to be+not+V-ing

Interogativ-Negativ to be+S+not+V-ing

Question-Tag She is reading now, isn’t she? I am disturbing you, aren’t I?

 1.Este o actiune in desfasurare in momentul vorbirii cu: now, at this moment, just(now), etc.

2.Arata ca o actiune este temporara

3.Este o modalitate de exprimare a viitorului ca urmare a unui program personal

Ex: I’m visiting my grandparents this week.

4.Arata ca o actiune este prea des repetata, si supara, irita vorbitorul cu often, forever, generaly, constantly, never, etc.

Ex: This child is forever crying.

Nota: verbele to grow si to get arata trecerea de la o stare la alta

Ex: It is getting dark.My parents are growing older and older.

 Verbe care nu se folosesc la aspectul continuu

1)Verbe de perceptie: to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste

2)Verbe care exprima o activitate mintala: to agree, to believe, to distrust, to doubt, to find, to foresee, to forget, to guess, to imagine, to know, to mean, to mind, to remember, to recognize, to recollect, to regard, to suppose, to think (that) , to trust, to understand

3)Verbe care exprima o dorinta: to desire, to intend, to want, to wish, etc.

4)Verbe care exprima o posesie: to belong, to have, to hold, to keep, to owe, to own, to possess

5)Verbe care exprima atitudini, sentimente, stari emotionale: to abhor, to adore, to detest, to dislike, to displease, to like, to love, to hate, to please, to prefer, etc.

6)Verbe care exprima o stare, o conditie: to appear, to be, to consist(of), to contain, to differ, to deserve, to equal, to exist, to resemble, to seem, to suit

Semnificatia semnelor "+" si "-" este: "+" inseamna ca se foloseste la aspectul continuu, "-" inseamna contrarul.

to see - to perceive

+ to meet, to visit, to interview

to expect - to hope , to believe

+ to wait for

to think - to believe, to give an opinion

+ to think of / about

  - to possess

 

to have

+ to take a bath, a shower, lunch, breakfast

+ a face pe cineva sa faca ceva pentru tine(verb cauzativ)

Ex: I’m having my house painted

to be - to exist

+ comportare temporara

Ex: You are being rude today

  Ordinea cuvintelor in propozitie este:

S+P+CD/CI+CM+CL+CT

Past Tense Simple

AfirmativS+V(-ed)

S+V (forma a II a)

Interogativ did+S+V (inf.scurt)

Negativ S+did+not+V (inf. scurt)

Interogativ-Negativ did+S+not+V (inf. scurt)

Question-tag They left yesterday, didn’t he?

1.Este o actiune terminata in trecut cu: as, when, then, yesterday, last week, last month, last year, that day, the other day, once in 1983, on

Sunday, ago, etc.

2.Este o actiune obisnuita, repetata in trecut.In acest caz se foloseste used to pentru actiune incetata in prezent

Nota: este timpul naratiunii la trecut si se traduce prin perfect simplu, perfect compus, imperfect, conditional prezent, conjunctiv perfect.

  Past Tense Continuous

Afirmativ S+was/were+V (-ing)

Interogativ was/were+S+V (-ing)

Negativ S+was/were+not+V

Interogativ-Negativ wasn’t/weren’t+S+V (-ing)

Question-Tag  They were reading at this time yesterday, weren’t they?

 

1)Este o actiune in desfasurare intr-un anumit moment in trecut cu: at this time yesterday, yesterday at 5 o’clock,… when he came, etc.

2)E folosit pentru a exprima iritare, indignare

Present Perfect Simple

Afirmativ S+have/has+V (forma a treia )

Interogativ have/has+S+V (forma a treia)

Negativ S+have/has+not+V (forma a treia)

Interogativ-Negativ have/has+S+not+V (forma a treia)

Question-tag They haven’t arrived yet, have they?

1)Este o actiune inceputa in trecut si continuata pana in momentul vorbirii cu: since, for, how long

2)Este o actiune petrecuta intr-un moment neprecizat(se simte efectul)

Ex: I have washed my blouse (it is clean)

3)Este o actiune care tocmai a avut loc

# just, already dupa auxiliar

yet in intrebare=deja ma informez; in negatie=inca

yet apare la sfarsitul propozitiei

#till, now, up to now, so far, until now, up to the present moment la sfarsit sau la inceput de propozitie

#lately(in ultima vreme),recently, of late, latterly numai la sfarsit propozitiei

#during the last week, the last few days, theese twenty minutes

4) O actiune petrecuta intr-o perioada de timp care nu s-a terminat inca: today, this week, this month, this year, this sommer, all day, all night, etc.

