CHIRU ALINA-ELENASTIT, AN 3ENGLEZĂ-GERMANĂ

Horseback riding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………. IIIThe Human-Horse Encounter …………………………………………………XIContactul omului cu calul .............................................................XIIIWhat It's All About ………………………………………………………………XVDespre ce este vorba? ……………………………………………………,…….XVIIRiding Horses Bareback to Become a Better Horseman ……………..XIXWhat is Horsemanship? ……………………………………………………….XXIIRiding Horses Bareback ……………………………………………………..XXIVCălăritul fără şa ..........................................................................XXVIGhidul practic al călăreţului în exterior ………………………………XXVIIIRider’s practical guide for an outside walking ………………………… XXXIstoria echitaţiei ………………………………………………………………XXXIIHistory of horseback riding ……………………………………………...XXXIVDresajul ……………………………………………………………..…………XXXVIAnduranţa ……………………………………………………………………XXXVII

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Galopul ……………………………………………………………………….XXXVIIIFirea calului ………………………………………………………………………….XLHorse’s nature …………………………………………………………………….XLIIGlossary ……………………………………………………………………………XLIIIBibliography ……………………………………………………………………LXXIV

Introduction:III

Horses.Horseback riding.

Horsemanship.

In order to learn riding, we must at first know the history of the horses. We must know their ancestors and how they changed over the

last centuries. And of course, the most important thing is to learn the horses “body language”, so that we can realize if they are mad, scared or happy. Bellow, you will read a summary of the horses’ history and some texts quoted from the internet.

The reduction of the horse to a domesticated

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state is the greatest acquisition from the animal world ever madeby the art and industry of man. The history of this noble quadruped, as regards his origin, or natural locality, and the period of his first subjugation, is involved in obscurity. We learn from the Sacred Writings that he is of Eastern origin ;and they render the inference very probable, that the Egyptians were the first who reduced him to servitude. The earliest notice of the horse, as I read in a book, occurs six hundred and fifty years after the Deluge, when the Egyptians " brought their cattle to Joseph, who gave them bread in exchange for horses and for their flocks”.

The primitive habits, contour, and color of the horse, in a purely natural condition, cannot be said to be known with certainty ; for it is highly probable that he has long ceased existing in such form.

Horses differ in intelligence, disposition, and temper.Those who profess to know anything about them pay much attention to the size, position, and motion of the ears. Horses with rather small than large ears, placed not too far apart, quick in motion, indicate both breeding and spirit ; and if a horse is in the frequent habit of carrying one ear forwardand the other backward, especially if he does so on a journey, he will generally possess both spirit and endurance. The stretching of the ears in contrary directions shows that he is attentive to everything that is passing around him ; and while he is doing this, he cannot be much fatigued, nor likely soon to become so. And so I underline here again, pay attention to his body language, try not to misunderstand the signs he’s giving to you. The temper is more surely indicated by a motion of the ear than of the eye ; and an experienced observer of horses can tell by the motion of their ears all that they think and mean. When the horse lays his ears flat back upon his neck, and keeps them so, he is most assuredly meditating mischief, and the bystander should beware of his heels or his teeth. In play, the ears will likewise be laid back, but not so decidedly, nor so long; a quick change in their position, togetlier with the expression of the eye at the time, will distinguish between playfulness and vice. The hearing of the horse is remarkably acute ; a thousand vibrations of the air, too slight to make any impression on the human ear, are readily perceived by him.

The eye of the horse is also a pretty accurate index of his temper ; and experience has shown that, if much of the white of the eye is seen, he is a dangerous one, watching for opportunities to do mischief; and the frequent backward direction of the eye, when the white is most perceptible, is only to give sure effect to the blow which he is about to aim.But, though bold and intrepid, he knows how to govern and how to check the natural vivacity and fire of his temper. He not only yields to the hand, but seems to consult the inclination of his rider. Uniformly obedient to the impressions he receives, he flies or stops, and

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regulates his motions entirely, by his master's will. In a measure, he renounces his very existence to the pleasures of man. He delivers up his whole powers ; he reserves nothing, and often dies rather than disobey. These are features in the character of the horse, the natural qualities of which have been perfected by art, and trained withcare to the service of man. His education commences with the loss of liberty, completed by restraint.

You must treat the horse kindly ; you must obtain his confidence, and then never abuse it; deal honestly with him; never lie to him. He judges you by your acts. Your horse can become your best friend, only if you treat him like one.

The horse should be treated with kindness and consideration; you have a right to curb and restrain his spirit, but not to subdue it ; he has no more natural spirit than it is proper he should have, and -the great difficulty with all theories of horsemanship that have been revealed to the world is, that they have been founded upon one idea of subjugation alone. Subjugation is not teaching ; you have a right to restrain, to make him conform to your will.

Riding is one of the most wholesome of recreations, both for mind and body. It does, however, necessitate a certain special and natural aptitude. Anybody, reasonably well conformed morally and physically, can practice the ordinary equitation as a health-giving exercise, easy to acquire. But riding practiced as an art or as a science offers serious and multiplied difficulties.

Equitation is divided into several branches: that of the promenade, that of the army, of the races, of polo, of the circus. The equestrian art consists in the practice of these different sorts of equitation, in teaching the principles accepted for their practice, and in training the horse for these different uses. At the beginning of the art of horsemanship, men taught themselves to ride by instinct and habit. Later, this instinctive horsemanship had still further progressed, and there had been invented saddle, bridle, stirrups, and spurs, the experience of riders and teachers developed the principles which govern the use of these instruments. The early masters of equitation were ignorant of many facts ofanimal motion now known to science, and they had no clear idea of the animal mechanism involved.

A learner makes faster progress and is in less danger of accident when he puts himself under a riding-master. The riding-master or the riding-school will provide a horse already trained, with all the needed apparatus. It is then not necessary for the pupil to train the animal; but only to learn to mount and dismount; to sit properly on the horse when standing, walking, trotting, or galloping, in a word, to make his seat. When the pupil hasacquired a sufficiently firm seat, he may practice jumping. This will test his progress, and will also show him what he has still to learn.

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In the beginning, I will give you some tips to become a better rider, simple things that I learned at first, important things that one should know in order to have a secure and relaxing ride.

Nothing about riding is so important as making up your mind to control your horse. A horse knows whether its rider is afraid of him or not. Thiis fear is conveyed to the horse by nervous use of the reins, by stiffness of seat, by the way the feet are moved in the stirrups, by speech and by other acts that actually disturb or frighten the animal. When a rider gets on his horse he must be sure that he intends to manage his horse and not let the horse manage him. If you lack this confidence, select another horse that you positively know you can control. In a surprisingly short time the rider will acquire ease and confidence and both will be conveyed to the horse. After this lesson is learned, riding will take a natural course and will be done with safety.

In riding there are two essentials that must never be forgotten:(1) to secure and keep a firm seat; and (2) to use a 'lighthand." Without a combination of the two no one can become a good horseman. Almost equally important is the know^ledge of the proper action in emergencies. If a horse runs away, do not exhaust yourself by vain pulling, but guide him out of danger, and let him run until he is tired. If a horse rears, loosen the reins and lean forward. In case of kicking, keep hishead up as much as possible and sit firm in the saddle. If he stumbles, quickly draw inthe reins to help him recover.

A good rule never to be forgotten is always to approach a horse from the front. Beginners are not the only persons who often foolishly walk up to a horse from behind. Riders of long experience frequently commit this fault; they become careless at times and make the approach from wherever they happen to be. Some of them remember their forgetfulness with regret. The experienced horseman knows that horses of temperament and mettle are easily surprised. Even an old trusty horse is apt to strike out a leg in defense, when he fancies something is happening behind him. His natural weapon is his foot and he uses it with a kick. When you approach a horse from the front you go up to him with outstretched hand and a friendly word. There is no surprise;the horse is put at ease and you feel on safer ground with the animal. This rule applies for all occasions-when the horse is in the open, whether equipped for riding, or is running loose in paddock or box stall. Where the horse stands in his stall, tied with halter, the approach naturally must be made in a different manner. You come to the stall and stand at the rearof the animal. By speaking a few words, calling the animal by name, all surprise is cleared away and the horse, recognizing the voice, realizes a friend, not a foe, is near him.

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In learning to ride much depends on making the right kind of start. If there is fear of a horse, overcome this fear. Next get astride of the horse, even though riding is not to be done at the first trial. Learn how it feels to be on a horse. Choose for the first lessons ahorse that is quiet, and for the first lessons do not be ashamed of using one that is really aged.

One may ride bareback for the first lesson or tw^o; or if preferred, a saddle may be used with the stirrups crossed. This helps in two ways: it gets rid of the tendencyto support the weight on the stirrups instead of the saddle, a fault that many beginners easily fall into; it trains the rider to grip with knees and thighs and so hold on, a lesson that should be learned so thoroughly that it .will never be forgotten.

