English grammar a2 z by tanbircox
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Transcript of English grammar a2 z by tanbircox
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অনায আminusফক ফা pdf রযডারযয Menu Bar এয View নরি তে রিক করয Auto Automatically Scroll নরি রররকট করন (থফা যারয তমরে Ctrl + Shift + H ) এফায uarr up Arrow ফা darr down Arrow তে রিক করয অনায ড়ায রফধা নারয সকরর সপীড রিক করয রনন
Words divided into different kinds or classes are called Parts of Speech According to their uses that is
according to the work they do in a Sentence
In the parts of speech section we will discuss identification formation and usage of every part of speech But
you should be seriously careful about the usage and this is very important for your preparation Everywhere you
will face the questions related to correct usage So be serious about usage
Different Kinds of Part of Speech
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
Prepositin
Conjunction
Interjection
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Noun is a naming word of any place thing action quality or nation etc
There are some clues to identify a Noun
Oslash A word used as the subject or object of a verb is Noun
Beauty is truth I see a bird
Oslash The object of Gerund Participle or Infinitive is a Noun
To tell the truth is hard
Reading books is always amusing
Seeing a tiger I turned pale
Oslash If you see a word used after the preposition it is a Noun
Love came from Heaven
He believes in God
Oslash If you see only a word after articles (a an the) it is a Noun
He is a genius
The rich are not always happy
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একরি ভর word এয ারথ suffix থফা prefix মকত রে রফরবনন parts of speech এ রযণে ে োআ একরি word এয ারথ রকবারফ suffix থফা prefix মকত রে রফরবনন parts of speech এ রযণে ে ো রনরেয example রি তেখরর বারবারফ ফঝরে াযরফ- Communicate (V তমাগারমাগ যকষা কযা)
Communication (N তমাগারমাগ)
Verb এয তরল tionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
express ndash expression emancipatendashemancipation
apply ndash application eradicate - eradication
Verb এয তরল ment তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
commit ndash commitment
embezzle ndashembezzlement
disappoint ndash disappointment
Verb এয তরল iour তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Behave = Behaviour
Verb এয তরল age তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Block = Blockage Cover = Coverage
Verb এয তরল or তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Visit = Visitor Act = Actor
inspect ndash inspector invent ndash inventor
Verb এয তরল ce তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Present = Presence Absent = Absence
Verb এয ারথ err (Suffix) তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Speak = Speaker Make = Maker sing ndash singer
Verb এয ারথ eee তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
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Pay = Payee Examine = Examinee
Verb এয তরল ery তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Bake = Bakery
Verb এয তরল ar তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Beg = Beggar
Verb এয তরল th তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Grow = Growth Deep = Depth
Adjective এয তরল ship তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Hard = Hardship
Adjective এয তরল ity তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Continuous ndash continuity garrulous ndash garrulity
Adjective এয তরল ism তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Dynamic ndash dynamism optimistic ndash pessimism
Euphemistic ndash euphemism
Verb এয তরল al তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Refuse = Refusal Propose = Proposal
Verb এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Discover = Discovery
Verb এয তরল ance ence তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Eloquent ndash eloquence coherent ndash coherence
Competent ndash competence
Verb এয তরল sionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
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Express = Expression Divide = Division
Adjective এয তরল ness তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Great ndash greatness consciousndash consciousness
Adjective এয তরল cy তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Efficient = Efficiency Proficient = Proficiency
Adjective এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Honest = Honesty Modest = Modesty
Rule 01 Subject এফং Object রররফ তকান word তক ফযফায কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক Noun এ রযফেতন করয ফযফায কযরে রফ
For Example
Happiness means different things to different people
We have already evaluated your performance
Allocation of resources is the main theme of Economics [Not allocate or allocated]
Coherence is necessary for writing
Fill in the gap with any one of the following -
_ ______ is an ancient source of energy
(A) The wind (B) Winds
P (C) Wind (D) A wind
Rule 02 Preposition এয য noun ফর -
For Example
He was craving for affection
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English is used for communication
He is good in English
Rule 03 Article এফং Determiner এয য মরে শধ একরি word থারক েরফ ঐ word রি ফযআ Noun রফ -
করেকরি তরঃ
(i) Determiner + Noun The communication
(ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun The communicative system
Rule 04 The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun The possession of this room
For Example
The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city
The history of this genetic engineering is not very old
The work of many people made the project a success
Fill in the gap with any one of the following-
_ The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities
(D Unit 1996 ndash 1997)
A affects B effecting
C affect PD effects
Rule 05 Possessive Infinitive Gerund এফং Participle এয য মরে তকান word ফযফহে ে োরর তআ word রিরক Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
Building house is very costly
Seeing a child drawing he jumped into the river
I wanted to know the destination
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To tell a lie is a great sin
Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
He is wearing the shirt for going to University
He saved the child after jumping in the river
He boasts of accomplishing everything individually
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun
John is absent because he is ill
Subject Pronoun
Object Pronoun
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
I Me My Mine
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
They Them Their Theirs
It It Its Its
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Rule - 01
Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ
For Example
He and they followed me and her
I saw her at the play
Rule - 02
Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
They tried to follow me
After dropping Sujana and her I came here
Rule - 03
Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর
For Example
The commander ordered them to go
She showed them how to play on harmonium
Rule - 04
Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He always looks after me
You can depend on him and her
Rule - 05
Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ
For Example
It is he who did this
Hers is she
Rule - 06
WhoWhom এয ফযফায
Who + Verb ------
Whom + Noun Pronoun-----
Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে
For Example
I know the man who is waiting for you
You are the lady whom he wants
For Example
Tell this whowhom looks confident
Tell this whowhom you find
Tell this whowhom you think is confident
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Rule - 07
Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ
For Example
It is you who are responsible for this
I have lost the books which were bought from this store
It is I who am your friend
[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]
Rule - 08
Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর
For Example
Inc The man will be punished who has done this
Corr The man who has done this will be punished
Rule - 09
ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে
For Example You he and I are to organize the show
_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)
A Selim you and I shall be punished
B I you and Selim shall be punished
C You me and Selim shall be punished
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PD You Selim and I shall be punished
অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে
For Example I you and he are in the wrong
An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun
You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-
তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা
This is an honorary degree
Any succinct essay is appreciable
Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ
He became very much effusive
What is intangible can be perceived only
Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা
Your installment must be refunded
His instability is really irritable
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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right
_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Monotony ndash monotonous
Harmony ndash harmonious
Courtesy ndash courteous
Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Excellence ndash excellent
Indifference ndash indifferent
Inadvertence ndash inadvertent
Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artifice ndash artificial
Convention ndash conventional
Benefit ndash beneficial
Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Beauty ndash beautiful
Care ndash carelesscareful
Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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Noun is a naming word of any place thing action quality or nation etc
There are some clues to identify a Noun
Oslash A word used as the subject or object of a verb is Noun
Beauty is truth I see a bird
Oslash The object of Gerund Participle or Infinitive is a Noun
To tell the truth is hard
Reading books is always amusing
Seeing a tiger I turned pale
Oslash If you see a word used after the preposition it is a Noun
Love came from Heaven
He believes in God
Oslash If you see only a word after articles (a an the) it is a Noun
He is a genius
The rich are not always happy
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একরি ভর word এয ারথ suffix থফা prefix মকত রে রফরবনন parts of speech এ রযণে ে োআ একরি word এয ারথ রকবারফ suffix থফা prefix মকত রে রফরবনন parts of speech এ রযণে ে ো রনরেয example রি তেখরর বারবারফ ফঝরে াযরফ- Communicate (V তমাগারমাগ যকষা কযা)
Communication (N তমাগারমাগ)
Verb এয তরল tionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
express ndash expression emancipatendashemancipation
apply ndash application eradicate - eradication
Verb এয তরল ment তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
commit ndash commitment
embezzle ndashembezzlement
disappoint ndash disappointment
Verb এয তরল iour তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Behave = Behaviour
Verb এয তরল age তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Block = Blockage Cover = Coverage
Verb এয তরল or তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Visit = Visitor Act = Actor
inspect ndash inspector invent ndash inventor
Verb এয তরল ce তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Present = Presence Absent = Absence
Verb এয ারথ err (Suffix) তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Speak = Speaker Make = Maker sing ndash singer
Verb এয ারথ eee তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
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Pay = Payee Examine = Examinee
Verb এয তরল ery তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Bake = Bakery
Verb এয তরল ar তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Beg = Beggar
Verb এয তরল th তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Grow = Growth Deep = Depth
Adjective এয তরল ship তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Hard = Hardship
Adjective এয তরল ity তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Continuous ndash continuity garrulous ndash garrulity
Adjective এয তরল ism তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Dynamic ndash dynamism optimistic ndash pessimism
Euphemistic ndash euphemism
Verb এয তরল al তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Refuse = Refusal Propose = Proposal
Verb এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Discover = Discovery
Verb এয তরল ance ence তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Eloquent ndash eloquence coherent ndash coherence
Competent ndash competence