5)cu adverbe de frecventa: ever, never, seldom, often, sometimes, several times, etc.

6)In propozitiile circumstantiale de timp si propozitiile conditionale de tip 1- viitorul este inlocuit cu Present Perfect Simple pentru actiune prioritara anterioara

Present Perfect Continuous 

Afirmativ S+have/have+been+V (-ing)

Interogativ Have/has+S+been+V (-ing)

Negativ S+have/has+not+been+V (-ing)

Interogativ-Negativ

Have/has+S+not+been

 Este o actiune inceputa in trecut, este in desfasurare in momentul vorbirii si actiunea pleaca spre viitor.Cu: since, for, how long 

Past Perfect

Afirmativ S+had+V (forma a treia)

Negativ S+had+not+V (forma a treia)

Interogativ-Negativ Hadn’t+S+V (forma a treia)

Question-Tag They had already entered, hadn’t they?

1)Este o actiune terminata in trecut inaintea altei actiuni tot din trecut cu: since, for, how long, just, already, yet, after, before, as soon as, etc.

2)Cu: hardly/scarcely/barely(numai doar),…when

Ex:I had hardly got on the bus when it started.Hardly had I got on the bus when it started.

Cu:no sooner…then

  Past Perfect Continuous

Afirmativ S+had+been+V (-ing)

Interogativ had+S+been+V (-ing)

Negativ S+had+not+been+V (-ing)

Interogativ-Negativ

had+S+not+been

Este o actiune in desfasurare in trecut, inaintea altei actiuni, tot din trecut.

Cu: since, for, how long

Modalitati de exprimare a viitorului

1)Future Simple

  S+shall/will+V (infinitiv scurt)

2)Future Continuous

  S+shall/will+be+V (-ing)

  a)este o actiune in desfasurare, in viitor, intr-un anumit moment: at this time tomorrow, tomorrow at 5 o’clock, ... when he comes, etc.  b)este o actiune programata in viitor

3)Future Perfect Simple

  S+shall/will+have+V (forma a III a)

  a) este o actiune terminata in viitor, inaintea altei actiuni tot din viitor(voi fi citit, va fi terminat)

  cu: by tomorrow, by the end of the ..., by next year, etc.   b) in propozitii circumstantiale de timp si if tip 1 Future Perfect Simple este inlocuit numai de Present Perfect

4)Future perfect Continuous

  S+shall/will+have+been+V (-ing)

  Este o actiune in desfasurare in viitor, terminata inaintea altei actiuni tot din viitor cu: for, since, how long

5)Present Simple

6)Present Continuous

7)Present Perfect

8)to be to...=a urma sa...

9) to be about to...=a fi pe punctul de a..., a sta sa...

10) to be going to...=a avea de gand sa..., a intentiona sa..., o sa...

11) Future in the Past Simple

12)Future in the Past Continuous

13)Past Tense

14)Past Perfect

If Clause

Propozitie principala Propozitie secundara

 

 

Future Present Simple(actiune

simultana)

Type I Present Present Perfect (actiune anterior-

prioritara)

Imperative

este o conditie deschisa, probabila

 

 

Type II

Present Conditional Past Tense

S+should/would+V (inf. scurt) to be-were la toate persoanele

este o actiune improbabila, ipotetica, respinsa, ireala (as merge, ai merge,...etc)

 

 

Type III

Past Conditional Past Perfect

S+should/would+have+V(forma a III a)

este o conditie imposibila

As fi mers la cinematograf/mergeam la cinema daca as fi avut bani/ aveam bani.

 

NOTA:could tine loc de should sau would

 

Verbe modale in propozitia conditionala

Verbe: will, would si should apar in propozitia conditionala cand au sensul:

Will =vointa (la prezent)

Ex: If you will come=if he wants to come, if he is willing to come

Won’t=refuz (la prezent)

Ex: If they won’t go= if they don’t want to go= if they refuse to go

Would =vointa (la trecut)

Ex: If she would sing=if she wanted to sing= if she was willing to sing

Wouldn’t=refuz (la trecut)

Ex: If they wouldn’t come= if they didn’t want to come

Should+infinitive=in conditional tip 1 si 2 cu sensul de intamplare

Ex: (Daca se intampla sa vina...) If he happens to come/If he should come

Omiterea lui If

 Se face in scopuri pur stilistice, folosind procedeul inversiune(pentru tipul II si III)

Tipul II: Should he come?