After a few lessons the novelty of riding will be over, confidence will come and each ride will improve in pleasure and enjoyment. "Will I fall off ?" How many beginners have this as a more or less continuous fear! I have to admit that even now, after 3 years of riding, I still have this fear. But what if you do fall off? There is an old saying that no one becomes a good rider until thrown at least three times. So forget about falling off, and concentrate, try to make your horse do what you want him to do. It’s very, very important, as I said before, your horse knows who’s the boss.

One should learn to mount from either side of the horse. I prefer the left side, but it is said that one's education is not complete until he is able to mount from the right side as well as from the left side.

Regarding the feet, there are three rules that one should never forget: First, thefeet must always be carried nearly parallel to the horse's body, with the toe turned out very little, and the heel pressed downward. Secondly, the ball of the foot must rest firmly on the stirrup. Third, the feet must not be flapped in and out, or backwards and forwards.

As you will read in the following texts, there are 3 ways in which you can ride a horse. First and the simplest of all gaits is the Walk. The walk is the gait that should first be attempted on starting a ride, either by beginner or experienced horseman. This insures the rider's conjfidence in the horse and allows him time to study the animal's disposition.The rider can help the horse even in walking. It is advisable always to have a fairly firm grasp upon the reins and if the horse should happen to stumble, the rider can assist in the recovery by quickly drawing them in.

The second gait an in my case the one that I prefer and love is the Trot. It’s not as easy as the walk, of course. Both horse and rider need practice before the gait can be performed gracefully. It is in the trot that posture so frequently takes on an unsightly appearance; the rider should sit up straight, head held high, chin in, as if the world

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belongs to him. That’s why I love the trot. One looks so elegant in the saddle. And if you are dressed in the right way, you’ll look so fashionable, a delight for those who are watching you. How to realize a trot? Well, now for me it’s simple. The theory says that when the horse's right foreleg goes forward, rise up, pressing the stirrup with the ball of the foot and then come down on the saddle when the left foreleg goes forward. My advice is to feel the horse’s move. By practice this posting will become very natural and the rider will wonder why he never did it before. Once you get it the trick will never leave you. Always go with the horse; go up with him; then down; up-down, up-down. Simple, isn’t it? Do not work too hard, for body tenseness greatly diminishes the pleasure that comes from riding. Let the move be natural.

The third gait is the Gallop. Like the trot, the gallop or canter is a popular gait. A beginner should not attempt the gallop until he feels safe with the trot, and has gained perfect confidence in his ability to keep his seat. If one desires to gallop and canter, he should go on a long, open road, preferably a dirt road, and one where there is but little traffic. On such roads, wth a little experience, the rider will enjoy the fast gaits to the utmost. It is wonderful exercise.

Every horseback rider is interested in two things: hovv to ride with safety and how to ride well. The hints and exercises heretofore suggested have been presented to accomplish both of these results. A few additional words remain yet to be said aboutthe seat, for the reason that in it are centered not only security on the horse but also the appearance of the rider. The rider's posture on his horse when in action tell the story.

It is in the seat, in the rider's poise, in his posture when sitting in the saddle on the horse, in the carriage of his body and in his manner of riding that personality and charm are reflected and the skill and the mastery of the mount most clearly portrayed. Don Quixote understood the meaning of this kind of good riding. In one of his lectures to Sancho he said '*the seat on a horse's back makes some people look like gentlemen and others like grooms." These words convey an unquestioned meaning as to what one ought to do and how to do it when riding a horse. When a rider becomes thoroughlyat home on a horse he will to a large degree ride independently of his hold on the reins.This will come about from right use of his whole body, not of the hands and legs only, but also of the trunk above the waist. Every rider should so school himself in training the upper portion of his body that he can lean far to the right or the left, lie forward onthe horse's neck or backwards on his croup, restoring his position without pulling on the reins or interfering with his seat in the saddle. Equally important when riding is keeping the spine straight. 'Don't slouch" is so obvious as hardly to be necessary to say. Were it not a

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fact that many riders do slouch, this fault would not be mentioned. The right way is to sit straight, with the head up and the chin in, and maintain the body with a suppleness that suggests grace, ease and experience. The rider will then feel at home on his horse bcausehe is at home on him.

It is bad manners to cluck at a horse, to shake the reins with the hands, or to flap the stirrups in and out or back and forth, with the feet in them. Many terms are used by different riders in starting and stopping the horse. The terms one should use naturally depend upon those to which the horse is most accustomed. To cluck at a horse involvesmany dangers. If several people are riding together and a person in the rear should cluck to his horse, the horses in the lead would hear the clucking and immediately start up in a more rapid gait. A person in the lead may be fixing a stirrup, or not paying particular attention to his horse, and when his mount suddenly begins to trot, canter or run, if he is not a skilled rider, he may be thrown. Always think of the other person and how he might be harmed by your unthinking cluck to your horse. Of course the ideal way is to signal by pressure on reins or with the legs, but this is generally impossible where the same horse is used by many riders and no two riders use the same manner of communication. The same is true with respect to gaits. A horse under ordinary circumstances starts out in a walk. If the horse does not know the signal or the word for taking another gait, naturally he cannotrespond to what the rider wants done. Touching up with the whip will increase the pace, but what pace the horse will take is dependent upon the mood or previous teaching of the horse. Do not shake the reins in order to start up your horse but use the crop, or touch up with the spurs. That is what these are made for and the sooner one learns to use them the better. To flap the stirrups is undoubtedly one of the most unpardonable faults. Keep the leg stiff from knee downward and avoid letting it sway to and fro.

In order to learn riding, we must at first know the history of the horses. We must know their ancestors and how they changed over the last centuries. And of course, the most important thing is to learn the horses “body language”, so that we can realize if they are mad, scared or happy. Bellow, you will read a summary of the horses’ history and some texts quoted from the internet.

The reduction of the horse to a domesticated state is the greatest acquisition from the animal world ever madeby the art and industry of man. The history of this noble quadruped, as regards his origin, or natural locality, and the period of his first subjugation, is involved in obscurity. We learn from the Sacred Writings that he is of Eastern origin ;and they render the inference very probable, that the Egyptians were the first who reduced him to servitude. The earliest notice of the horse,

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as I read in a book, occurs six hundred and fifty years after the Deluge, when the Egyptians " brought their cattle to Joseph, who gave them bread in exchange for horses and for their flocks”.

The primitive habits, contour, and color of the horse, in a purely natural condition, cannot be said to be known with certainty ; for it is highly probable that he has long ceased existing in such form.

Horses differ in intelligence, disposition, and temper.Those who profess to know anything about them pay much attention to the size, position, and motion of the ears. Horses with rather small than large ears, placed not too far apart, quick in motion, indicate both breeding and spirit ; and if a horse is in the frequent habit of carrying one ear forwardand the other backward, especially if he does so on a journey, he will generally possess both spirit and endurance. The stretching of the ears in contrary directions shows that he is attentive to everything that is passing around him ; and while he is doing this, he cannot be much fatigued, nor likely soon to become so. And so I underline here again, pay attention to his body language, try not to misunderstand the signs he’s giving to you. The temper is more surely indicated by a motion of the ear than of the eye ; and an experienced observer of horses can tell by the motion of their ears all that they think and mean. When the horse lays his ears flat back upon his neck, and keeps them so, he is most assuredly meditating mischief, and the bystander should beware of his heels or his teeth. In play, the ears will likewise be laid back, but not so decidedly, nor so long; a quick change in their position, togetlier with the expression of the eye at the time, will distinguish between playfulness and vice. The hearing of the horse is remarkably acute ; a thousand vibrations of the air, too slight to make any impression on the human ear, are readily perceived by him.

The eye of the horse is also a pretty accurate index of his temper ; and experience has shown that, if much of the white of the eye is seen, he is a dangerous one, watching for opportunities to do mischief; and the frequent backward direction of the eye, when the white is most perceptible, is only to give sure effect to the blow which he is about to aim.But, though bold and intrepid, he knows how to govern and how to check the natural vivacity and fire of his temper. He not only yields to the hand, but seems to consult the inclination of his rider. Uniformly obedient to the impressions he receives, he flies or stops, and regulates his motions entirely, by his master's will. In a measure, he renounces his very existence to the pleasures of man. He delivers up his whole powers ; he reserves nothing, and often dies rather than disobey. These are features in the character of the horse, the natural qualities of which have been perfected by art, and trained withcare to the service of man. His education commences with the loss of liberty, completed by restraint.

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You must treat the horse kindly ; you must obtain his confidence, and then never abuse it; deal honestly with him; never lie to him. He judges you by your acts. Your horse can become your best friend, only if you treat him like one.