Verb এয তরল sionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
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Express = Expression Divide = Division
Adjective এয তরল ness তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Great ndash greatness consciousndash consciousness
Adjective এয তরল cy তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Efficient = Efficiency Proficient = Proficiency
Adjective এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Honest = Honesty Modest = Modesty
Rule 01 Subject এফং Object রররফ তকান word তক ফযফায কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক Noun এ রযফেতন করয ফযফায কযরে রফ
For Example
Happiness means different things to different people
We have already evaluated your performance
Allocation of resources is the main theme of Economics [Not allocate or allocated]
Coherence is necessary for writing
Fill in the gap with any one of the following -
_ ______ is an ancient source of energy
(A) The wind (B) Winds
P (C) Wind (D) A wind
Rule 02 Preposition এয য noun ফর -
For Example
He was craving for affection
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English is used for communication
He is good in English
Rule 03 Article এফং Determiner এয য মরে শধ একরি word থারক েরফ ঐ word রি ফযআ Noun রফ -
করেকরি তরঃ
(i) Determiner + Noun The communication
(ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun The communicative system
Rule 04 The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun The possession of this room
For Example
The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city
The history of this genetic engineering is not very old
The work of many people made the project a success
Fill in the gap with any one of the following-
_ The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities
(D Unit 1996 ndash 1997)
A affects B effecting
C affect PD effects
Rule 05 Possessive Infinitive Gerund এফং Participle এয য মরে তকান word ফযফহে ে োরর তআ word রিরক Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
Building house is very costly
Seeing a child drawing he jumped into the river
I wanted to know the destination
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To tell a lie is a great sin
Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
He is wearing the shirt for going to University
He saved the child after jumping in the river
He boasts of accomplishing everything individually
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun
John is absent because he is ill
Subject Pronoun
Object Pronoun
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
I Me My Mine
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
They Them Their Theirs
It It Its Its
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Rule - 01
Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ
For Example
He and they followed me and her
I saw her at the play
Rule - 02
Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
They tried to follow me
After dropping Sujana and her I came here
Rule - 03
Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর
For Example
The commander ordered them to go
She showed them how to play on harmonium
Rule - 04
Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He always looks after me
You can depend on him and her
Rule - 05
Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ
For Example
It is he who did this
Hers is she
Rule - 06
WhoWhom এয ফযফায
Who + Verb ------
Whom + Noun Pronoun-----
Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে
For Example
I know the man who is waiting for you
You are the lady whom he wants
For Example
Tell this whowhom looks confident
Tell this whowhom you find
Tell this whowhom you think is confident
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Rule - 07
Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ
For Example
It is you who are responsible for this
I have lost the books which were bought from this store
It is I who am your friend
[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]
Rule - 08
Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর
For Example
Inc The man will be punished who has done this
Corr The man who has done this will be punished
Rule - 09
ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে
For Example You he and I are to organize the show
_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)
A Selim you and I shall be punished
B I you and Selim shall be punished
C You me and Selim shall be punished
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PD You Selim and I shall be punished
অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে
For Example I you and he are in the wrong
An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun
You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-
তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা
This is an honorary degree
Any succinct essay is appreciable
Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ
He became very much effusive
What is intangible can be perceived only
Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা
Your installment must be refunded
His instability is really irritable
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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right
_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Monotony ndash monotonous
Harmony ndash harmonious
Courtesy ndash courteous
Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Excellence ndash excellent
Indifference ndash indifferent
Inadvertence ndash inadvertent
Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artifice ndash artificial
Convention ndash conventional
Benefit ndash beneficial
Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Beauty ndash beautiful
Care ndash carelesscareful
Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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একরি ভর word এয ারথ suffix থফা prefix মকত রে রফরবনন parts of speech এ রযণে ে োআ একরি word এয ারথ রকবারফ suffix থফা prefix মকত রে রফরবনন parts of speech এ রযণে ে ো রনরেয example রি তেখরর বারবারফ ফঝরে াযরফ- Communicate (V তমাগারমাগ যকষা কযা)
Communication (N তমাগারমাগ)
Verb এয তরল tionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
express ndash expression emancipatendashemancipation
apply ndash application eradicate - eradication
Verb এয তরল ment তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
commit ndash commitment
embezzle ndashembezzlement
disappoint ndash disappointment
Verb এয তরল iour তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Behave = Behaviour
Verb এয তরল age তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Block = Blockage Cover = Coverage
Verb এয তরল or তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Visit = Visitor Act = Actor
inspect ndash inspector invent ndash inventor
Verb এয তরল ce তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Present = Presence Absent = Absence
Verb এয ারথ err (Suffix) তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Speak = Speaker Make = Maker sing ndash singer
Verb এয ারথ eee তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
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Pay = Payee Examine = Examinee
Verb এয তরল ery তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Bake = Bakery
Verb এয তরল ar তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Beg = Beggar
Verb এয তরল th তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Grow = Growth Deep = Depth
Adjective এয তরল ship তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Hard = Hardship
Adjective এয তরল ity তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Continuous ndash continuity garrulous ndash garrulity
Adjective এয তরল ism তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Dynamic ndash dynamism optimistic ndash pessimism
Euphemistic ndash euphemism
Verb এয তরল al তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Refuse = Refusal Propose = Proposal
Verb এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Discover = Discovery
Verb এয তরল ance ence তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Eloquent ndash eloquence coherent ndash coherence
Competent ndash competence
Verb এয তরল sionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
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Express = Expression Divide = Division
Adjective এয তরল ness তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Great ndash greatness consciousndash consciousness
Adjective এয তরল cy তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Efficient = Efficiency Proficient = Proficiency
Adjective এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Honest = Honesty Modest = Modesty
Rule 01 Subject এফং Object রররফ তকান word তক ফযফায কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক Noun এ রযফেতন করয ফযফায কযরে রফ
For Example
Happiness means different things to different people
We have already evaluated your performance
Allocation of resources is the main theme of Economics [Not allocate or allocated]
Coherence is necessary for writing
Fill in the gap with any one of the following -
_ ______ is an ancient source of energy
(A) The wind (B) Winds
P (C) Wind (D) A wind
Rule 02 Preposition এয য noun ফর -
For Example
He was craving for affection
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English is used for communication
He is good in English
Rule 03 Article এফং Determiner এয য মরে শধ একরি word থারক েরফ ঐ word রি ফযআ Noun রফ -
করেকরি তরঃ
(i) Determiner + Noun The communication
(ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun The communicative system
Rule 04 The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun The possession of this room
For Example
The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city
The history of this genetic engineering is not very old
The work of many people made the project a success
Fill in the gap with any one of the following-
_ The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities
(D Unit 1996 ndash 1997)
A affects B effecting
C affect PD effects
Rule 05 Possessive Infinitive Gerund এফং Participle এয য মরে তকান word ফযফহে ে োরর তআ word রিরক Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
Building house is very costly
Seeing a child drawing he jumped into the river
I wanted to know the destination
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To tell a lie is a great sin
Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
He is wearing the shirt for going to University
He saved the child after jumping in the river
He boasts of accomplishing everything individually
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun
John is absent because he is ill
Subject Pronoun
Object Pronoun
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
I Me My Mine
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
They Them Their Theirs
It It Its Its
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Rule - 01
Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ
For Example
He and they followed me and her
I saw her at the play
Rule - 02
Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
They tried to follow me
After dropping Sujana and her I came here
Rule - 03
Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর
For Example
The commander ordered them to go
She showed them how to play on harmonium
Rule - 04
Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He always looks after me
You can depend on him and her
Rule - 05
Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ
For Example
It is he who did this
Hers is she
Rule - 06
WhoWhom এয ফযফায
Who + Verb ------
Whom + Noun Pronoun-----
Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে
For Example
I know the man who is waiting for you
You are the lady whom he wants
For Example
Tell this whowhom looks confident
Tell this whowhom you find
Tell this whowhom you think is confident
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Rule - 07
Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ
For Example
It is you who are responsible for this
I have lost the books which were bought from this store
It is I who am your friend
[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]
Rule - 08
Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর
For Example
Inc The man will be punished who has done this
Corr The man who has done this will be punished
Rule - 09
ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে
For Example You he and I are to organize the show
_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)
A Selim you and I shall be punished
B I you and Selim shall be punished
C You me and Selim shall be punished
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PD You Selim and I shall be punished
অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে
For Example I you and he are in the wrong
An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun
You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-
তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা
This is an honorary degree
Any succinct essay is appreciable
Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ
He became very much effusive
What is intangible can be perceived only
Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা
Your installment must be refunded
His instability is really irritable
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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right
_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Monotony ndash monotonous
Harmony ndash harmonious
Courtesy ndash courteous
Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Excellence ndash excellent
Indifference ndash indifferent
Inadvertence ndash inadvertent
Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artifice ndash artificial
Convention ndash conventional
Benefit ndash beneficial
Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Beauty ndash beautiful
Care ndash carelesscareful
Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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Pay = Payee Examine = Examinee
Verb এয তরল ery তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Bake = Bakery
Verb এয তরল ar তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Beg = Beggar
Verb এয তরল th তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Grow = Growth Deep = Depth
Adjective এয তরল ship তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Hard = Hardship
Adjective এয তরল ity তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Continuous ndash continuity garrulous ndash garrulity
Adjective এয তরল ism তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Dynamic ndash dynamism optimistic ndash pessimism
Euphemistic ndash euphemism
Verb এয তরল al তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Refuse = Refusal Propose = Proposal
Verb এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Discover = Discovery
Verb এয তরল ance ence তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Eloquent ndash eloquence coherent ndash coherence
Competent ndash competence
Verb এয তরল sionion তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
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Express = Expression Divide = Division
Adjective এয তরল ness তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Great ndash greatness consciousndash consciousness
Adjective এয তরল cy তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Efficient = Efficiency Proficient = Proficiency
Adjective এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Honest = Honesty Modest = Modesty
Rule 01 Subject এফং Object রররফ তকান word তক ফযফায কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক Noun এ রযফেতন করয ফযফায কযরে রফ
For Example
Happiness means different things to different people
We have already evaluated your performance
Allocation of resources is the main theme of Economics [Not allocate or allocated]
Coherence is necessary for writing
Fill in the gap with any one of the following -
_ ______ is an ancient source of energy
(A) The wind (B) Winds
P (C) Wind (D) A wind
Rule 02 Preposition এয য noun ফর -
For Example
He was craving for affection
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English is used for communication
He is good in English
Rule 03 Article এফং Determiner এয য মরে শধ একরি word থারক েরফ ঐ word রি ফযআ Noun রফ -
করেকরি তরঃ
(i) Determiner + Noun The communication
(ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun The communicative system
Rule 04 The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun The possession of this room
For Example
The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city
The history of this genetic engineering is not very old
The work of many people made the project a success
Fill in the gap with any one of the following-
_ The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities
(D Unit 1996 ndash 1997)
A affects B effecting
C affect PD effects
Rule 05 Possessive Infinitive Gerund এফং Participle এয য মরে তকান word ফযফহে ে োরর তআ word রিরক Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
Building house is very costly
Seeing a child drawing he jumped into the river
I wanted to know the destination
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To tell a lie is a great sin
Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
He is wearing the shirt for going to University
He saved the child after jumping in the river
He boasts of accomplishing everything individually
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun
John is absent because he is ill
Subject Pronoun
Object Pronoun
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
I Me My Mine
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
They Them Their Theirs
It It Its Its
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Rule - 01
Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ
For Example
He and they followed me and her
I saw her at the play
Rule - 02
Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
They tried to follow me
After dropping Sujana and her I came here
Rule - 03
Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর
For Example
The commander ordered them to go
She showed them how to play on harmonium
Rule - 04
Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He always looks after me
You can depend on him and her
Rule - 05
Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ
For Example
It is he who did this
Hers is she
Rule - 06
WhoWhom এয ফযফায
Who + Verb ------
Whom + Noun Pronoun-----
Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে
For Example
I know the man who is waiting for you
You are the lady whom he wants
For Example
Tell this whowhom looks confident
Tell this whowhom you find
Tell this whowhom you think is confident
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Rule - 07
Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ
For Example
It is you who are responsible for this
I have lost the books which were bought from this store
It is I who am your friend
[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]
Rule - 08
Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর
For Example
Inc The man will be punished who has done this
Corr The man who has done this will be punished
Rule - 09
ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে
For Example You he and I are to organize the show
_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)
A Selim you and I shall be punished
B I you and Selim shall be punished
C You me and Selim shall be punished
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PD You Selim and I shall be punished
অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে
For Example I you and he are in the wrong
An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun
You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-
তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা
This is an honorary degree
Any succinct essay is appreciable
Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ
He became very much effusive
What is intangible can be perceived only
Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা
Your installment must be refunded
His instability is really irritable
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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right
_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Monotony ndash monotonous
Harmony ndash harmonious
Courtesy ndash courteous
Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Excellence ndash excellent
Indifference ndash indifferent
Inadvertence ndash inadvertent
Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artifice ndash artificial
Convention ndash conventional
Benefit ndash beneficial
Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Beauty ndash beautiful
Care ndash carelesscareful
Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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Express = Expression Divide = Division
Adjective এয তরল ness তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Great ndash greatness consciousndash consciousness
Adjective এয তরল cy তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Efficient = Efficiency Proficient = Proficiency
Adjective এয তরল y তমাগ করয Noun গিন কযা মােঃ
Honest = Honesty Modest = Modesty
Rule 01 Subject এফং Object রররফ তকান word তক ফযফায কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক Noun এ রযফেতন করয ফযফায কযরে রফ
For Example
Happiness means different things to different people
We have already evaluated your performance
Allocation of resources is the main theme of Economics [Not allocate or allocated]
Coherence is necessary for writing
Fill in the gap with any one of the following -
_ ______ is an ancient source of energy
(A) The wind (B) Winds
P (C) Wind (D) A wind
Rule 02 Preposition এয য noun ফর -
For Example
He was craving for affection
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English is used for communication
He is good in English
Rule 03 Article এফং Determiner এয য মরে শধ একরি word থারক েরফ ঐ word রি ফযআ Noun রফ -
করেকরি তরঃ
(i) Determiner + Noun The communication
(ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun The communicative system
Rule 04 The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun The possession of this room
For Example
The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city
The history of this genetic engineering is not very old
The work of many people made the project a success
Fill in the gap with any one of the following-
_ The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities
(D Unit 1996 ndash 1997)
A affects B effecting
C affect PD effects
Rule 05 Possessive Infinitive Gerund এফং Participle এয য মরে তকান word ফযফহে ে োরর তআ word রিরক Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
Building house is very costly
Seeing a child drawing he jumped into the river
I wanted to know the destination
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To tell a lie is a great sin
Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
He is wearing the shirt for going to University
He saved the child after jumping in the river
He boasts of accomplishing everything individually
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun
John is absent because he is ill
Subject Pronoun
Object Pronoun
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
I Me My Mine
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
They Them Their Theirs
It It Its Its
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Rule - 01
Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ
For Example
He and they followed me and her
I saw her at the play
Rule - 02
Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
They tried to follow me
After dropping Sujana and her I came here
Rule - 03
Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর
For Example
The commander ordered them to go
She showed them how to play on harmonium
Rule - 04
Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He always looks after me
You can depend on him and her
Rule - 05
Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ
For Example
It is he who did this
Hers is she
Rule - 06
WhoWhom এয ফযফায
Who + Verb ------
Whom + Noun Pronoun-----
Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে
For Example
I know the man who is waiting for you
You are the lady whom he wants
For Example
Tell this whowhom looks confident
Tell this whowhom you find
Tell this whowhom you think is confident
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Rule - 07
Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ
For Example
It is you who are responsible for this
I have lost the books which were bought from this store
It is I who am your friend
[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]
Rule - 08
Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর
For Example
Inc The man will be punished who has done this
Corr The man who has done this will be punished
Rule - 09
ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে
For Example You he and I are to organize the show
_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)
A Selim you and I shall be punished
B I you and Selim shall be punished
C You me and Selim shall be punished
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PD You Selim and I shall be punished
অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে
For Example I you and he are in the wrong
An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun
You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-
তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা
This is an honorary degree
Any succinct essay is appreciable
Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ
He became very much effusive
What is intangible can be perceived only
Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা
Your installment must be refunded
His instability is really irritable
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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right
_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Monotony ndash monotonous
Harmony ndash harmonious
Courtesy ndash courteous
Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Excellence ndash excellent
Indifference ndash indifferent
Inadvertence ndash inadvertent
Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artifice ndash artificial
Convention ndash conventional
Benefit ndash beneficial
Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Beauty ndash beautiful
Care ndash carelesscareful
Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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English is used for communication
He is good in English
Rule 03 Article এফং Determiner এয য মরে শধ একরি word থারক েরফ ঐ word রি ফযআ Noun রফ -
করেকরি তরঃ
(i) Determiner + Noun The communication
(ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun The communicative system
Rule 04 The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun The possession of this room
For Example
The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city
The history of this genetic engineering is not very old
The work of many people made the project a success
Fill in the gap with any one of the following-
_ The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities
(D Unit 1996 ndash 1997)
A affects B effecting
C affect PD effects
Rule 05 Possessive Infinitive Gerund এফং Participle এয য মরে তকান word ফযফহে ে োরর তআ word রিরক Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
Building house is very costly
Seeing a child drawing he jumped into the river
I wanted to know the destination
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To tell a lie is a great sin
Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
He is wearing the shirt for going to University
He saved the child after jumping in the river
He boasts of accomplishing everything individually
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun
John is absent because he is ill
Subject Pronoun
Object Pronoun
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
I Me My Mine
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
They Them Their Theirs
It It Its Its
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Rule - 01
Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ
For Example
He and they followed me and her
I saw her at the play
Rule - 02
Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
They tried to follow me
After dropping Sujana and her I came here
Rule - 03
Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর
For Example
The commander ordered them to go
She showed them how to play on harmonium
Rule - 04
Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He always looks after me
You can depend on him and her
Rule - 05
Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ
For Example
It is he who did this
Hers is she
Rule - 06
WhoWhom এয ফযফায
Who + Verb ------
Whom + Noun Pronoun-----
Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে
For Example
I know the man who is waiting for you
You are the lady whom he wants
For Example
Tell this whowhom looks confident
Tell this whowhom you find
Tell this whowhom you think is confident
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Rule - 07
Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ
For Example
It is you who are responsible for this
I have lost the books which were bought from this store
It is I who am your friend
[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]
Rule - 08
Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর
For Example
Inc The man will be punished who has done this
Corr The man who has done this will be punished
Rule - 09
ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে
For Example You he and I are to organize the show
_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)
A Selim you and I shall be punished
B I you and Selim shall be punished
C You me and Selim shall be punished
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PD You Selim and I shall be punished
অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে
For Example I you and he are in the wrong
An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun
You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-
তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা
This is an honorary degree
Any succinct essay is appreciable
Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ
He became very much effusive
What is intangible can be perceived only
Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা
Your installment must be refunded
His instability is really irritable
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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right
_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Monotony ndash monotonous
Harmony ndash harmonious
Courtesy ndash courteous
Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Excellence ndash excellent
Indifference ndash indifferent
Inadvertence ndash inadvertent
Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artifice ndash artificial
Convention ndash conventional
Benefit ndash beneficial
Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Beauty ndash beautiful
Care ndash carelesscareful
Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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To tell a lie is a great sin
Rule 06 এভনরক Preposition গররায রয মরে তকান Verb অর োরর ঐ verb গররারক - ing তমারগ Gerund করয থতাৎ Noun এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
He is wearing the shirt for going to University
He saved the child after jumping in the river
He boasts of accomplishing everything individually
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun
John is absent because he is ill
Subject Pronoun
Object Pronoun
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
I Me My Mine
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
They Them Their Theirs
It It Its Its
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Rule - 01
Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ
For Example
He and they followed me and her
I saw her at the play
Rule - 02
Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
They tried to follow me
After dropping Sujana and her I came here
Rule - 03
Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর
For Example
The commander ordered them to go
She showed them how to play on harmonium
Rule - 04
Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He always looks after me
You can depend on him and her
Rule - 05
Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ
For Example
It is he who did this
Hers is she
Rule - 06
WhoWhom এয ফযফায
Who + Verb ------
Whom + Noun Pronoun-----
Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে
For Example
I know the man who is waiting for you
You are the lady whom he wants
For Example
Tell this whowhom looks confident
Tell this whowhom you find
Tell this whowhom you think is confident
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Rule - 07
Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ
For Example
It is you who are responsible for this
I have lost the books which were bought from this store
It is I who am your friend
[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]
Rule - 08
Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর
For Example
Inc The man will be punished who has done this
Corr The man who has done this will be punished
Rule - 09
ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে
For Example You he and I are to organize the show
_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)
A Selim you and I shall be punished
B I you and Selim shall be punished
C You me and Selim shall be punished
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PD You Selim and I shall be punished
অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে
For Example I you and he are in the wrong
An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun
You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-
তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা
This is an honorary degree
Any succinct essay is appreciable
Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ
He became very much effusive
What is intangible can be perceived only
Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা
Your installment must be refunded
His instability is really irritable
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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right
_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Monotony ndash monotonous
Harmony ndash harmonious
Courtesy ndash courteous
Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Excellence ndash excellent
Indifference ndash indifferent
Inadvertence ndash inadvertent
Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artifice ndash artificial
Convention ndash conventional
Benefit ndash beneficial
Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Beauty ndash beautiful
Care ndash carelesscareful
Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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Rule - 01
Verb এয Subject রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর Nominative form রফ অয verb এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর objective form রফ
For Example
He and they followed me and her
I saw her at the play
Rule - 02
Infinitive Gerund রকংফা Participle এয Object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
They tried to follow me
After dropping Sujana and her I came here
Rule - 03
Subject + verb + Objective pronounnoun + Infinitive (to+verb) থতাৎ tell order oblige compel allow permit teach instruct warn urge advise tempt encourage request forbid show how remind etc এয য Object + Infinitive ফর
For Example
The commander ordered them to go
She showed them how to play on harmonium
Rule - 04
Preposition এয object রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রিরক objective form এ use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He always looks after me
You can depend on him and her
Rule - 05
Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ
For Example
It is he who did this
Hers is she
Rule - 06
WhoWhom এয ফযফায
Who + Verb ------
Whom + Noun Pronoun-----
Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে
For Example
I know the man who is waiting for you
You are the lady whom he wants
For Example
Tell this whowhom looks confident
Tell this whowhom you find
Tell this whowhom you think is confident
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Rule - 07
Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ
For Example
It is you who are responsible for this
I have lost the books which were bought from this store
It is I who am your friend
[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]
Rule - 08
Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর
For Example
Inc The man will be punished who has done this
Corr The man who has done this will be punished
Rule - 09
ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে
For Example You he and I are to organize the show
_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)
A Selim you and I shall be punished
B I you and Selim shall be punished
C You me and Selim shall be punished
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PD You Selim and I shall be punished
অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে
For Example I you and he are in the wrong
An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun
You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-
তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা
This is an honorary degree
Any succinct essay is appreciable
Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ
He became very much effusive
What is intangible can be perceived only
Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা
Your installment must be refunded
His instability is really irritable
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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right
_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Monotony ndash monotonous
Harmony ndash harmonious
Courtesy ndash courteous
Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Excellence ndash excellent