Tipul III: I wouldn’ have come if I hadn’t been invited. Hadn’t been invited, I wouldn’t have come. (Sa nu fi fost invitat, nu veneam)

 Inlocuirea lui If

Unless, but for, in case, on condition that, so long as/provided/providing (that) suppose/supposing (that)

Unless=daca nu

But for If were not for=daca n-ar fi

If it hadn’t been for= daca n-ar fi fost

In case=in caz ca

On condition that=cu conditia sa

So long as/provided/providing (that) =atat timp cat reda ideea de limitare, restrictie

Suppose/supposing (that)

Ex: What will happened if it rains tomorrow Suppose/supposing, suppose if rains tomorrow

Without(uneori)= but for

Passive Voice

a fi la timpul cerut + forma a III a a verbului de conjugat

Present Simple : The room is cleaned every day.

Present Continuous : It is being cleaned.

Past Tense Simple: It was cleaned.

Past Tense Continuous: It was being cleaned.

Present Perfect: It has been cleaned.

Past Perfect: It had been cleaned.

Future : It will be cleaned.

Present conditional: It would be cleaned.

Past Conditional: It would have been cleaned.

Infinitive: to be cleaned

Trecerea din diateza activa in diateza pasiva:

Mary gives mother a flower

Mother is given a flower

by Mary

S P CI CD CI P S CD

NOTA: CI sau CD din propozitia activa devine subiectul propozitiei pasive.Complementul de agent (the doer) poate sa lipseasca atunci cand e exprimat printr-un pronume personal (I,you), pronume nehotarat (somebody, anybody) sau substantive ca: a boy, some people

NOTA: verbele cu prepozitie isi pastreaza prepozitia alaturi din in diateza pasiva.

Ex: You can rely on this man. This man can be relied on.

NOTA:

People say that he is a good... It is said that he is a... He is said to be... People think that he was a... It is thought that he was a... He is thought to have been a...

NOTA: infinitivul prezent arata ca o actiune este simultana; infinitivul perfect arata ca atiunea este anterioara.

Direct-Indirect Speech  

A. Daca in propozitia principala verbul to say, to tell, etc.(reported verbes) sunt la prezent, in propozitia secundara (completiva directa) se pune orice timp cerut de inteles.

B. Daca reported verbs sunt la trecut in completiva directa au loc schimbari la nivel de pronume, adverb si verb

Pronume

I he/she

we they

my his/her

our their

this that

these those

Adverb

Here there

Now then

Today that day

Tonight that night

Tomorrow the next day

the following day

Yesterday the day before

the previous day

Ago before

Next the next

the day after tomorrow in two day time

the day before yesterday two days before

Verb

Present simple Past simple

Present continuous Past continuous

Present perfect Past perfect

Past tense Past perfect

Futur Futur in the past

Imperative Infinitive

NOTA: prezentul simplu poate ramane neschimbat atunci cand exprima un adevar general valabil sau o actiune valabila si in prezent.

NOTA: If poate fi inlocuit cu whether atunci cand exprima o indoiala sau posibilitatea unei alegeri.

Ex: ’Shall I help you?’ he said. He said whether I should help him.

NOTA: Intrebarile...

a. ‘Do you speak english?’ he asked. He asked me if I spoke english. b. ‘How are you?’ she said. She said how I was.

NOTA: imperativul cu let :

 Singular

I  Let me go!

II  Go!

III  Let him/her/it go!

 Plural

I  Let us go! (Let’s)

II  Go!

III  Let them go!

Ex: "Let’s go", he said. He sugested that they should go.

NOTA: exclamatiile

"What a ...! "

She said it was ...

"How a ...!"

"My goodness!"

 

 

She exclaimed with horror/disgust/surprise

"Oh dear!"

"Heavens!"

"Ugh!"

"For goodness sake!"

"Look out!!"

"Thank you!" He thanked me

"Good morning!"

She greeted me

She wished me a...

"Liar!" She called me a liar.