The horse should be treated with kindness and consideration; you have a right to curb and restrain his spirit, but not to subdue it ; he has no more natural spirit than it is proper he should have, and -the great difficulty with all theories of horsemanship that have been revealed to the world is, that they have been founded upon one idea of subjugation alone. Subjugation is not teaching ; you have a right to restrain, to make him conform to your will.

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The Human-Horse Encounter

“Archeological and paleontological evidence indicates that the horse was domesticated about 5,000 years ago, substantially later than other farm animals. By that time (approximately 3,000 B.C.E.), the dog had been our companion for 9,000 years and we had herded goats, sheep and cattle for upwards of 5,000 years. The horse came late into our lives but lost no time in transforming us.

Meat and Milk. Cave paintings in France leave no doubt that the horse was a prime food source for Stone-Age hunters. When the Stone Age ended and the Bronze Age began, human beings in Europe and Asia had had generations of experience working with animals, having mastered the skills of herding sheep, cattle and goats. They had also learned to herd horses, which they kept mainly for meat, possibly also for milk (as nomads in Central Asia still do today). People also had learned to cultivate grain and had

abandoned hunting in roving bands in favor of settling in permanent communities. By 3,000 B.C.E., therefore, humans were assured of regular food supplies and then had the time to appreciate the horse for qualities other than its ability to feed a family of four for a week or so.

The earliest evidence of horse domestication has been found in the steppes of the eastern Ukraine, northern Caucasus, central Russia and Kazakhstan. Hunting horses had never been easy and taming them was even less so. Cattle and sheep are much slower than horses and easier to control in herds. The horse posed a greater challenge. Not only was he fast, he was no doubt as skittish then as he is today. Gaining the trust of the first horse must have been a difficult task, yet (fortunately) humans persisted.

The Cart Before the Horse? The prevailing view among paleo-historians is that the first horses to be tamed were hitched to carts before being mounted. They base their conclusions on early depictions of horses that appear to be too small to carry an adult human. From studying skeletons, it does appear that Bronze Age horses were only

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about the size of large ponies, about 14 hands (56") at the shoulder. Bronze Age horses were small, but so were Bronze Age people. Children today find it hard to resist the urge to climb on a pony's back; and it is not likely that human nature was much different in the Bronze Age. And size doesn’t really count -- even a pony can carry an adult a fair distance. It also seems to me that Bronze-Age people would have found it much simpler to climb on the back of a horse and ride off than to spend the days and weeks required to build a complicated rig like a chariot or a cart.

New evidence is emerging to support the view that humans were riding earlier than previously supposed. In Ladakh Zanskar, a region in the Himalaya 3,000-year-old rock carvings from an early Tibetan culture clearly show mounted humans, possibly hunting game. Riding horses in the mountains is far more practical than inventing a cart for them to pull. Even today, carts are not found in Ladakh. Their absence is not because the people were too primitive to invent the wheel-- far from it.

Clearly, on the wide steppes, in mountainous regions and in other areas of similarly challenging terrain, the domestication and use of the horse for transport during the Bronze Age (whether for people or possessions) was a major step in promoting population movement. In other parts of the ancient world, it probably was the case that horses were first hitched to wagons and chariots before being ridden. Mounting a horse, however irresistible, is far easier than staying on! The horse's instinct is to panic and run away when someone tries to climb on its back. Domestication and training of horses had a profound impact on the people of Eurasia. Suddenly, the horizon expanded. Beckoned by unknown lands, forced by climate change or drought, people began to migrate, to explore and to conquer.”

http://mysite.verizon.net/mmaidens/prehistory.html

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Contactul omului cu calul(traducere The Human-Horse Encounter)

Dovezile arheologice şi paleontologice arată faptul că domesticirea calului a avut loc cu 5000 de ani în urmă, mult mai târziu decât domesticirea altor animale. La aceea vreme (cu aproximativ 3000 de ani înaintea erei noastre), câinele era deja domesticit de 9000 de ani şi aveam deja de 5000 de ani turme de capre, oi şi vite. Deşi calul a ajuns mai târziu în vieţile noastre, acesta a recuperat repede timpul pierdut.

Carne şi lapte. Picturile din câteva peşteri din Franţa ne arată faptul că vânătorii din Epoca de Piatră au avut calul ca sursă principală de mâncare. Când Epoca de Piatră s-a terminat şi a început Epoca de Bronz, oamenii din Europa şi Asia experimentaseră deja lucrul cu calul şi învăţaseră să mâne la păscut oi, vite şi capre, dar şi caii , pe care îi tineau pentru carne şi uneori lapte( nomazii din Asia Centrală folosesc şi azi caii pentru lapte). Oamenii au învăţat deasemenea să cultive cereale şi au renunţat la vânătoare în favoarea stabilirii în comunităţi permanente. Aşadar, cu 3000 de ani înaintea erei noastre, oamenii aveau deja surse sigure de mâncare, deci au putut sa aprecieze calul şi pentru alte calităţi înafară de cea de a hrănii o familie cu 4 membrii mai mult de o săptămână.

Primele dovezi ale domesticirii calului au apărut în stepele din nordul Ucrainei, nordul Caucazilor, centrul Rusiei şi Kazakhstan. Vânarea şi îmblânzirea cailor nu au fost niciodată uşoare. Mult mai uşor era să se descurce cu vitele şi cu oile decât cu caii. Calul era o provocare mai mare. Era mai rapid, nu pe atât de fâşnet pe cât e astăzi. Câştigarea încrederii calului trebuie să fi fost o sarcină foarte greu de indeplinit şi totuşi (din fericire) oamenii au persistat.

Căruţa înaintea calului? Părerea paleontologilor că primii cai care au fost îmblânziţi, au fost prinşi la căruţă înainte să fie încălecaţi. Aceştia se bazează pe nişte reprezentaţii ale unor cai, care par prea mici pentru a putea fi încălecaţi de oameni. Într-adevăr, la un studiu mai aprofundat

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al scheletului, s-a ajuns la concluzia că în Epoca Bronzului, caii erau de mărimea unor ponei, aproximativ 140 de cm la umăr. Caii din Epoca Bronzului erau mici, dar la fel de mici erau şi oamenii. Copiii din ziua de azi rezistă cu greu tentaţiei de a se urca în spatele unui ponei şi este foarte probabil şi în Epoca Bronzului să fi fost la fel. Şi măsura chiar nu contează- chiar şi un ponei ar putea duce în spate un om pe o distanţă destul de mare. Se pare că oamenii din Epoca Bronzului găseau să fi fost mai simplu să încalece un cal decât să stea zile întregi să construiască dispozitiv ca o căruţă sau trăsură. Noile dovezi arată că oamenii ar fi încălecat mai devreme decât se presupunea. În Ladakh Zanskar, o regiune din Himalaya, o piatră cioplită, veche de 3000 de ani, arată oameni călare pe cai, probabil vânând. Incălecarea cailor în munţi este mult mai la îndemână decât să construiască trăsuri. Nici azi nu au fost găsite căruţe in Ladakh. Absenţa acestora nu se datorează faptului că oamenii erau primitivi.

Este clar că domesticirea şi folosirea cailor în transport in Epoca Bronzului, în regiunile de stepă şi în munţi, a fost un pas important în mutarea oamenilor dintr-o regiune în alta. În alte părţi ale lumii antice, este probabil ca aceste animale să fi fost prima dată înhămate la căruţă înainte să fie încălecaţi. Încălecarea, deşi pare irezistibilă, înseamnă mult mai mult decât să stai în şa. Instinctul unui cal, atunci când cineva încearcă să se suie în şa, este să intre în panică şi să fugă. Domesticarea şi antrenarea cailor a avut un mare impact asupra oamenilor din Eurasia. Orizonturile s-au lărgit deodată. Atraşi de tărâmuri necunoscute, forţaţi de schimbarea climei, oamenii au început să exploreze, să cucerească şi să migreze.

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What It's All About

“Horsemen say, "There’s something about the outside of a horse that’s good for the inside of a man." Good things indeed come from working with horses: a companionship based on mutual dependency, trust, and a common goal, and a unique intimacy with another species.

The companionship comes only after months (maybe years) of work. The merging of a human and a horse into a team doesn’t happen at once. As in a marriage, both individuals must learn each other’s ways and adjust to each other’s behaviors. The rider, being (supposedly) of the more intelligent species, must make the stronger effort to adjust. The horse, conditioned by eons of evolution, cannot change its instincts. The rider must learn how the horse perceives reality and how he reacts to the environment. By understanding the horse’s "point of view," the rider can then modify her commands so that the horse responds in the desired way. For its part, the horse learns to trust the rider and give the correct responses to her commands. A herd animal, the horse is accustomed to a "pecking order." He may dominate other horses in his group but in turn is dominated by others. With a rider, he soon learns whether he’ll have to cooperate or whether he can get his

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own way (as many a beginning rider knows!). The reward for patient training is the moment when the rider knows her horse is sharing her focus.