Indifference ndash indifferent
Inadvertence ndash inadvertent
Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artifice ndash artificial
Convention ndash conventional
Benefit ndash beneficial
Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Beauty ndash beautiful
Care ndash carelesscareful
Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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For Example
He always looks after me
You can depend on him and her
Rule - 05
Be verb (am is are was were etc) এয complement রররফ মরে তকান Pronoun অর োরর ঐ Pronoun রি Nominative form রফ
For Example
It is he who did this
Hers is she
Rule - 06
WhoWhom এয ফযফায
Who + Verb ------
Whom + Noun Pronoun-----
Verb এয Subject রররফ তকারনা পরকায রেনতাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযরে রফ অয Nounpronoun এয ারথ whom use কযরে রফ কাযণ এরকষরতর whom রি verb এয object ে
For Example
I know the man who is waiting for you
You are the lady whom he wants
For Example
Tell this whowhom looks confident
Tell this whowhom you find
Tell this whowhom you think is confident
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Rule - 07
Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ
For Example
It is you who are responsible for this
I have lost the books which were bought from this store
It is I who am your friend
[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]
Rule - 08
Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর
For Example
Inc The man will be punished who has done this
Corr The man who has done this will be punished
Rule - 09
ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে
For Example You he and I are to organize the show
_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)
A Selim you and I shall be punished
B I you and Selim shall be punished
C You me and Selim shall be punished
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PD You Selim and I shall be punished
অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে
For Example I you and he are in the wrong
An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun
You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-
তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা
This is an honorary degree
Any succinct essay is appreciable
Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ
He became very much effusive
What is intangible can be perceived only
Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা
Your installment must be refunded
His instability is really irritable
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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right
_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Monotony ndash monotonous
Harmony ndash harmonious
Courtesy ndash courteous
Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Excellence ndash excellent
Indifference ndash indifferent
Inadvertence ndash inadvertent
Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artifice ndash artificial
Convention ndash conventional
Benefit ndash beneficial
Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Beauty ndash beautiful
Care ndash carelesscareful
Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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Rule - 07
Relative Pronoun (who which that) এয রয verb ফভে োয antecedent নমােী রফ থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অরগ তম Noun ফা pronoun অরছ তিা নমােী রফ
For Example
It is you who are responsible for this
I have lost the books which were bought from this store
It is I who am your friend
[Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]
Rule - 08
Relative Pronoun ফভে োয antecedent এয ারআ ফর
For Example
Inc The man will be punished who has done this
Corr The man who has done this will be punished
Rule - 09
ফাংরাে (অরভ েরভ ত) ফরা ে রকনত আংরযরিরে (েরভ ত অরভ) এবারফ ফযফহে ে
For Example You he and I are to organize the show
_ Which one of the following sentences is correct (C Unit 1999-2000)
A Selim you and I shall be punished
B I you and Selim shall be punished
C You me and Selim shall be punished
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PD You Selim and I shall be punished
অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে
For Example I you and he are in the wrong
An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun
You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-
তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা
This is an honorary degree
Any succinct essay is appreciable
Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ
He became very much effusive
What is intangible can be perceived only
Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা
Your installment must be refunded
His instability is really irritable
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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right
_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Monotony ndash monotonous
Harmony ndash harmonious
Courtesy ndash courteous
Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Excellence ndash excellent
Indifference ndash indifferent
Inadvertence ndash inadvertent
Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artifice ndash artificial
Convention ndash conventional
Benefit ndash beneficial
Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Beauty ndash beautiful
Care ndash carelesscareful
Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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PD You Selim and I shall be punished
অফায তোল সবীকায কযরর (অরভ েরভ ত) এবারফআ ফযফহে ে
For Example I you and he are in the wrong
An adjective is a word which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun
You know Adjective is a qualifying word You can identify any adjective in the following ways-
তোভযা রফতয তরকোরয noun তক identify কযরে ররখছ এআ noun রিয immediately অরগ ফরিে তকান word তক মরে তোভায identify কযরে রর ঐ word রিরক ফযআ Adjective রররফ identify করযা
This is an honorary degree
Any succinct essay is appreciable
Linking Verb এয complement রররফ ফযফহে তকান word তক identify কযরে রর রনরিরনত ঐ word রিরক adjective রররফ identify কযরে রফ
He became very much effusive
What is intangible can be perceived only
Possessive Pronoun রররফ াধাযণবারফ অভযা মারেযরক রেরন োযা অরর sentence এ Adjective রররফ use ে েযাং মরে কখরনা এযকভ তকান possessive pronoun তক identify কযরে ে তরকষরতর এরেযরক Adjective রররফ identify করযা
Your installment must be refunded
His instability is really irritable
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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right
_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Monotony ndash monotonous
Harmony ndash harmonious
Courtesy ndash courteous
Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Excellence ndash excellent
Indifference ndash indifferent
Inadvertence ndash inadvertent
Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artifice ndash artificial
Convention ndash conventional
Benefit ndash beneficial
Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Beauty ndash beautiful
Care ndash carelesscareful
Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun In the place of adjectives it is also right
_ Noun এয তরল ous তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Monotony ndash monotonous
Harmony ndash harmonious
Courtesy ndash courteous
Noun এয তরল ent তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Excellence ndash excellent
Indifference ndash indifferent
Inadvertence ndash inadvertent
Noun এয তরল al তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artifice ndash artificial
Convention ndash conventional
Benefit ndash beneficial
Noun এয তরল -full or ndashless তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Beauty ndash beautiful
Care ndash carelesscareful
Verb এয তরল able তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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Permeate ndash permeable
Consoleacute ndash consolable
Dispense ndash dispensable
Noun এয তরল ic তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Artist ndash artistic
Hero ndash heroic
-bility মকত Noun তক ble তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Incredible ndash incredibility
Incorrigible ndash incorrigibility
Invisible ndash invisibility
ndashtion or ndashsion মকত Noun তক ndashtive or ndashsive তমাগ করয Adjective গিন কযা মােঃ
Deception ndash deceptive
Apprehension ndash apprehensive
Rule - 01
Adjective একরি রনরেতষট order তভরন েরর তমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword
For Example
The active participant
A young inactive lazy boy
A round Italian pizza dish
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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Rule - 02
Noun এয রফত মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে তম word রি ঐ Noun এয ফযাারয কথা ফরর োরর ঐ word রিরক Adjective এ form করয use কযরে রফ
For Example
I saw that
I do not know the
Rule - 03
াধাযণবারফ Verb এয রয ফা complenent রররফ Adverb use ে রকনত Linking Verb এয complement রররফ Adverb ফযফহে না রে Adjective use ে এখারন পররোিনীে এফং গরতবণত কেগররা Linking Verb তক list রররফ তেো ররা
Be become feel appear
smell stay sound taste
look seem remain
He works silently
রকনত He remains silent
He drives carefully
রকনত He looks careful
রকনত Linking Verb এয ারথ মরে Preposition থারক রকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থারক োরর অফায Adverb use রফ
For Example
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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He looks after carefully
I tasted that soup hungrily
Rule - 04
রনক তকষরতরআ Noun ফারকযয ভরধয Adjective রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
I saw a beautiful
I saw a beautiful girl
রকনত এরকষরতর ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Noun মরে তকান Sentence এ Adjective রররফ কাি করয োরর ঐ Noun রি কখরনাআ plural ে না
For Example
This book contains ten pages (Noun)
This ten-page book is interesting (Adj)
Give me a ten page book (adj)
Rule - 05
Noun এয অরগ enough ফর রকনত Adjective থফা Adverb এয রয enough ফর
enough + noun
For Example
You can love if you have enough money to spend for women
adjective adverb + enough
For Example
You are beautiful enough to satisfy me
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
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httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
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He has enough strength to lift this
01) When your body does not get mdash it cannot make the glucose it needs (C Unit 2004 ndash 2005)
A food as enough B food enoughly
C enough the food PD enough food
E food enough
02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap
The tiny print on the poster is mdash small to be read easily (B Unit 2004 - 2005)
A so B much C very PD too
Rule - 06
Little এফং Few এযা রনরিযাআ Negative ফরর এরেয ারথ কখরনাআ তকান ধযরনয Negation use রফ না
For Example
You have little money [Not few money]
He has not few friends [Incorrect]
He has few friends [Correct]
রকনত a little the little রকংফা a few the few-এযা অফায Positive থত পরকা করয
I have a little money
এখারন অরযকিা কথা ভরন যাখািা িরযী তম only এয ারথ কখরনা শধ little রকংফা few use রফ না মরে use কযরে ে োরর তরকষরতর a little রকংফা a few রফ
For Example
Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)
Only a few students are lazy (Correct)
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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We will need only little food (Incorrect)
We will need only a little food (Correct)
01 Although Southern California is densely populated ----- live in the northern part of the state (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A a little people PB only a few people
C some of the people D many people
02 ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh (D Unit 2003 ndash 2004)
A A little information B Few information
P C Little information D A few information
Rule - 07
Another other the other এফং some others the others এয ফযফায মপরকত একিা বাররা ধাযণা যাখািা িরযী
রনরেয example গররা তখোর করযাঃ
For Example
I have two dresses One is red and the other is blue
I have two types of marbles Some are red and the others are blue
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
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Verb পরথভে েআবারগ বাগ কযা রেরছ মথা
Finite Verb and
Non Finite verb
তম Verb দবাযা ফারকযয থত ণত ে েথা তম Verb ফারকযয থত ণত করয োরক Finite Verb ফরর Finite Verb অফায েআ পরকায মথা
Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb
তম Verb রনরি ফারকয গিন করয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয াাময রনরে ফাকয গিন করয োরক Principal Verb ফরর
তমভন we drink tea We are drinking tea