"Damn!" She swore...

NOTA: Conditional tip II si III raman neschimbate.

.

Modal verbs

Conceptul de capacitate, posibilitate, necesitate sau obligatie este redat de asa numitele "modal auxiliary verbs" : can, could, shall, should, must, need, ought to, used to, dare.

Caracteristici:

Nu au infinitiv lung Nu primesc "s" la persoana a III a singular prezent simplu Nu primesc "-ing" Verbele care urmeaza sunt la infinitiv scurt; excceptie: used to, ought to Nu au toate timpurile si modurile unui verb normal, de aceea unele au

echivalenti Formeaza interogativul prin inversiune; negativul + not

Can-could to be able to

May-might (numai in Indirect Speech) to be allowed to; to be permited to

Must to have to

 Verbe modale (click pe link-uri)

Will

 

Exprima vointa, hotarare I will pay you as much as you ask for. Promisiune I will not make such a mistake again. Posibilitate, presupunere That girl will be his sister? (Fata ceea o fi

sora lui?) Ceva inevitabil (expresii fixe) Children will be children.Accidents will

happen(accidentele sunt inevitabile) Inlocuieste prezentul simplu pentru actiune obisnuita, repetata I

always drink milk in the morning=I will drink milk in the morning Invitatie, cerere politicoasa Will you come and...?( Vrei sa...?)

Shall

Hotarare The enemy shall not pass. Promisiune If you get a good mark you shall have a present. Refuz, insistenta, amenintare He shall pay for insulting my daughter.

Exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale All the candidats shall not bring(may not) the dictionaries into the examination room.

Oferta, sugestie Shall I help you?

NOTA: What about going to the cinema? Let’s go to the cinema, shall we?

Can

Abilitate fizica si intelectuala la prezent si viitor Exprima o continuitate alaturi de verbele de perceptie Exprima o permisiune (informal English) Exprima o posibilitate atunci cand imprejurarile o permit If you

come in my town we can swim (I have a swimming pool) Exprima o imposibilitate, neincredere: cu acest inteles can poate fi

urmat de un infinitiv prezent(pentru actiune simultana) sau infinitiv perfect (pentru actiune anterioara )

Nu se poate/este imposibil sa faca o asemenea greseala

He can’t make such a mistake

Nu se poate sa fi facut o asemenea greseala

He can’t have made such a mistake

Exprima o cerere politicoasa Can I help you?

Could Could

Abilitate fizica si intelectuala la trecut.Cu acest inteles can/could poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul.Dar cand intelesul este de to succid in, to manage, to achieve-se foloseste numai echivalentul, dar nu si la negativ

Cerere politicoasa, mai politicoasa deca can Could I help you?

May May

Exprima o permisiune(formal english).Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul to be allowed to; to be permited to

Exprima o posibilitate.Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu it is possible/maybe/perhaps

 

Poate ca o cunosti

It is possible for you to know her

Maybe/perhaps you know her

You may hnow her

 

May+infinitiv continuu=posibilitatea unei actiuni in momentul vorbirii Ex: She may be sleeping now.

May+infinitiv perfect=posibilitatea unei actiuni in trecut Ex: She may have lost the key.

Exprima o urare, speranta May all your dreams come true! sau May good luck attend you!

In propozitia concesiva dupa: whatever, whenever, whereever, whoever, thought, althought, no matter how No matter how much money you have don’t spend it in one day1

In completiva directa dupa to hope, to trust: I hope that you may find tickets.

In propozitia de scop dupa so that : I sit on the first row so that I may see and hear well.

Might Might

Exprima o permisiune la trecut Exprima o posibilitate in prezent, viitor si trecut (o posibilitate mai

indepartata)

Might+infinitiv continuu=posibilitatea indepartata a unei actiuni in momentul vorbirii

Might+infinitiv perfect=posibilitatea indeparata a unei actiuni in trecut

Exprima indignare, iritare, repros You might look in to my eyes when I’m talking to you.