The effort of understanding the horse gives us the rare privilege of communicating with a non-human psychology. Interacting with horses is probably the closest physical and psychological contact we have with another species. Beginning with the physical contact of riding, the intimacy of horse and rider extends to the psychological as both creatures come to understand each other. This is unlike any contact with other animals. Dogs may be our closest companions and they may also assist us in work, but they aren't ridden. Other animals that are ridden -- camels, donkeys, elephants and buffalo – are not as versatile as the horse and therefore have limited physical contact with their human handlers. When the bond between a horse and rider is complete, the two work as one. Homo sapiens and equus caballus fuse into a new animal.

Training horses teaches us much, not only about ourselves but also about our potential for changing nature. Over the centuries, human beings and horses often have brought out the best in each other. We’ve made the horse become all he is capable of becoming. Compare the Przewalski horses, the closest example of true wild horses, with the Thoroughbreds. Centuries of selective breeding have produced a beautiful animal: taller, faster, and sleeker than his ancestor. Watch a mustang buck and then watch a Lippizzaner capriole. The Lippizzaner performs the same natural movement, but with what style and grace after years of patient training! In drawing out the dormant potential of the horse, we discover our own talents. To master Nature, we master our own natures, and in that process we bring out the best that is in both Nature and us.”

http://mysite.verizon.net/mmaidens/essay.htm

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Despre ce este vorba?(traducere “What it's all about)

Călăreţul spune: „Este ceva la exteriorul unui cal, care e benefic interorului omului. Într-adevăr, apar multe lucruri bune din lucrul cu un cal: o prietenie bazată pe dependenţă mutuală, încredere, un ţel comun si o intimidate intimă cu alte specii.

Prietenia dintre un cal şi un om apare mai târziu, chiar şi după un an de lucru. Crearea unei echipe între un cal şi un om nu are loc deodată. Este ca într-o căsătorie, în care partenerii trebuie să îşi accepte unul altuia felul de a fi şi să încerce să îşi modifice comportamentul astfel încât să se completeze unul pe celălalt. Călăreţul, care se presupune că face parte din cea mai inteligentă specie, trebuie să facă eforturi mari să se muleze pe comportamentul calului. Calul nu îşi poate schimba comportamentul, fiind condiţionat de eonii evoluţiei. Călăreţul trebuie să înveţe cum percepe realitatea şi reacţionează în mediul înconjurător. Înţelegând “punctual de vedere al calului”, călăreţul îşi poate modifica astfel comenzile, astfel încât calul să poată răspunde în modul în care îşi doreşte călăreţul să o facă. În ceea ce priveşte calul, acesta poate învăţa să aibă încredere în călăreţ şi să îi răspundă corect la comenzi. Ca animal de turmă, calul este obişnuit cu sistem ierarhic. El poate domina alţi cai în turmă dar poate fi la rândul său dominat. Un călăreţ îl poate face să înţeleagă că ori se supune, ori o ia pe drumul său.

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Premiul pentru un antrenament făcut cu răbdare este momentul în care călăreţul îşi dă seamă că primeşte şi din partea calului aceeaşi dăruire.

Eforturile pe care le facem să înţelegem calul ne oferă privilegiul rar de a avea de-a face cu psihologia non-umană. Interacţionarea cu calul este poate cel mai apropiat contact fizic şi psihic pe care îl putem avea cu un animal. Începând cu contactul fizic dintre cal şi călăreţ, se ajunge şi la contact psihic, pe măsură ce ambii încep să se înţeleagă reciproc. Asta nu seamană deloc cu niciun alt contact cu alt animal. Câinii poate ne sunt cei mai apropiaţi companioni, însă nu îi putem călări. Celelalte animale care pot fi încălecate –cămilele, măgarii, elefanţii şi bivolii- nu sunt atât de versatile precum calul, aşadar între ei şi călăreţ exista un contact fizic limitat. Homo sapiens şi Equus caballus se contopesc şi formează un nou animal.

Antrenarea unui cal ne poate învăţă multe despre noi şi puterea noastră de a schimba unele lucruri şi comportamente. De-a lungul secolelor, de cele mai multe ori caii şi călăreţii au scos la iveală unii din alţii tot ce e mai bun din ei. Am reuşit să aducem calul în cea mai bună formă a lui. Comparaţi de exemplu caii Przewalski, poate cei mai apropiaţi de caii sălbatici, cu cei de rasă. Secolele de reproducere selectivă au scos la iveală un animal mult mai frumos: mai înalt, mai iute şi chiar mai elegant decât strămoşul său. Comparaţi săritura de pe loc a unui mascul mustang cu cea a unui Lipiţan. Este aceeaşi mişcare naturală, doar că Lipiţanul o execută cu mai multă graţie, asta dupa mai mulţi ani de antrenament. Prin scoatere la suprafaţă a potenţialului unui cal, ne descoperim propriile talente. Pentru a putea cunoaşte temperamentul calului, trebuie să ne cunoaştem propria fire, şi prin asta scoate la iveală tot ce e mai bun în noi, dar şi în calul nostru.

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Riding Horses Bareback to Become a Better Horseman

“For centuries, people across the globe have created relationships with horses for various reasons. In ancient times, horses provided valuable

means for transportation, farming, and labor, and in modern times, people have began to appreciate horses for more recreational purposes. Still, one thing has remained constant throughout the ages, a good horseman is a person who understands both the psychology and

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physiology of their equine partner, and bareback riding is one of the best ways to achieve this understanding.

My first introduction to bareback riding came when I was just eight years old. I had been riding for almost two years, but had been taught primarily by my father on a small pony that I had gotten for my sixth birthday. From the beginning, I was a naturally good rider, but as I got older, I became interested in riding as a sport, and thus began taking riding lessons. My first instructor was an older lady of American Indian descent, who had more wisdom and knowledge about horses than I could ever hope to learn. I was fascinated by learning everything she had to teach from the very first lesson. When I arrived for my second riding lesson and headed for the tack room to retrieve my saddle, she informed me that we would be riding bareback.

It was the same week after week, and even though I fumbled in the beginning I eventually learned some priceless skills. The first thing that was improved was my balance. I learned to ride with a more centered body that was actually connected to the horse instead of simply “sitting on top” of it. Through subtle movements and changes in the muscles beneath my seat and legs, I began to learn when my horse was anxious, excited, frustrated, or comfortable. I also learned to actually “feel” whether or not my horse was on the correct lead at the canter, instead of having to look down. I learned to sit the trot and to post the trot, and even how to jump properly without a saddle.

As I grew and got more involved in equine sports, I would often draw upon the things that I learned from the bareback lessons. When I started to show Arabian Reining horses when I was 13 years old, I can remember learning how to properly sit when my horse was “sliding”. It was quite difficult in the beginning, but I started to practice bareback, and once I got in sync with my horse’s movement everything else seemed to come naturally. Some years later I moved on to riding Dressage, where the focus is on proper communication through body language, and having a foundation that was built around really “feeling” my horse’s movement made it quite easy for me to relate to the techniques necessary to perform many of the “high school” maneuvers. So, from Western to English, from extreme to extreme, bareback riding gave me and edge.

Now I am the horse trainer, with 15 years of experience under my belt. All of my young students and novice riders, and even some experienced riders who are looking to gain more insight in to how to become better in the saddle, go through at least a month of bareback riding instruction. The first thing that I stress to my students is the necessity of proper communication between horse and rider, which

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doesn’t come from the hands or other “aids”, but from the rider’s body. A good rider should be able to communicate with his horse without anyone being able to “see” what he is asking…the basis of this is best learned through bareback instruction.

The best way to begin learning through bareback riding is with the help of another responsible horseman or a trainer. You should start out with a horse that has easy and comfortable gaits, so that you can gain your confidence without having to worry about a horse that is too “forward” or too “bouncy”. I like to start students off on the lunge-line so that they can focus the majority of their concentration on feeling the rhythm of the horse and learning to control their own bodies without having to worry about directing the horse.

No matter how experienced of a rider you are when using a saddle, you must start from the beginning…that means with the walk. Balance is gained through “muscle memory”, and once your body is accustomed to being on a horse without a saddle your balance will improve. Move forward slowly with all of the gaits, until you can comfortably walk, trot and canter your horse without using your reins or gripping your legs for stability. Your body should be relaxed, and you should concentrate on the movement and rhythm of your horse. When you are able to do this comfortably, you can move on to some more advanced techniques, including riding without reins, working over obstacles (poles and cavaletti), etc.