তম Verb Tense mood Voice ফা ফাকয গিরন Principal Verb তক াাময করয এফং এরেয তকান তকানরি অফায কখরনা রনরি ফাকয গিন কযরে াযরর োরেয রনিসব তকান থত তনআ োরক Auxiliary verb ফরর তমভন He is eating rice I am a student পরথভ ফাকযরিরে ―is eat তক ফাকয গিরন াাময করযরছ অফায রদবেীে ফারকয ―is রনরি ফাকয গিন করযরছ
Auxiliary Verb তভাি ২৭ রি মথা Am is are was were be been being (These are called to be verb) have has had (These are called to have verb) do did done (These are called do verb) may might can could shall should will would ought to dare need must used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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CASUATIVE VERBS
তম verb এয ভাধযরভ subject object তক রেরে কাি করযরে তনে তিআ রে casuative verb ফা পররমািক রিো কেগররা verb এয casuative form রনরে পরেতত রঃ
Simple verb Causative Verb
Eat Feed
Learn Teach
Know Inform
Dive Dip
Rise Raise
Drink Drench
See Show
Suck Suckle
Remember Remind
Fall Fell
রধকাং verb এয casuative form তনআ অয তম ফ verb এয casuative form তনআ তগররক have get make let help-এ কর verb এয ভাধযরভ casuative কযরে ে রনরে এ কর verb এয ফযফায তেখারনা রঃ
Oslash I had or got the letter written by him
Oslash I got him to write the letter
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun Therefore it may qualify any Verb Adjective and Adverb Phrase or a full sentence
He runs fast [Modifier of Verb]
He is always late [Modifier of Adjective]
He runs very fast [Modifier of Adv]
Evidently the figures are incorrect [Modifier of a sentence]
Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective
Frequent ndash frequently
Horrible- horribly
Merry ndash merrily
UsageRules
Rule - 01
Adjective এয অরগ মরে তকান Word তক use কযরে ে োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয োযয use কযরে রফ
For Example
She looks
He wanted an extremely large amount of money
Rule - 02
মরে তকান word verb তক modify করয োরর ঐ word রিরক Adverb এ form করয use কযরে রফ
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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For Example
He speaks English fluently
He walks silently
01 Point out the sentence with correct use of adverbmdash (C Unit 1997 - 1998)
uumlA Write the essay in brief
B Write the essay briefly
C Write the essay in short
D Write the essay shortly
Rule - 03
Preposition মকত NounPronoun Adverb এ রযনে ে
For Example
In time in the morning at this moment day by day etc
01 the government _______UN Millennium Development Goals finalized approved and has started implementation of the full-PRSP
(C Unit 2009 - 2010)
A as dictated by uumlB in line with
C as a support to D consistent with the
Rule - 04
Adverb of Manner Adverb of Place রকংফা Adverb of Time ndashএযা ফাআ sentence এয তরল ফর রকনত মরে এযা একরতর ফর তরকষরতর এরেয রনরিরেয ভরধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযরে ে
Manner reg Place reg Time
For Example
He works sincerely in his office everyday
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
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She went there at 900 pm
Rule - 05
রকছ Adverbs (always often usually generally Just quite already almost ever never hardly barely rarely scarcely seldom) ফভে main verb এয immediately অরগ ফর এভনরক মরে তকান auxiliary verb রকংফা modal থারক তরকষরতর auxiliary verb ফা modal এয রয রকনত main verb এয অরগ ফর
For Example
He often visits our house
I hardly watch movies
He has already completed this
He has just arrived
Exception have to রকংফা used to এযা modal ো রে এআ adverb গররা এরেয রয না ফর ফভে অরগ ফর
For Example
I always have to do my work
He often used to wear unusual dress
01 Choose the appropriate alternative (B Unit 1997 - 1998)
A I already twice have read this book
uumlB I have already read this book twice
C I have read already twice this book
D I twice have already read this book
Rule - 06
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldomndash এআ Adverb গররা রনরিযাআ Negatives অয একাযরণআ এরেয ারথ তকারনা পরকায negation থতাৎ (no not রকংফা never) use রফ না
For Example
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc)
I could hardly solve this problem (Cor)
01 Identify the correct translation (B Unit 1999 - 2000)
রেযকারযয পর েরো এয তেরে খফ একিা তফর গরি রো না
A Real flowers hardly could have smelt better
uumlB Real flowers could hardly have smelt better
C Real flowers could have smelt better hardly
D Real flowers could smelt better hardly
Rule - 07
Hardly Barely Rarely Scarcely Seldom ndash এরেযরক রেরে মরে তকারনা sentence শর ে োরর তরকষরতর sentence এয অরগ verb েরর অর মরে auxiliary verb ফা modal থারক োরর োযা ফর অয মরে এযা না থারক তরকষরতর tense নমােী do does রকংফা did ফরফ
For Example
Rarely are you found in the room
Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain
Hardly could I solve this problem
Rule - 08
Negative Emphasis পরোনকাযী রকছ Adverbs (not once Not only not untill never never again only after etc) গররায তফরাে একআ রনেভ পররমািয
For Example
Never again will they stay in the hotel
Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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01 Not until the Triassic Period ------
(D Unit 2003 - 2004)
A the first primitive mammals did develop
uumlB did the first primitive mammals develop
C did develop the first primitive mammals
D the first primitive mammals develop
Rule - 09
মরে adverb এয ারথ াধাযণে -ly থারক রকনত রকছ words (fast late এফং hard) অরছ মারেয ারথ by থাকা রে এযা রনরিযাআ adverb েযাং এরেয তফরাে fastly hardly রকংফা lately use কযা মারফ না েরফ রবনন রথত hardly রকংফা lately Adverb রররফ use রে ারয
For Example
Helen types fast and efficiently
He arrived late because of bad weather
_ Choose the correct option
Although he felt very----- he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004)
A angrily friendly B angry friendly
C angrily in a friendly uumlD angry in a friendly way
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
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A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words
To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause
I arrived at the office after him
[Here after is preposition]
I arrived at the office after he did
[Here after is conjunction]
But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions It is not very much frequent in English
A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words
Rule 01
তকান word রকংফা phrase তক join কযরে রর preposition রেরে join কযরে রর conjunction রেরে join কযরে ে
উোযণসবর aslike এয কথা ধযা থারক as রে conjunction থতাৎ clause তক join করয অয like রে preposition থতাৎ তকারনা word থফা phrase তক join করয
For Example
He looks like me [Like is preposition]
It was done as you wanted [As is conjunction]
He did as I instructed
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
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httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
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He instructed like my father
01 Like Tarek Masud was caught by mistake (C Unit 2005-2006)
uumlA Like Tarek B Like Tareks capture
C Just as Tarek was caught D Similar to Tarek
E As did Tarek
02 Complete the sentence
There can be no invention ---- an inventor (D Unit 2001 - 2002)
A except B nor
uumlC without D before
occur because a misunderstanding
03 Complete the sentence
The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects (C Unit 1995 - 1996)
A to resemble
B which resembles
C despite its resemblance
uumlD although it resembles
_ পররি যরকতয ভে রার (C Unit 1991 - 1992)
uumlA The flower is red like blood
B The flower is blood like red
C The Flower is as red as blood
D The flower is bloody
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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Rule 02
(Not only ndashndash but also No sooner ---than both ndashndash and either ndashndash or wKsev neither ndashndash nor) এরেয রযারয expressien রি একরতর conjunction রররফ কাি করয েযাং এরেয তকারনা ংরক কখরনা রযফেতন করয use কযা মারফ না
For Example
He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer (Inc)
He is both a footballer and a cricketer (Cor)
Rule 03
Similar Theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে and use কযা ে এফং opposite theme এয েরি clause তক join কযরে but use কযরে ে
For Example
I went there and found him
I went there but did not find him
Rule 04
In case থত মরে অফায If থত মরে রকনত এরেয ভরধয রকছিা াথতকয অরছ এ াথতকযিা িার তমবারফ ফঝারনা রফ তবারফ তফাঝায তেষটা কযরফ
For Example
You should take an umbrella in case it rains
You should not go outside if it rains
Rule 05
াধাযণে মরে sentence রি affirmative ে োরর as ----- as use কযা ে অয মরে sentence রি negative ে োরর so ----- as use কযা ে
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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For Example
Stephen is as sharp as a tack
Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear
Grammar এয তফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআরে Rule গররারকআ পরাধানয রেরে থারক রকনত রফরবনন Preposition ফযফারযয ভে অভযা Rule এয াাার Meaning তক রফরফেনা কযফ এরে করয Preposition রনফতােন কযািা রনক ি রে মারফ
অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition রনরে অররােনা কযফ কখন তোভযা Preposition এয ফযাারয াভরিক একিা ধাযণা ারফ রকনত োযয এআ তরকোরয অভযা করেকরি Preposition এয ফযফারযয ফযাারয তোভারেযরক একি ধাযণা রেরে
Between এফং Among এয ফযফায
Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে েআরেয ভরধয রনফতােন কযায তকষরতর Between ফযফহে ে অয েআরেয রধক Noun রর রকংফা Plural Noun রর তরকষরতর among ফর
For Example
In a federal form of government power is divided among the legislative executive and judicial branches
Although both teams were from the same country there was cut throat competition between them
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
Divide the money among the players
Besides এয ফযফায
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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Besides একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক মকত করয ―াাার রকংফা ―ছাড়া রথত Besides এয ফযফায ফভে রকষয কযা মাে ভরন যাখরে রফ তম Beside বদরিয থত রে ―রনকিফেতী েযাং Besides এয রযফরেত কখরনাআ beside ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Besides studies Students should be involved in social activities
(থতাৎ ড়াশনায াাার রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
(রকংফা তরখাড়া ছাড়া রকষাথতীরেয াভারিক কারি মপকত ো উরেে)
Besides our dog we have two cats
We sat beside the teacher
Such as এয ফযফায
Such as একরি Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অভযা তকান েষটাভতম িানরে রকংফা ফাংরা ―তমভন থত তফাঝারে Such as ফযফায করয
For Example
There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies weeklies and monthlies
Some birds such as robins and cardinals spend the winter in the North
Instead of এয ফযফায
Instead of একরি Preposition রররফ ফযফহে ে থতাৎ মথাযীরে এরি একরি Word ফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয ফাংরা ―রযফরেত থত তফাঝারেআ এয ফযফায রকষযণীে
For Example
We went to Kuakata instead of abroad
You can take physics instead of biology
Choice between ―Despite and ―In spite of
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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এ েরিাআ Preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ তকান Word রকংফা Phrase তক ংমকত করয অরযকিা রকষযণীে ফযাায despite এয ারথ কখনআ of ফযফায কযা মারফ না
For Example
Despite his denial we know that he was guilty
In spite of his denial we know that he was guilty
Despite his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
In spite of his physical handicap he has become a successful businessman
Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades
Choice between ―because and ―because of
Because একরি Conjunction রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ অরযকরি Clause তক ংমকত করয রকনত because of একরি preposition রররফ কাি করয থতাৎ একরি word ফা phrase তক ংমকত করয
For Example
He was absent because her cold was worse
He was absent because of her cold
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion
01 Hurrah We have won the game (আননদ)
02 Alas I am undone (বিষাদ)
03 What a beautiful scenery it is (বিষময়) Ah Oh Ha (বিষময়)
04 Bravo You have done well (অনম াদন)
05 Fie Fie (বিরষকার িা ঘণা)
06 Hi Hello আহিান
07 Humph Hess (সমনদহ)
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action There are three tenses
a Present Tense
b Past Tense
c Future Tense
Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms Indefinite Continuous Perfect and Perfect continuous
াধাযণে তকান কাি ফেতভারন ে ফঝারর ফা বযাগে েয ফঝারর ফা রেযেয ফঝারর Present Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভর রিো এফং আংরযরিরে শধ ভর verb ফযফহে ে েরফ আংরযরি ফারকয subject third person singular number রর verb এয তরল s ফা es তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + main verb (ভর verb) +