In propozitia concesiva dupa: whatever, whenever, whereever, whoever, thought, althought, no matter how

In completiva directa dupa to hope, to trust In propozitia de scop dupa so that

Must Must

Exprima obligatie, comanda, necesitate.Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul to have to

Must=obligatie impusa de vorbitor(regula)

Have to=obligatie externa impusa de autoritati sau imprejurari externe pe care vorbitorul nu le poate controla

Don’t have to  Lipsa de obligatie

Haven’t got to

Needn’t

Must not Interdictie, prohibitie (regula)

Eprima deductie, concluzie logica, probabilitate

NOTA: cand must exprima probabilitate el poate fi inlocuit cu:

I’m sure/certain/positive

Certain/obviously

It’s likely/probable

Is likely

Need Need

A.verb notional, obisnuit= to be need of (dupa care apare un pronume, substantiv, verb la gerunziu sau infinitiv lung)

Ex: Mother needs a pair of shoes.The windows need washing.

B.Verb modal auxiliar=to have to apare mai mult in interogativ si negativ; poate sa apara si in afirmativ alaturi de never, hardly, barely

Ex: She need hardly mention her name, since I know it.

Diferenta dintre prezent si trecut:

Prezent

Do I need...? actiune obisnuita, repetata

Need I...? ocazie speciala

Trecut

Didn’t need to... actiune care nu a fost necesara si nu a fost facuta

Needn’t have+V (forma a III a) actiune care nu a fost necesara, dar a fost facuta

Should Should

Exprima obligatie, sfat, recomandare(obligatia este mai slaba decat cea cu must)

Exprima surpriza in intrebare retorica Ex:Why should I go there? Exprima presupunere, deductie logica In completiva directa dupa: to suggest, to propose, to insist, to

recommend, to advise, to urge...that In propozitia subiectiva dupa constructii impersonale: it is/was

advisable/essential/better/fair/important/natural/necessary/right..that In propozitia de scop dupa: so that, in order that, lest(ca sa nu..., ca sa

nu cumva...), for fear that In propozitia conditionala tip I si II (intamplare) Dupa verbe de emotie: to feel sory, to be delighted, to be annoyed, to be

shocked Dupa: don’t think why, see no reason why, can’t think why

Ought to Ought to (ar trebui, s-ar cuveni)

Exprima o datorie, obligatie morala Ought to + Infinitive Perfect= datorie, obligatie neimplinita Ex:You

ought to have waited until the light were green.

NOTA: According to the wheather forecast it ought to rain today.He worked here for 5 years. You ought to know him.

Would Would

Exprima o cerere politicoasa

Would you pass...

Would you please...

Would you be so kind...

Would you mind+ V (-ing)

# Would like/care=want

# Would care nu se foloseste in afirmativ

Would rather (arata preferinta) +infinitiv scurt (pentru acelasi subiect)

 

+past tense (pentru subiecte diferite)

Would better/had better (mai bine)

Would sooner (mai degraba)

Exprima o actiune repetata in trecut si incetata prezent (obisnuiam sa...) Diferenta dintre used to si would+infinitiv este ca al doilea se foloseste

narativ Apare dupa wish si if only pentru o dorinta in viitor Exprima o probabilitate Ex: That girl would be his sister! Exprima o vointa la trecut iar la negativ refuz Ex:She had to go there

whether she would or wouldn’t.

Used to Used to

A nu se confunda cu to use= a folosi Used to modal auxiliar cu forma numai de trecut Desi e un modal auxiliar formeaza interogativul cu did si negativul cu

did not (formal english) A nu se confunda cu: to be/get accustomed to dupa care urmeaza un

substantiv sau un verb la gerunziu Ex:I am not used to drinking tea in the morning.

Dare Dare

La afirmativ e un verb notional obisnuit La interogativ si negativ el poate fi atat verb modal cat si verb obisnuit

Ex:How dare you contradict me? (modal) I dared her/I challenged him to run in the street(a provoca)

Hypothetical Constructions

Wish+Past Tense=dorinta in prezent (to be, were-la toate persoanele)

Wish (ed)+Past Perfect=regretul, o actiune a avut loc sa nu a avut loc

Wish(ed)+would+infinitiv=dorinta in viitor

If only=constructie echivalenta cu wish Numai sa..., de-as....

Would rather (arata preferinta) +infinitiv scurt (pentru acelasi subiect)

 

+Past Tense (pentru subiecte diferite)

Would better/had better (mai bine)

Would sooner (mai degraba)

It’s time/it’s about time/ it’s high time

+for+acuzativ+infinitiv lung=e timpul potrivit sa...