One of my favorite exercises when riding bareback involves riding without reins as well. Students are put on a lunge-line and reins are tied in a knot, so that they can be grabbed by the rider if necessary for safety, but so that they won’t get in the way. The rider then puts his or her arms out to the sides as though they are wings. This can be done at each gait, and is the best way to teach a rider to balance without using hands (the worst mistake that a rider can make is to balance off of the reins, which is essentially off of their horse’s mouth).

Once you have mastered riding “with wings”, you can move on to exercises that require you to move your body while maintaining your balance. I often ask my more advanced students to start with their “wings” and move to “dips”. Riders bend at the waist, maintaining proper leg position, and attempt to touch their toes. In addition to being beneficial to balance, this will also strengthen the core muscles of the body, which will aid in maintaining proper body position. You must be careful when doing this exercise, as you can easily lose your balance. It’s best to begin slowly at the walk and to do all movements slowly and in a controlled fashion.

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Perhaps the best feeling in the world is going back to riding in a saddle after spending time learning to balance without one. No matter what equine sport you are in to, or whether you are simply interested in riding for pleasure, riding bareback will improve your posture and positioning. Additionally, it is a tool that can be used frequently to “maintain” your balance and skill level. Ideally, I like my students to ride bareback for at least one hour per week in order to make the most out of what they have learned.

Mastering the art of riding bareback will make you a better rider. You will become a rider who can “feel” what your horse is trying to tell you instead of having to figure it out from his actions or behaviors. You will have better balance and you will be more fit. Best of all, you will be learning things about your horse that will give you insight many people don’t have.”

http://www.horsemanmagazine.com/2008/08/riding-bareback-to-become-a-better-horseman/

What is Horsemanship?

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“According to the dictionary, horsemanship is “the riding, training, or management of horses.” In the most basic sense of the word, the

dictionary is correct; however, horsemanship is much, much more. True horsemanship is a precise skill, an art form that involves subtle communication between human and horse. A skillful horseman should know his animal well, both inside and out. He should be able to read the animal’s body language, to understand when the horse is fearful, angry,

or confused, and be able to rectify improper behavior humanely.Another important aspect of horsemanship is trust. This is often a difficult process, due to the horse’s inherent distrust and fear of man. By understanding, patience, and consistency, however, trust can be achieved. The main objective of horsemanship is to achieve desired results by using balance, hands, legs, and seat gently and effectively. The rider should interfere as little as possible with the horse’s natural movement, while at the same time, encouraging the animal to obey commands. Gentle persuasion, and not force, is the key to proper horsemanship.Horses have a distinct center of gravity that shifts as the equine moves. The rider should have a secure seat yet be able to shift his weight when needed to complement the horse’s natural movements and to ensure their fluidity.A rider’s hands should be sensitive and light, moving as the horse’s head moves, as it does with the walk and gallop. The rider’s hands should always maintain contact with the horse’s mouth.The horseman must use his legs effectively, also. For example, in the trot, posting is employed to reduce bouncing for both the rider and the mount. The legs may also be used to convey cues to the horse through pressure or other subtle signals.

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In the last decade, a “new” style of horsemanship, referred to as “natural horsemanship,” has become popular. This philosophy involves methods that appeal to the horse’s natural herd mentality and encourages horsemen to communicate with and relate to their steeds as another horse would. Those who know their horse history, however, understand that there is nothing particularly new about this type of horsemanship. Many successful horsemen throughout history have employed these very methods.

As early as 800 BC, the Scythians of Central Asia understood the importance of the rider’s balance and invented the stirrup. The Sarmatians, another ancient people, rode bareback and used leg cues to guide their mounts. Roman archers often rode without reins, as did many Native Americans, in order to free their hands for using their bows. There is evidence that all these early horsemen used gentle training methods and endeavored to gain the animals’ trust. Of all ancient horsemen, however, Xenophon’s Treatise on Horsemanship suggests that the ancient Greek’s views on horse training are even more similar to those supported by natural horsemanship.With natural horsemanship, horses are encouraged to bond with their handlers, much as they would bond with another horse, and horses are taught through reward and reinforcement instead of fear and pain. The horse learns to view its handler as a partner and not as an enemy – to work with its trainer instead of against him. When this type of close bond can be formed between a horse and a human, training possibilities are practically endless. Horse and rider develop a deep respect for one another, and the animal’s natural fear of man dissipates.Hopefully, the days of the Old West, when many cowboys “broke” horses quickly by relying on somewhat cruel methods and fear tactics, are gone forever. This process was, at the least, inconsistent, and at the worst, dangerous – for both man and beast.Horses are among the most magnificent creatures on earth. They’re intelligent, sensitive, and dependable when handled properly. True horsemanship methods might take a little more time and effort, but in the end, the rewards will prove their efficacy. A properly handled horse will bring its rider years of satisfaction and enjoyment.”

http://www.horsemanship.org/

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Riding Horses BarebackImprove your riding skills

“Have you ever wondered how the horsemen of the Plains Indians managed to stay on their ponies while riding bareback? Especially since they often achieved this without even using reins, leaving their hands free to fire an arrow at a stampeding bison. Many Western historians report that the Cheyenne and their horses seemed more like centaurs than humans – one being that was half man and half horse. Believe it or not, with some practice and work, you can achieve this

lofty status, too!Riding bareback is a wonderful way to improve your riding skills. In fact, some experts agree that it might be the best way! By removing the saddle, there is no barrier between you and your mount. You’ll be able to learn more about how your animal moves and how your movements affect the horse. Best of all, you’ll see a marked improvement in your

balance and seat. Riding your horse without a saddle is the most natural form of riding. Since you don’t have a thick slab of leather and a pad between you and your mount’s back, you can feel the horse’s muscles working beneath you. You become much more aware of its gaits and lead changes. By leaving the saddle behind, you’ll also become acutely aware of your own movements and learn not to move in ways that interfere with your horse’s progression.

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The most important skill bareback riding offers is balance, the key to riding properly. You’ll learn to keep your center of gravity low, with your legs in proper position.

GETTING STARTED: THE DOs If you’re a novice, don’t just hop on your horse bareback and take off. A good way to prepare for bareback riding is to ride in a saddle without using the stirrups. This will help you learn not to rely on them for balance.The first time you ride bareback, have someone lead you at a walk until you feel secure, then advance to the trot, retaining your lead person. You should be able to post while bareback riding before advancing to the canter. Once you’re secure at the trot, have someone longe the horse in a large circle, at the canter, while you’re aboard bareback. This will leave your hands free to hold onto the mane, if needed. Also, someone else will be in control of the horse’s movements, so you can concentrate on your balance.While you’re riding bareback, remember to keep your heels down and your legs and body in proper position. Have your companion make sure that your ear, shoulder, hip, and heel are aligned properly. They should form a vertical line. Your heel should be just slightly lower than the rest of your foot.

THE DON’Ts It’s important to remember not to use the reins for balance. Jerking on the horse’s mouth could injure the animal. Don’t squeeze too tightly with your legs, either. This could confuse your horse, making it think you’re giving leg cues when in reality, you’re just trying to stay on. Keep as still as possible. Don’t flail your feet and legs. Don’t sit too far back on the horse. You should be near the base of the withers.Check your horse for any soreness. A saddle helps distribute the rider’s weight, so some animals might get a sore back from too much bareback riding. Once you master the skill of riding bareback, it will beicome second nature. You’ll feel that you and your horse are one. Your confidence will improve, too, and afterwards, you’ll begin to feel that if you can ride well bareback, you can do practically anything in a saddle!”

http://www.horsemanship.org/Riding-Horses-Bareback.html

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Călăritul fără şaCum să îţi îmbunătăţeşti abilităţile în

echitaţie.(traducere Riding Horses Bareback

Improve your riding skills)

Ţi-ai pus vreodată întrebarea cum reuşeau indienii să călărească fără şa? Mai ales că aceştia reuşeau să nu se folosească nici de hăţuri, lăsând mâinile libere astfel încât să poată trage cu arcurile în bizoni. Mai mulţi istorici din Vest susţineau că poporul Cheyenne arătau mai mult a centauri-jumate om, jumate cal- decât a oameni. E greu de crezut, dar cu puţin antrenament, si tu poţi ajunge la performanţa asta. Călăritul fără şa este un mod excelent de a face progrese în echitaţie. Unii experţi susţin că aşa e cel mai bun mod să creşti performanţa. Dacă dai jos şaua, nu mai există nicio piedică în a te urca pe cal. Vei putea să înveţi mai multe despre modul în care te mişti şi felul în care acesta afectează calul. Şi cel mai mult, vei vedea o îmbunătăţire a echilibrului tău pe cal.