Subject + main verb + ses +
Note
Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এর রর be verb (am is are) থাকর negative এবং
interrogative করার ময় dodoes বযবহত রব না
Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এর রর have verb (has have) থাকর do verb বযবার করর
negative এবং interrogative করা যায়
Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-
বতত মান মরয়র ককান কাজ অবসথা ঘটনা তথয পরকাল কররত
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
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httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
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That cake smells good
I believe that you are right
To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (অভযা বঝারত)
The Browns do not was their windows every week
াধারণ তয বা চিরতয বঝারত
Parallel lines never meet
ভচবযরতর ককান ঘটনা চনশচয়ই ঘটরব এর ধারণা বঝাবার জরনয
When does the college reopen
Her father sails for America next Sunday
উদবচত বযবারর ররাকষ উচিরত বযাখযা পরদারনর মরয়
Plate B replaces A plate in the old model as shown in Diagram 2
They tell me that you are a fool (Reporting)
অতীত ঘটনা মজজব করর বণতনা কররত
Defeated in battle the king now turns towards his capital
Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms
The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly
ভচবযৎ মভাবনা বঝারত লতত রবাধক ও ময় চনরদতলক clause-এ
I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work (condition)
I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her (time)
আরদল উরদল অনররাধমক বারকয
Post the letter
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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Dont run in the sun
Stand up on the bench
here there চদরয় চকছ ংখযক exclamatory বারকয
Here comes the bus
There goes the ball
Choose the correct option
Shaheen ndashndashndashndashndash tennis once or twice a week
A is playing usually B is usually playing
uumlC usually plays D plays usually
ফেতভারনএখন তকান কাি েররছ এর ফঝারর presnt continuous tense ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছ তেছ তেরছ রছ আেযারেয ফযফায তেরখ এআ tense তেনা মাে অয আংরযরিরে এআ tense-এ subject এর রয subject নারয amisare ফর অয ভর verb-এয ারথ- ing তমাগ কযরে ে
Structure
Subject + amis are+ [verb+ ing]
The present continuous tense is used frac34
বতত মান মরয় ককান কাজ িরছ বঝাবার জরনয
It is rainingsnowingsleeting
Shofera is dancing at this moment
to describe a future action (ভচবযরতর কাজ বণতনা করার জরনয)
They are going to a concert tomorrow night
We are repeating the experiment next month
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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What are you doing tomorrow evening
অভযাগত ককান কাজ যা অছনদনীয় অননরমাদনরযাগয
They are always asking for special favours
That little girl is always biting her finger nails
উননয়নলী চরবতত নলী অবসথা বঝাবার জরনয
The population of the world is rising very fast
That childs getting bigger everyday
Note Present continuous tense-এ now right now at present at this moment এ ধররনর adverb ও adverb
phrase বযবহত য়
I am having meal now
চকছ Verb কখরনা Present progressive tense -এ বযবহত য় না অথবা খব কমই Present tense -এ
বযবহত য়
Want desire refuse see feel think forgive wish live hate like hear smell recognize realize
understand know seem etc
I see a bird
তকান কাি এআভাতর তল রেরছ রকনত োয পর ফেতভান অরছ ফঝারর Present Perfect Tense ে ফাংরা ফারকয রিোয তরল আোরছ আোছ আরেরছ আেযারেয াারময এআ tense তেনা মাে আংরযরি ফারকয এআ tense-এ subject এর রয havehas ফর োযয ভর verb-এয past participle form ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ [verb in the past participle]
The present continuous tense is used-
Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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John has travelled around the world (We dont know when)
A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect The latter is used when the action which began in the past still continues
I am in Delhi for seven years (Incorrect)
I have been in Delhi for seven years (Correct)
We use present perfect with today this morning this evening etc when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking
I havent seen you this morning
Have you had a holiday this year
The following adverbs can be used with present perfect
Just already since for yet (in questions and negations) So far till now never often ever (in questions only)
Note It should never be used with adverbs of past time
He has just come here yesterday (Wrong)
He has just come here (Right)
Choice Between YETALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasnt happened) at an unspecified time in the past These adverbs are often used with the present perfect
He has just - out
uumlA gone B went
already - affirmative sentences
yet ndash negative sentences and questions
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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C going D getting
তকান কাি রফত অযমভ রে এখন েররছ এর ফঝারর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ে এআ tense-এ Subject এয রয have been has been ফর োযয ভর verb-এয -ing ফর
Structure
Subject + havehas+ been + [verb + ing]
It has been raining for two hours
Ive been watching television since 2 oclock
The present perfect continuous tense is used
বত কথরক আরমভ রয় এখনও িরছ
They have been playing since 4 pm
Our car has been giving us trouble recently
She has been looking everywhere for you
for + duration of time
For five hours for thirty years for ten minutes
since + beginning time
Since 1975 since five oclock since January
েীেকারর তকান কাি ঘরিরছর তকান রবয রছর আেযারে ফঝারে Past Indefinite Tense ে এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে রিোয তরল পরােআ ―র তেখা মাে অয আংরযরিরে subject এর রয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফর
Structure
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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Subject + verb in past form
Alfred arrived last night
I received her letter yesterday
Note অতীত অরভয বঝার used to বযবহত য়
Used towould + verb (ম verb)
She used to bathe in the river every morning
He used to play cricket every afternoon
He would wait for her outside the office everyday
Simple past tense is used
অতীত ঘটনা বণতনা করার ককষরে
Regularly every summer Janet fell in love
She was in Pakistan ten years ago
conditional বারকয if clause-এর রর ককান অতয ঘটনা অথবা ঘটনা যা ঘটরব না বঝাবার
ককষরে
If you loved me you would not leave now
If he wore a blue tie with that jacket it would look better
to express a past habit Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (অতীত অভযারর বণতনার
ককষরে)
He would wait for her outside the office (everyday)
She would often go all day without eating
1 Complete the following sentence
They certainly ndashndashndashndashndash the right person for the job
A choose B choosen
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
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httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
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httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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C had choose uumlD cshose
2 The first bridge ndashndashndashndash built ndashndashndashndash probably a wooden bridge
A ever being had B that stands is
uumlC that was was D had fallen was
3 This book ndashndashndashndashndash first published in 1985
A has been uumlB was
C is D was being
4 I ndashndashndashndashndash to his house yesterday but could not meet him
uumlA went B would go
C have gone D was gone
েীেকারর তকান কাি েররছর ফঝারে Past continuous tense ফযফহে ে Past continuous tense পরােআ simple past tense-এয ারথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহে ে অয subordinate clause রি When while দবাযা শর ে ফাংরাে রিোয তরল তেরছর তেরছরর তেরছরাভ আেযারে Past progressive tense রেনরে াাময করয আংরযরিরে subject এয রয waswere ফর োয ভয verb-এয ারথ -ing ফযফহে ে
Structure
Subject + waswere + [verb + ing]
I was painting all day yesterday
The Past continuous tense is used-
অতীতকার ককান কাজ িচছ কারজ অগরগচত রয়চছ চকনত কল য়চন
This time last year I was living in Brazil
I was painting all day yesterday
ককান কাজ অতীরত িচছ যখন অনয আর একটি কাজ ঘরটচছ বঝাবার জরনয
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house
The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence
01I quickly lost interest in Mr Rahimrsquos story because he was ndashndashndashndashndash himself
A repetitions B repeated
uumlC repeating D repeatedly
02 Complete the sentence with correct verb form
Taher ndashndashndashndashndash his hand when he was cooking dinner
A burn uumlB burnt
C is burning D was burning
েীেকারর েরি মপনন কারিয ভরধয তমরি অরগ ঘরিরছর তআ কািরি past perfect tense ে অয verb-এয যফেতী কািরি simple past tense ে subject এর রয had োযয verb-এয past participle-এয form ফর
Structure
1 Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past
2 Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect
The patient had died before the doctor came
The doctor died after the patient had come
Note াধারণত বারকযর clause দটি before বা after দবারা ংযি র past perfect tense before- এর রবত এবং after- এর রর বর
The past perfect tense is used frac34
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
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Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
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Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
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14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
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19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
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অতীরত দরটা মপনন কারজর কভতর কযটি রবত রয়চছ কই কাজটি বঝাবার জরনয
When I went home I found that someone had stolen my fur coat
I realised that we had met before
verbs of saying and thinking-এর রর অতীরত ংঘটিত ককান কারজর বণতনা কদওয়া পররে
I thought I had sent the cheque a week before
She said that she had done the work last month
Choice Between BEFOREAFTER
The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before and after the word ―after in the sentence containing ―before or after
The patient had died before the doctor came
Or
The patient died after the doctor had come
1 Complete the sentence He bought a new car because his old onemdashdown with the suitable option
A broke uumlB had broken
C has broken D was broken
2 My friend - before I came
A would be leaving B had been leaving
uumlC had left D will leave
েীেকারর তকান কাি তকান রফরল ভরে অযমভ রে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে মপনন রেরছর রকনত উরেরখে ভে মতনত েররছর ফঝারে Past Perfect continuous tense ে এখারন মরে েরি রিোয উরেখ থারক োরর তম কািরি অরগ তথরক েররছর
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তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
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NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
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c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
তরি Past Perfect continuous tense ে এফং তমরি রয রেরছর তরি simple past tense ে এআ tense-এ subject-এয রয had been ফর এযরয ভর verb-এয ারথ -ing ফরফ
Structure
Subject + had been + [verb + ing]
Id been working hard all day
The past perfect Continuous tense is used -
অতীরতর ককান ঘটনা চকছকা ধরর িচছ বঝারত
At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months
When I found Mary I could see that she had been crying
01 When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and she
ndashndashndashndash for a very long time
A had been waiting B waited
C is waiting D has waiting
বরফলযরে তকান কাি কযা রফ ফঝারে Future Indefinite tense ে ফাংরা রিোয তরল ফ থারক এফং আংরযরিরে subject এর রয shallwill ফযফায কযা ে রিরি আংরযরিরে াধাযণে First person Iwe- এয রয shall second person you third person heshe they আেযারেয রয will ফর অরভরযকান আংরযরিরে তম তকান person-এয রয াধাযণে will ফযফায কযা ে
Structure
Subject + shallwill + main verb
I shall prepare my lesson this evening
Next year will be different
The Future Indefinite tense is used
ককান খবর কদওয়াচজরে করা অনমান করাভচবযদবাণী করার ময়
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All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
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Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
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একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
All the family will be at the wedding
Tomorrow will be warm
লতত যি ভাব পরকারলর ময়
If it rains I shant go
Hell have an accident if he goes on driving like that