+S+Past Tense=e putin cam tarziu sa..

as if/ as thought(ca si cand)/ even if/ even thought

+S+Past Tense=actiune contrara realitatii in prezent

+S+Past Tense=actiune contrara realitatii in trecut

The Subjunctive

A.The synthetical subjunctive

1.The Present Subjunctive

Este identic cu infinitivul scurt al verbului, este socotit vechi, pretentios si nu se foloseste in limba contemporana

Apare in urari(expresii fixe)

Far be it from me! (departe de mine)

Heaven

Be that as it may!

Suffice it to say that...

Good bye!(God be with you!)

God forgive/bless you!

Apare dupa impresii impersonale

It is natural that they should come! It is natural that they come.

Dupa advise, to recommend...should

They suggest that he should read.They suggest him to read.They suggest that he read.

2.The Past Present Subjunctive

Identic cu Past Tense –ul verbului (to be/were) Apare dupa constructii ipotetice In conditional tip II

3.The Past Perfect Subjunctive

Identic cu Past Perfect-ul verbului Apare dupa wish, if only, as if, as thought, even if, even thought

B.The Analythical Subjunctive

Format dintr-un verb modal(shall, should, would, may, mught, could) Este mai des folosit si apare atat in propozitia secundara cat si in

propozitia principala.

Shall+infinitiv

Prozitia principala Propozitia secundara

Shall I help you? (oferta) Amenintare (informal english)

Should+infinitiv

Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara

Why should I go there? In conditional tip I si II

  Dupa constructii ipotetice

In completiva directa

In propozitia de scop

May/might+infinitiv

Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara

exprima o urare:

May all your dreams come true!

Oh, that they might win!

Dupa constructii impersonale: it is/was possible, probable, likely

In propozitia concesiva

In propozitia de scop

Would+infinitiv

In propozitia secundara dupa wish si if only

Could+infinitiv

Exprima scopul ca o alternativa a lui may/might, could avand un grad mai mare de siguranta

I studied so that I might pass the exam (but I didn’t).I studied so that I could pass the exam (I am a student).

The infinitive

1)The Split Infinitive

E socotit vechi pretentios, e scos din uz Ex:To really understand.

2)Short Infinitive

Apare dupa verbe modale si verbe de perceptie Ex: I heard her sing. Dupa verbe cauzative (make, let, have) Ex: He made me laugh. Dupa would/rather/sooner/better/had better/cannot but (anu putea decat

sa...) Ex:I cannot but consent to his opinion.

Apare dupa to do nothing but/except Ex: She does nothing but lie in the sun all day long

In constructii eliptice Ex:Why not go on the trip?

NOTA:dupa to help apare atat infinitivul scurt cat si lung

Ex:The boy helps his sister do/to do her homework.

Constructii cu infininive

Acuzativ+infinitiv: format dintr-un substantiv sau pronume in acuzativ+un infinitiv

Apare dupa verbe de perceptie si acuzative

I heard her sing   I heard her singing

  AC infinitiv     Participiu prezent

NOTA: cand aceste verbe sunt in diateza pasiva ele sunt urmate de infinitiv lung Ex:She was heard to sing

Dupa verbe de vointa Ex:I want him to understand me. Dupa verbe de activitate mentala Ex: I imagined him to be right. Dupa: to order, to command, to allow, to force, etc. Ex: I ordered the

soldiers to live. Dupa expresii impersonale Ex:It is important for them to come. Nominativ+Infinitiv:format dintr-un substantiv sau pronume in

nominativ + infinitiv Dupa verbe de perceptie si de activitate mentala in diateza pasiva Ex:

She was heard to sing.He is known to be... Dupa: to be lucky/unlucky/fortunate/unfortunate...etc. I was lucky to find

you.

The Long Infinitive

Exprima scopul;el poate fi precedat de in order to/so as to Ex:I went to the country(so as to) to help my grand-parents.

Inlocuieste o subordonata care incepe cu what, where, how, etc. She adviced me what to buy.She adviced me to go.

Dupa adjective care exprima o calitate morala sau intelectuala: clevered, brave, cruel, kind

Dupa superlative, numerale ordinale si the only Dupa too si enough In constructii absolute: to tell the rtuth, to be sure, to be frank, to say

nothing of, to be honest, to be more precise.