Călăritul fără şa este cel mai natural mod de încălecare. Din moment ce nu există între tine şi cal nicio barieră de piele, îi poţi simţi muşchii lucrând sub tine. O să-i înţelegi mai bine mişcările şi schimbările

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de ritm. Renunţând la şa, vei putea să îţi analizezi mişcările şi cum să faci să nu îţi deranjezi calul. Cel mai mare avantaj al călăritului fără şa este faptul că îţi poţi îmbunătăţi balansul. Vei învăţa să îţi ţii centrul de gravitate cât mai jos şi să îţi ţii picioarele într-o poziţie corectă.

ÎNCEPUTUL: Ce să faci:

Dacă eşti începător, nu sări direct pe cal, fără şa. Încearcă mai întâi să călăreşti cu şa, dar fără ajutorul dârlogilor. Asta te va învăţa să nu te bazezi pe hăţuri ca să îţi menţii echilibrul. Prima dată când te sui pe cal şi nu ai şa, roagă pe cineva să te ghideze un pic, până te simţi sigur pe tine, apoi începe cu un trap usor, renunţând la ajutorul persoanei de lângă tine. Trebuie întâi să poţi să stai pe cal fără şa, înainte să treci la un galop uşor.Odată ce stăpâneşti trapul, roagă pe cineva să îţi conducă într-un cerc mai larg calul, într-un galop uşor. Asta îţi va da libertatea să te ţii cu mâinile de coama calului, dacă vrei. Deasemenea, calul va fi în controlul altcuiva, astfel încât tu să îţi poţi controla mişcările şi să te concentrezi asupra balansului.Când călăreşti fără şa, adu-ţi aminte să ţii călcâile în jos şi să ai corpul şi picioarele în poziţia corectă. Roagă pe cineva să se uite dacă urechea, umărul, şoldul şi călcâiul sunt în linie dreaptă. Călcâiul trebuie să fie puţin mai jos decât restul piciorului.

Ce să nu faci:

Este important să ştii că nu trebuie să foloseşti hăţurile pentru a-ţi menţine balansul. Ai putea să îţi răneşti calul în gură.Nici nu te prinde prea tare cu picioarele de cal. Ai putea să induci calul în eroare, să creadă că îi dai pinteni, când defapt tu doar încerci să stai în şa.Stai pe cât posibil nemişcat. Nu mişca prea mult picioarele.Nu sta prea în spate pe cal. Trebuie să stai mai în faţă, aproape de baza greabănului.Verifică-ţi calul înainte, să nu simtă vreo durere. Şa ajută la distribuirea greutăţii călăreţului, aşa că animalul ar putea avea dureri de spate de la călăritul fără şa.Odată ce vei stăpâni acest gen de călărie, îţi va intra în reflex. Tu şi calul tău veţi fi una şi aceeaşi persoană. Îţi va creşte şi încrederea în tine şi vei simţi că dacă poţi să călăreşti fără şa, poţi practic să faci orice lucru dacă ai şaua pusă.

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Ghidul practic al călăreţului în exterior

Iesirile in exterior, sub forma de plimbari de cateva ore sau circuite de cateva zile, in grupuri calare, presupun cunostinte de care sa se tina seama atat in pregatirea cat si in desfasurarea lor.

PREGATIREA FIZICA

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Organismul trebuie pregatit sa faca fata fara efort mersului calare in cele trei aluri de baza, respectiv 3 pana la 4 minute in trap saltat si in

jur de 10 tururi de manej la galop. Dupa 2 zile de parcurs corpul se adapteaza treptat ritmului impus. Conditia fizica o puteti obtine cu cateva saptamani inainte prin 1-2 ore de calarie pe saptamana, mers pe bicicleta dar si mers pe jos in jur de 3-4 km pe saptamana.

INSUSIREA REFLEXELOR BUNE Controlul si securitatea pentru voi, pentru ceilalti si pentru cal trebuie sa fie preocuparea permanenta pe cal in exterior. Incepeti printr-o pozitie corecta in sa - fata sa atingeti cu piciorul crupa calului si cu darlogii ajustati. Pentru dobandirea rapida a echilibrului faceti urmatoarele exercitii: Trap saltat fara scarite timp de 3-4 minute Cateva exercitii de incalzire in sa La trap saltat in scarite caderea in sa se face usor abia atingand saua Pas si trap in echilibru in scarite fara sa va tineti Revizuiti miscarile de baza: Mersul inainte, intoarceri, opriri si mers inapoi la comanda Controlul directiei si vitezei Pastrarea distantei fata de calul din fata Adaptati-va exercitiile stilului de calarie in exterior: Exersati intoarcerile, opriri in pozitia in suspensie Priviti in directia in care mergeti In caz de urgenta (cand calul accelereaza) nu va aruncati inainte, agatandu-va de gatul calului: coborati mainile, retrageti umerii spre spate, strangeti gambele si luati o curba lunga pentru a incetini;http://www.calulmagazin.com/index.php?limba=ro&pagina=revista&v1=2&v2=enciclopedie&v3=ghidul_practic_al_calaretului_in_exterior&v4=68

Echipamentul Securitate înainte de toate!

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- Saua de tip mixt, de agrement sau englezeasca, fraul si lonja… trebuie sa fie curate, în prealabil sterse cu un burete umed înmuiat în sapun de glicerina si apoi unse pentru a le întretine supletea. - Zabaluta si chinga de asemenea pentru a evita orice iritare si ranire a calului. - Pentru calaret: pantaloni de calarie, cizme sau botine cu chapsuri si de preferinta o casca de protectie (!), cascheta sau palarie. Perspectiva de a încaleca un cal necunoscut este întotdeauna însotita de o teama care poate fi diminuata sau înlaturata prin cateva masuri si gesturi de apropiere si cunoastere reciproca. - mangaierea însotita de cateva cuvinte soptite la botul calului. - efectuarea pansajului, periatul corpului, curatatul copitelor, ajustarea cu grija a harnasamentelor sunt preliminarii care ne familiarizeaza cu comportamentul si temperamentul calului. E bine de stiut ca multi cai care par agitati si de temut înainte de încalecare se pot dovedi cuminti si docili odata încalecati. - în orice situatie fiti vigilenti la copitele si dintii calului cu care el se poate apara în situatii care i se par neplacute. Daca veti încaleca propriul cal lucrurile sunt mai simple si puteti da o mana de ajutor celorlalti din grup ce par sa aiba nevoie. Atentie la punerea harnasamentului Pentru a pune saua si fraul corect nu uitati sa: - controlati largimea capastrului (sa se poata trece 2 degete între el si bot). -fraul e bine ajustat cand zabaluta la fel

http://www.calulmagazin.com/index.php?limba=ro&pagina=revista&v1=3&v2=enciclopedie&v3=ghidul_practic_al_calaretului_in_exterior&v4=104

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Rider’s practical guide for an outside walking

Outside walking for some hours or group trips for a couple of days require knowledge which is important for the rider both in preparing the walking and during the trips.

Physical training:Your body must be prepared to deal effortlessly with the three basic riding gaits, which means 3-4 minutes trotting and about 10 laps galloping in the lunge. After 2 days of doing what I said above, your body will adapt to the rhythm. You can be in a good shape after a couple of weeks only if you ride 1-2 hours per week, if you ride a bike or simply if you just walk 3-4 kilometers a week.

Achieving good reflexes.

The control and security, for you as for the others and of course, for your horse, should be a permanent concern when you ride you horse outside. Start with a good position of your body in the saddle –without touching the horse’s rump with your foot and with your reins adjusted. For achieving rapidly balance do the following exercises:-Trotting for 3-4 minutes without stirrups-Some warm-up exercises-In trotting, when falling back in the saddle, one should barely touch it-Keep your balance in short walking and trot, without holding the reins and without the stirrups-Take a look over the basic moves-Moving forward, going back, turn, and ordered back moving-Control the direction and speed-Keep distance towards the horse in front of you-Adapt your exercises to the riding style from outside-You should practice turning around and stopping in suspension position-Look in front of you, in the direction you’re going-In case of an emergency, if your horse accelerates, don’t lay yourself on the horse’s neck, try pull your shoulders back, hold your calves tight on the horse, and take a large curve to slow down your horse;

The equipmentYour safety is the most important

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The saddle, pleasure or English type, and reins- these must be cleaned, preferably cleaned with soap and glycerin to maintain their look. The bit and girth should also be cleaned in order to avoid hurting your horseFor the rider: special pants for riding, boots with chaps and a helmet for protection

The thought of mounting an unknown horse comes always alongside with fear, which you can lay to rest by taking right measures, and by coming closer to the horse and trying to know him-try to caress your horse an whisper him gentle words-clean the hooves, comb the hair, adjust carefully the harness; it’s good to know that nervous horses can become really docile when they are mounted-in all the situations, be vigilant to your horse’s teeth and hooves, because with these things your horse defend himselfIf you ride your own horse things are simpler and you can give a helping hand to others in the group that seem to need.Beware of putting harnessTo put the saddle and rein correctly remember to:-control the bridle’s width (you should be able to put two fingers between the bridle and horse’s mouth)-the reins are right adjusted and so is the bit

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Istoria echitatiei

Echitatia adevarata este o forma de arta care implica comunicarea subtila intre om si cal. Un calaret iscusit ar trebui sa isi cunoasca foarte bine animalul, atat in interiorul sau, cat si in afara lui. El ar trebui sa fie capabil sa citeasca limbajul corpului animalului, pentru a intelege atunci cand calul este fricos, furios, sau confuz, si sa fie capabil sa rectifice comportamentul necorespunzator. Un alt aspect important al echitatiei este dat de incredere. Acest lucru este adesea un proces dificil, datorita neincrederii si temerii calului fata de om. Prin

intelegere, rabdare si coerenta increderea calului poate fi castigata.