বরফলযরে তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future Continuous Tense ে আংরযরিরে subject এয রয shall be will be ফর এযরয ভয verb- এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall bewill be + [verb + ing]
I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow
The future progressiveContinuous tense is usedfrac34
ককান কাজ ভচবযরত ককান চবরল মরতত যতনত িরত থাকরব বঝারত
This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach
I shall be reading the book then
ককান কাজ চনধতাচরত আরছ বা সবাভাচবকভারব ঘটরব এর পরতযালা করা যায় বঝারত
Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry
বরফলযরে তকান রনরেতষট ভরে তকান কাি মপনন রফ থফা েরি কারিয ভরধয রফত মপনন রফ ফঝারে future perfect tense ে এআ tense ndashএ আংরযরি ফারকয subject এর রয shall havewill have ফর োযরয ভর verb-এয past participle-এয form ফরফ
Structure
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Subject + shall havewill have + past participle form of the verb
I shall have done the work before my father comes
The Future perfect tense is used-
ভচবযরত ককান এক ময় ককান কাজ মপনন রব বঝারত
The builders say theyll have finished the roof by Tuesday
01 By 2010 I-------for this firm for 15 years
A will be worked B will work
C have worked uumlD will have worked
বরফলযৎকারর তকান ভরেয ভরধয তকান কাি েররে থাকরফ ফঝারর Future perfect Continuous tense ে এখারন আংরযরি ফারকয subject এয রয shall have beenwill have been ফর োযয ভর verb এয ারথ ing তমাগ ে
Structure
Subject + shall have beenwill have been + [verb + ing]
Ill have been doing the work before my father comes
By eight oclock he will have been walking for three hours
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
একিন ফযরকত তকান একরি কাি কযর এফং নর কািরি অফায নয একিন কযরএরকষরতর ণর
কািরি পরকা কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা নযাফরতত েয কযায িনয sentence এয রদবেীে ংর
so থফা too ফযফায কযা ে অয আা ফযফারযয িনয তম order রি maintain কযা ে োরক
Affirmative agreement ফরর
এ agreement এয তকষরতর First clauseএ তম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফায কযা রফ second
clause এ তআ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফায কযা রফ
Affirmative statement+and+
subject+beverbauxiliary+too
so+be verbauxulary+subject
I am happy and you are too
I am happy and so are you
They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too
They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
Jane goes to the school and my sister does too
Jane goes to the school and so does my sister
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative agreement এয ভেআ Negative sentence এয নরlsquo কাি পরকারয তকষরতর second clause এয তরল Either এফং neither ফযাফায কযা ে-
Negative statement + and +
Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either
Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject
I dont see Monju this morning and Lion didnt either
I dont see Monju this morning and neither did Lion
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet I havent either
Musa hasnt seen the new movie yet and neither have I
EXERSISES
1 My friend does not like terrorism and ---------
a) Neither I do
b) Neither do I(ans)
c) I do either
d) I do
2 Which one of the following is correct
a) She took pictures and I did so
b) She took pictures and so I did
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
c) She took pictures and I so did
d) She took pictures and so did I(ans)
3 Which one of the following correct
a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so do their children
c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and also the children
d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships and so did their children(ans)
Countable singular nouns
1 ldquoArdquo is used before consonant sounds and ldquoAnrdquo is used before vowel sounds Both of
them are used before countable singular nouns
Example
I need a pen to sign here
She imported a new car
An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Remember ldquoOrdquo and ldquoUrdquo sometimes produce consonant sounds and take ldquoArdquo instead of
ldquoAnrdquo Example- A one way ticket a one sided argument a university a unique design a
united force a European coin a U-tern etc
Similarly ldquoHrdquo sometimes remains mute and take ldquoAnrdquo instead of ldquoArdquo Example - An hour
an honorable person aan hotel etc
Also remember
An MA an MP an ldquohrdquo an ldquofrdquo an ldquolrdquo an ldquonrdquo an ldquorrdquo an x-ray etc
2 When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun
(myouryourhishertheirits) or a possessive noun (RafiqrsquosSimarsquos) no article is
used
He lived in my house
Shihab bought Rafiqrsquos car
Similarly if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives
(thisthat) no article is used
You need this pen to draw this picture
Her teacher asked her to buy that book
3 No article is used before a countable plural noun
She is imported new cars Never she imported anew cars
4 When a countable singular noun is first mentioned aan is used before it But ldquotherdquo
is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece
of writing
He has a cat and a dog
The catrsquos name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola
5 When a countable plural noun is first mentioned no article is used before it But
ldquotherdquo is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same
piece of writing
Children play games But the games often create quarrels among them
6 Aan in phrases a little a few many a half a dozen fraction of a secondminute a
pair of glassesshoes quarter of an hour what a etc
But the is used before lsquolittlersquo when the whole of the little amount is meant
The little money he has is not enough for his treatment
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Similarly ldquotherdquo is used before lsquofewrsquo when of the small number is meant
The few books I have are all written in English
lsquoThersquo is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made
definite by post modifiers
The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy
7 Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns Here is a small list of the
frequently used uncountable nouns
Accommodation behavior baggage luggage paper permission fun advice
knowledge grass equipment work travel poetry information news furniture bread
traffic scenery luck money water wool energy chess coffee tea health etc
But ldquotherdquo is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers
Example-
The information you gave was wrong
He talks about the fun that we had last year
8 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature
Such a thing is already known to all
-
the sun the moon the mars the sky the cosmos the Equator etc
sed before the weather because it is also a natural unique and known to all
Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather
9 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of seas oceans gulfs and poles Example- the
Mediterranean sea the read sea the black sea the Pacific the Atlantic the Persian Gulf
the South Pole the North Pole etc
10 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of deserts Example- the Sahara the
Gobi etc
11 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of rivers Example- the Padma the
Jamuna the Ganges the Nile the Rine etc
12 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of ranges of mountains Example- the
Himalayas the Alps etc
13 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of groups of islands Example- the West
Indies the Andamans etc
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
14 ldquoTherdquo is used before the names of Hotels Restaurants and
Newspapers Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel the Halvatia Restaurant the
Labamba Restaurant the Daily Prothom Alo etc
15 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of musical instruments Example- the
piano the violin the aktara the flute etc
But ldquotherdquo is often dropped before jazz pop saxophone trumpet etc Example-
He is an artist of jazz Tapon was on trumpet in yesterdayrsquos concert
16 ldquoTherdquo is used before television when it refers to the set (machine) Example-
The old television has been sold There is a layer of dust on the TV
But when the programs of TV are referred lsquothersquo is not used Example- TV is a good
source of entertainment I donrsquot watch TV regularly
17 ldquoTherdquo is used before (the) radio (medium) Example- I donrsquot find time to
listen to the radio (The radio programs)
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession Example-
She sings in radio
ldquoArsquorsquo is used when radio refers to the apparatus Example- He always carries a radio
18 ldquoTherdquo is used before cinemas (halls) theatres (halls) ships Example-
Cinemas the Madhumita the Balaka the Odeon etc
Theatres the Mahila Samity the National theatrers the Globel theatres etc
Ships the Titanic the Sonar Bangla etc
But ldquotherdquo is dropped before lsquocinemarsquo or lsquotheatrersquo when it refers to art form or
profession Example-
There are many differences between cinema and theatre
Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpsomewhereinblognettanbircox
httppchelplinebdcomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
httpprothom-aloblogcomblogtanbir_cox
httpfacebookcomtanbircox
httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
httptanbircoxblogspotcom
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
19 ldquoTherdquo is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or
adjectives and a noun in it (adj+n) Example-
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh the United Kingdomthe UK the United states of
Americathe USA the United Arab Emiratethe UAE etc
But lsquothersquo is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are
used Example- Bangladesh Britain America or United States etc
lsquoThersquo is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these
adjectives North South East West Upper Lower Great and New Example - North
America South America Great Britain New Zealand etc
But remember The South Pole the North Pole
ldquoTherdquo is not used before the name of continents Example- Asia Europe
Africa etc
However lsquothersquo is used before the name of the following countries though
they have only the nouns as names
The Netherlands the Philippines the Maldives the Lebanon the Congo the Argentine
20 lsquoThersquo is used before the nouns in apposition Example- Dhaka the capital of
Bangladesh is a cosmopolitan city Dr Ahmed the Principal is a great man
21 But if a proper noun is in apposition lsquothersquo is not used before it Example- the
Principal Dr Ahmed is a gentleman
22 ldquoTherdquo is used before adverbs and adjectives Example-
a) The then Prime Minister misled the nation
b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare
c) The down train is late
23 ldquoTherdquo is used before ordinals in title Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is
still alive
24 ldquoTherdquo is used to emphasize Example- He is the big shot in the twon
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
Want more Updates httpfacebookcomtanbirebooks
facebook gmailskype - httptanbircoxblogspotcom
আনটাযরনি রে ংিীে
httptechtunescombdtunertanbir_cox
httptunerpagecomarchivesauthortanbir_cox
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25 ldquoTherdquo is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with ldquothatrdquo)
Example- Thatrsquos the word thatrsquos the tune
26 lsquoThersquo is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the
whole class or group Example - The poor the blind the rich the old etc
27 lsquoThersquo is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species
Example - the cow the whale etc
But remember lsquothersquo is not used before lsquomanrsquo amp lsquowomanrsquo Example - Man is mortal
However ldquotherdquo is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post
modifiers Example- Rakib is the man who did it We know the woman who
played well
28 ldquoTherdquo is used before the plural name of a family Example- The sheridans The
Mondals The Sarkers
29 ldquoTherdquo is used before comparatives Example- the more the merrier the sooner
the better
30 ldquoTherdquo is used before superlatives Example- He is the best boy in the class
But ldquotherdquo is not used before ldquomostrdquo when it is used to mean majority or almost all of
something or some people not as superlative Example- Here most newspapers
use erroneous English Most of the people of our country are poor
31 No article is used before nature society space(vacuum)
Nature is always not kind Man live in society Everybody dreams of flying in space
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