The Gerund

Exprima prohibitie, interdictie Ex: No parking!No smoking! Dupa: to admit, to advise, to anticipate, to avoid, to begin, to consider,

to continue, to delay, to deny, to detest, to dread, to dislike, to enjoy, to escape, to excuse, to fancy, to finish, to forget, to forgive, to hate, to imagine, to intend, to involve, to keep (on), to like, to love, to mind, to miss, to omit, to postpone, to practice, to recollect, to remember, to regret, to resist, to risk, to save, to start, to stop, to suggest, to try, to understand

Dupa: to accuse of, to aim at, to agree with, to approve, to consist of, to count on, to dissuade from(a schimba parerea), to excuse from, to insist on, to prevent from, to rely on, to result in, to succed in, to think of

Dupa: to be afraid of, to be agreeable to, to be annoyed at, to be averse to, to be capable of, to be intent on, to be interested in, to be responsible for, to be suitable for, to be surprised at, to be tired of, to be/get used to, to be/get accustomed to

Dupa: to go on, to keep on, to give up, to put off Dupa: can’t help, can’t stand, it’s no good/use, to be looking forward to,

to be worth(while), to feel like Substantive cu prepozitie: apology for, art of, change of, disappointment

at, experience in, habit of, necessity of, objection to, apportunity of, preasure of, possibility of, process of, reason for, right of, skill in, surprise at, way of...

to stop, to begin, to cease

+gerunziu=actiune deliberata

+infinitiv=incetarea unei actiuni pentru a incepe alta

She stops crying.She stoped to look at me.

to like +infinitiv=to prefer+gerunziu=to be fond of

 to mean

+infinitiv=to intend

+gerunziu=to signify

To be good at english means working hard

The Inversion

Not only, never, rarely, seldom, hardly, barely, scarcely, no sooner, anly, on no condition, not until, such

Examples:

Not only did he fail to report the accident but also...Never have I enjoyed myself moreOnly after posting the letter did I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp.On no condition are they to open a...But until got home did I notice that..Little does the government appriciate...Such was the force of/the storm that...

La conditional tip II si tip III inversiunea se realizeaza prin omiterea lui If

Irregular verbs

short infinitive

2nd form 3rd form translation

abide abidedabode

abided a rabda; a inlocui

arise arose arisen a se ridica

awake awokeawaked

awoken a (se) trezi

be was/were been a fi

bear bore borne a purta, a da nastere

beat beat beaten a bate

become became become a deveni

begin began begun a incepe

bend bent bent a (se) indoi

bet betbetted

betbetted

a paria

bid bidbade

bidbidden

a ruga; a adresa(un salut); a porunci

bind bound bound a lega

bite bit bitten a musca

bleed bled bled a sangera

bless blessedblest

blessedblest

a binecuvanta

blow blew blown a sufla; a bate

break broke broken a sparge

breed bred bred a creste, a educa

bring brought brought a aduce

broadcast broadcast broadcast a emite(radio, TV)