Principalul obiectiv al echitatiei este acela de a otine rezultatele dorite prin utilizarea echilibrului, mainilor si picioarelor. Calaretul ar trebui sa interfereze cat mai putin posibil, cu miscarile naturale ale calului, dar in acelasi timp trebuie sa isi incurajeze animalul sa asculte comenzile.

Caii au un centru de greutate care se schimba odata cu miscarile sale. Calaretul ar trebui sa aiba un loc sigur, insa ar trebui sa fie capabil sa isi transfere greutatea lui atunci cand este

necesar pentru a completa miscarile naturale ale calului si pentru a asigura fluiditatea lor. Mainile calaretului ar trebui sa fie sensibile si usoare, care se deplaseaza dupa cum isi misca calul capul, asa cum se intampla cu plimbarea si galopul. Mainile calaretului ar trebui sa mentina mereu contactul cu gura calului. Calaretul ar trebui sa isi utilizeze picioarele in mod eficient. Picioarele pot fi, de asemenea,

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folosite pentru a transmite indiciile calului prin presiune sau prin alte semnale subtile.

Echitatie naturalaIn ultimul deceniu, un "nou" stil de echitatie, denumit ca "echitatie naturala," a devenit popular. Aceasta filozofie implica metode care apeleaza la instinctele naturale ale calului si ii incurajeaza pe calareti sa comunice cu armasarii lor ca de la cal, la cal. Cei care cunosc istoria calului lor inteleg ca nu este nimic special in acest tip de echitatie. Multi calareti de succes de-a lungul istoriei au recurs la aceste metode.

In cazul echitatiei naturale, cai sunt incurajati sa intre in contact cu calaretii lor, la fel cum ar intra in contact cu un alt cal si sunt invatati prin recompense si consolidare, in loc de teama si durere. Calul invata sa isi vada calaretul ca pe un partener si nu ca pe un dusman – sa lucreze cu el, nu impotriva lui. Calul si calaretul dezvolta un respect profund unul pentru altul, si teama naturala a animalului pentru om dispare. Din fericire, zilele Vechiului Vest, atunci cand multi cowboy isi dominau caii rapid bazandu-se pe metode oarecum crude si tactici bazate pe teama, au disparut pentru totdeauna. Acest proces a fost, cel putin, inconsecvent, precum si periculos - atat pentru om cat si pentru animal. Caii sunt printre cele mai magnifice creaturi de pe pamant. Sunt fiinte inteligente, sensibile si de incredere atunci cand sunt indrumate corect. Metodele de echitatie adevarate dureaza mai mult timp si necesita mai mult efort, dar in cele din urma, recompensele vor dovedi eficacitatea lor.

Istoria dresarii caluluiCaballas Equus, prima versiune moderna a calului asa cum o stim astazi, a aparut in America de Nord in urma cu peste doua milioane de ani. Prima relatie dintre om si cal a fost acea de vanator si vanat. Carnea de cal a constituit o mare parte din dieta omului la inceputul anilor. Cand primul om curajos a incercat sa domesticeasca un cal, el a schimbat soarta umanitatii si a cailor pentru totdeauna. Omul a realizat ce putere si viteza are calul si a realizat ca, daca el ar avea haturi si ar controla acele puteri, caii s-ar dovedi de nepretuit in lupta lui pentru supravietuire. Calul putea fi utilizat pentru transport, era de ajutor la razboi si imbunatatea sansele calaretului in urmarirea prazii rapide. Primele seminte ale echitatiei au fost astfel aruncate.

http://www.luxesports.ro/index.php/stire/139/Istoria-echitatiei.html

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History of horseback riding

The real horseback riding is a form of art which involves subtle communication between the rider and the horse. A great rider should know well his animal, psychical and physical. He should be able to read body language of his horse in order to see when he is afraid of something, furious, confused so that he can change inappropriate behavior. Another important point of horseback riding is given by the trust. This could be often a very difficult process, because of the horse’s mistrust and fear towards the humans. One can win horse’s trust by being patient and try to understand him.

The main target of the horseback riding is to obtain desired results by using your balance, hands and feet. The rider should interfere as little as possible with the horse’s moves but in the same time he should be able to make his animal to listen his commands and to obey. Horse’s gravity centre changes at the same time with his moves. The rider should have a safe place but he should also be capable to transfer his weight when necessary to complete the natural movements of the horse and to ensure the fluidity of the movements. The rider’s hands should be easy and sensitive, and move simultaneous with the horse’s head. Rider’s hands should also keep

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the contact with horse’s mouth. He should use his feet efficiently. The feet can also be used to send indications to the horse by pressure or other subtle signs.

Natural horseback riding.

Over the last decade, a new style of horseback riding, “natural riding” became popular. This philosophy uses methods which involve horse’s natural instinct and which encourages riders to communicate with their animals, from one horse to another. Those who know the history of the horse, know that there’s nothing special about this type of riding. Many of the successful riders used this method.

In natural riding, horses are encouraged to make contact with their riders, like they would get in contact with other horses and they are taught with rewards and not with fear. The horse is learned to see his rider as a friend and not as an enemy- to work with him and not against him. The horse and his rider will have a profound respect for each other and the natural fear of the horse for the human disappears.

Luckily, the days of the Old West, when many cowboys dominate their horses rapidly by using cruel methods and tactics based on fear, are gone. This process was inconsequent and dangerous for the horse and for the rider.

Horses are the most magnificent creatures on the earth. They are intelligent, fiduciary and sensible when they are precise guided. The methods or real equitation last for many time and greater effort is needed but, at last, rewards will be worthy.

The history of the dressageCaballas Equus, the first version of the modern horse, as you know it from nowadays, appeared over 2 millions years ago, in North America. The first human-horse encounter was that of hunter-meat. Horse’s meat was a great part of the human’s diet at the beginning of the times. When the first brave man tried to tame a horse, he change the whole human’s destiny and horse’s as well. Humans realized how strong and fast are the horses and realized that if he would have reins, he could control the horse and they would be priceless for their work for surviving. Horses could be useful for transportation, he was helpful in the war and he would also increase rider’s chances in chasing a fast catch. Also, the first seeds of equitation were then thrown.

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Dresajul

“Dresajul - cuvant francez ce include un antrenament destinat tuturor cailor indiferent daca au pus vreodata "copita" într-un teren de concurs.„ Acest antrenament are ca obiectiv obtinerea unui cal usor de calarit, bine dezvoltat, activ, ascultator la cea mai discreta comanda a calaretului. De multe ori capacitatea si îndemanarea unui cal de a executa anumite miscari sau de a sari obstacole nu se poate utiliza la maximum daca nu este ajutat si antrenat pentru a-si dezvolta echilibrul si îndemanarea. Astfel, orice cal de calarie trebuie sau ar trebui sa învete bazele dresajului în cadrul educatiei sale timpurii. Xenofon - generalul grec - a fost primul care a privit calaria ca pe o stiinta dar si ca pe o arta. Învataturile sale au stat la baza "echitatiei moderne" începuta în Europa renascentista. Perceptele clasice au fost pastrate, transmise si îmbunatatite de calaretii militari - cavaleristi -