build built built a construi

burn burntburned

burntburned

a arde

burst burst burst a izbucni; a navali; a crapa

buy bought bought a cumpara

cast cast cast a arunca

catch caught caught a prinde

choose chose chosen a alege

cling clung clung a se agata

come came come a veni

cost cost cost a costa

creep crept crept a se tari, a se furisa

cut cut cut a taia

deal dealt dealt a trata, a se ocupa de

dig dug dug a sapa

dive diveddove

dived a (se) scufunda, aploja

do did done a face

draw drew drawn a trage; a desena

dream dreameddreamt

dreameddreamt

a visa

drink drank drunk a bea

drive drove driven a mana; a sofa

dwell dweltdwelled

dweltdwelled

a locui

eat ate eaten a manca

fall fell fallen a cadea

feed fed fed a hrani

fell felt felt a (se) simti

fight fought fought a (se) lupta

find found found a gasi

flee fled fled a fugi

fling flung flung a arunca

fly flew flown a zbura

forbid forbadeforbad

forbiddenforbid

a interzice

forecast forecast forecast a prevedea

foresee foresaw foreseen a prezice

forget forgot forgotten a uita

forgive forgave forgiven a ierta

freeze froze frozen a ingheta

get got gotgotten

a primi; a obtine

give gave given a da

go went gone a merge

grind ground ground a macina

grow grew grown a creste

hang hunghanged

hunghunged

a atarna; a spanzura

have had had a avea

hear heard heard a auzi

hide ghid hidden a (se) ascunde

hit hit hit a lovi

hold held held a tine

hurt hurt hurt a lovi, a rani, a durea

keep kept kept a tine, a pastra

kneel kneltkneeled

kneltkneeled

a ingenunchea

knit kinittedknit

knittedknit

a tricota

know  knew known  a sti, a cunoaste 

lay laid laid a pune, a aseza

lead led led a conduce

lean leantleaned

leantleaned

a (se) apleca, a (se) sprijini

leap leaptleaped

leaptleaped

a sari

learn learnedlearnt

learnedlearnt

a invata

leave left left a pleca, a lasa

lend lent lent a da cu imprumut

let let let a lasa, a permite

lie lay lain a sta intins, a se afla

light litlighted

litlighted

a aprinde

lose lost lost a pierde

make made made a face

mean meant meant a insemna

meet met met a (se) intalni

mislead misled misled a induce in eroare

mistake mistook mistaken a confunda

mow mowed mown a cosi

mowed

overcome overcame overcome a depasi

pay paid paid a plati

prove proved provedproven

a dovedi

put put put a pune

read read read a citi

rend rent rent a rupe, a sfasia

rid ridridded

ridridded

a se descotorosi de

ride rode ridden a calari, amerge cu (bicicleta, sania)

ring rang rung a suna

rise rose risen a rasari, a se ridica

run ran run a fugi

saw sawed sawnsawed

a taia cu ferastraul

say said said a spune

see saw seen a vedea

seek sought sought a cauta

sell sold sold a vinde

send sent sent a trimite

set set set a potrivi, a monta, a fixa, a apune

sew sewed sownsewed

a coase

shake shook shaken a scutura, a tremura

shear sheared shornsheared

a tunde oi

shed shed shed a varsa(lacrimi,sange)

shine shoneshined

shoneshined

a stralucia lustrui

shoe shod shod a potcovi

shoot shot shot a trage, a impusca, a filma

show showed shownshowed

a arata

shrink shrankshrunk

shrunk a intra la apa, a se strange

shut shut shut a inchide

sing sang sung a canta

sink sanksunk

sunk a (se) scufunda

sit sat sat a sedea

slay slew slain a ucide

sleep slept slept a dormi

slide slid slid a aluneca

sling slung slung a arunca

slit slit slit a despica

smell smeltsmelled

smeltsmelled

a mirosi

sow sowed sownsowed

a semana

speak spoke spoken a vorbi

speed spedspeeded

spedspeeded

a accelera

spell speltspelled

speltspelled

a ortografia

spend spent spent a cheltui, a petrece un timp

spill spiltspilled

splitsplilled

a varsa (lapte)

spin spunspan

spun a toarce

spit spatspit

spatspit

a scuipa

split split split a despica

spoil spoiledspoilt

spoiledspoilt

a rasfata, a strica

spread spread spread a (se) raspandi

spring sprangsprung

sprung a izvori, a (ra)sari

stand stood stood a sta in picioare

steal stole stolen a fura

stick stuck stuck a (se) lipi, a infige

sting stung stung a intepa

stink stankstunk

stunk a mirosi urat

stride strode stridden a merge cu pasi mari

strike struck struck a lovi

string strung strung a insira

strive strovestrived

strivenstrived

a se stradui, a nazui

swear swore sworn a jura, a injura

sweep swept swept a matura

swell swelled swollenswolled

a se umfla

swim swam swum a inota

swing swung swung a (se) legana

take took taken a lua

teach taught taught a preda, a invata(pe cineva)

tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia

tell told told a spune, a povesti

think thought thought a (se) gandi

thrive thrivedthrove

thrived a prospera

throw threw thrown a arunca

thrust thrust thrust a infinge

tread trod troddentrod

a calca, a pasi

undergo underwent undergone a suferi (shimbari)

understand understood understood a intelege

undertake undertook undertaken a intreprinde

wake wokewaked

wokenwaked

a (se) trezi

wear wore worn a purta

weave wove woven a tese

wed wedded wedded a se cununa

wed wed

weep wept wept a plange

wet wettedwet

wettedwet

a (se) uda

win won won a castiga

wind wound wound a rasuci, a serpui

withdraw withdrew withdrawn a (se) retrage

wring wrung wrung a stoarce, arasuci

write wrote written a scrie