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care de altfel au fost si initiatorii primelor competitii "pentru cel mai instruit cal al unui ofiter" în secolul al XIX-lea. Odata instituite, primele concursuri hipice au dus la dezvoltarea si rafinarea miscarilor efectuate de cuplul cal-calaret. Cuvintele de baza ale dresajului în prezent sunt: usurinta angajarii membrelor posterioare, supunerea, echilibrul, usurinta de miscare a membrelor anterioare. Chiar daca în anumite zone geografice caii sunt utilizati în mod primitiv, exemplul dat de "Scoala Spaniola de Dresaj" de la Viena sau de "Cadre Noir" de la Paris alaturi de evolutiile unor mari calareti de dresaj au facut ca dresajul de baza sau competitiv sa aiba din ce în ce mai multi adepti. Dresajul este o disciplina olimpica facand parte din F.E.I. cu tari membre afiliate, printre care si Romania, care în 1980 a castigat medalia de bronz la Jocurile Olimpice de la Moscova. Miscarile de dresaj sunt cuprinse în teste pe diferite niveluri în functie de gradul de pregatire al calului. Ele se desfasoara pe un teren bine delimitat si marcat în exterior cu litere standard (succesiunea lor este internationala). Competitiile de dresaj au loc la nivel international pe teste dinainte cunoscute si pe diferite nivele. - Sf. Gheorghe - Internadior I - Internadior II - Marele Premiu - Marele Premiu special - Testul pe muzica - unde miscarile au nivelul cerut, dar succesiunea lor este la dorinta calaretului pe muzica. Este o proba foarte apreciata de spectatori. Daca pentru concursurile internationale testele sunt aprobate de F.E.I. si sunt aceleasi pentru toti concurentii de acelasi nivel, pe plan intern fiecare Federatie Nationala are libertatea de a-si stabili fiecare test în functie de cerintele si nivelul de pregatire al cailor si calaretilor. Indiferent de nivel, calul va fi punctat de un arbitru aflat în afara terenului de concurs pentru regularitatea si usurinta pasilor, pentru echilibru, cadenta si pentru supunerea si atentia fata de cerintele calaretului. Dresajul este o disciplina ecvestra care uneori poate parea "plictisitoare", dar - dupa multi specialisti - sta la baza performantelor din sportul hipic.”http://www.calulmagazin.com/index.php?limba=ro&pagina=articole&v1=discipline&v2=dresajul&v3=99

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Anduranta

“ Dintre toate sporturile ecvestre, poate anduranta are cele mai vechi radacini. Deplasarile pe distante mari, de-a lungul secolelor, a fost imposibila fara cai înseuati sau trasuri. Anduranta, ca si competitie, exista totusi începand cu secolul al XI-lea cand ofiterii de cavalerie organizau întreceri de calarie pe distante de zeci sau chiar sute de kilometri. Din 1980 Federatia Ecvestra Internationala a conceput regulamentul oficial al probelor de anduranta si tot din acest an anduranta a devenit sport oficial. In Romania, se organizau concursuri din anul 2000, iar din 2005 acestea au devenit oficiale. Din 2006 se organizeaza si Campionatul national cu 3 etape. Concurentii participa cu cai crescuti si pregatiti special pentru acest sport, pe distante variabile (40 - 120 km). Terenul cu dificultate variabila este masurat si marcat iar concurentii se prezinta la start dupa o recunoastere prealabila a traseului.Ce trebuie sa stim despre anduranta?

Faptul ca este o ramura noua din cadrul sporturilor ecvestre, simplitatea regulamentului care face sportul accesibil tuturor calaretilor de hobby, existenta în tara a unui efectiv deosebit de valoros de cai potriviti pentru acest sport (Hergheliile de Shagya Arab si Pur Sange Arab) si atmosfera pana la nivelul romanticului al acestor concursuri ne fac sa credem ca sportul este predestinat la o dezvoltare chiar fantastica în urmatorul deceniu. Concursurile de anduranta sub sea sau în atelaje fac din participanti, cai si oameni, echipe unde toti concurentii sunt pusi la încercare, atat din punctul de vedere al rezistentei cat si al modului de colaborare, al pregatirii si al seriozitatii. Traseul se compune din faze cu distante strict stabilite. Intre faze are loc un control sanitar-veterinar foarte serios unde se constata daca caii pot continua sau nu proba. Pe langa etapele oficiale de campionat, se organizeaza si concursuri de amatori pe distante de 20, 30, 40 sau 60 km. Punctajul competitiei se compune din punctajul de baza în functie de distanta si punctajul relativ obtinut în concurs care poate sa fie variabil, pana si dupa numarul de participanti. Traseul trebuie sa fie bine marcat, pe teren potrivit, cu pana la 10% din distanta cu drum de asfalt. De asemenea, poate sa contina si obstacole, acestea nu întotdeauna sunt obligatorii. Obstacolele pot avea alternativa pe un drum mai lung. Concurentul poate sa si descalece si sa alerge langa cal pentru a-l odihni, dar pe linia de sosire se trece totdeauna în sa sau pe trasura. Concursul este castigat de cuplul sau echipa care executa traseul în cel mai scurt timp. Este inter-zisa cu desavarsire pedepsirea sau maltratarea cailor. In concursuri nu se folosesc cravase sau pinteni. Rezultatul este definitiv dupa ce pulsul

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si respiratia cailor dupa efort revin la normal. Folosirea seilor este obligatorie, iar în cazul atelajelor de anduranta cu doi cai acestea trebuie sa aiba 4 roti si minim 200 kg, în cazul atelajului de anduranta cu un un cal - 2 sau 4 roti si minim 70 kg, cu ecartament minim de 125 cm. Concurentilor li se cere în mod obligatoriu folosirea castilor si a echipamentelor de protectie.”

http://www.calulmagazin.com/index.php?limba=ro&pagina=articole&v1=discipline&v2=anduranta&v3=183

Galopul

“Pentru a „struni“ calul e nevoie de cateva cunostinte obligatorii. Va prezentam aici cateva principii ale galopului.„Mentinerea unei aluri regulate. Schimbari involuntare

Calul are tendinta de a accelera daca te apleci inainte. Se intampla insa si ca anumiti cai sa- si incetineasca alura. Si daca nu reactionati nu veti avea impulsie pentru a continua exercitiul. Alti cai, in schimb, isi precipita cadenta dezechilibrandu-se spre inainte. Si in acest caz riscati sa nu va stapaniti companionul. Aceste schimbari de alura – imperceptibile – pot avea mai

multe cauze. in curbe sau in deplasarile laterale caii au in mod natural tendinta de a incetini. De asemenea, si in cazul in care actionati continuu cu pulpa, calul se va blaza si va deveni pasiv. Pentru a avea o alura regulata, acordat i-i ajutorul pentru a intretine impulsia si incercati sa mobilizati atentia companionului prin varietatea exercitiilor. Cum va ajutati calul Oricare ar fi alura calului, trebuie sa fiti oricand gata sa interveniti cu ajutorul vostru. Bazinul dvs. insoteste miscarile spatelui, iar spatele dvs. ramane drept pentru a stabiliza echilibrul calului. Moletii dvs. sunt in contact in spatele chingii fara presiune inutila. La pas sau la galop, mainile insotesc in ritm miscarea balansata a ancolurii fara sa lasati fraul sa se destinda.

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Trebuie sa respirati profund pentru a ramane suplu si decontractat. Daca simtiti o schimbare de alura, interveniti prompt, dar punctual. O incurajare verbala poate sa ajute calul. Cedati in momentul in care calul devine ascultator. Un galop regulat Calul dvs. trebuie sa-si conserve cadenta la galop, ceea ce se traduce prin regularitatea prin care revine cu acelasi picior la fiecare fuleu. Oricum, la galop, pierderile de echilibru laterale si longitudinale sunt mai frecvente ducand la accelerari sau incetiniri nedorite. Chiar la plecarea la galop, supravegheati echilibrul calului. Nu bruscati plecarea plasand cu precizie punctele de ajutor. Pastrati bustul stabil privind departe in fata. Bazinul insoteste alura in ritm. Pulpele raman in contact, vigilente. Ramaneti pe faza cu miscarea de basculare a galopului cu bratele si cu mainile fara sa amplificati nici sa rezistati fara voie. inchideti ochii, respirati profund, ascultati cu atentie regularitatea fuleelor. Trebuie sa eliminati orice contractie parazita care ar putea perturba pretioasa cadenta. Pentru inceput lucrati regularitatea galopului intr-un cerc cu un diametru de 20 metri. Incercati apoi aceasta cadenta pe linia dreapta, in abordarea obstacolelor sau la plimbare. Intretinerea impulsiei Pentru a pastra calul activ si atent, variati alurile prin tranzitii nete. Realizati tranzitii curate, dar fara bruschete. Trebuie sa va folositi contactul cu precizie, in pregatirea actiunilor. Daca totusi calul este putin reactiv la tranzitiile crescatoare, solicitati-l cu pulpa, chiar si cu o lovitura de cravasa scurta si ferma in spatele moletilor. Puteti lucra astfel pe cercuri. Reduceti progresiv diametrul fiind atent la miscarea inainte. Asta va va ajuta sa va ameliorati conduita la obstacol, pentru ca atunci calul va sari mai bine daca-l abordati in echilibru, cu o cadenta buna si o viteza constanta.”

http://www.calulmagazin.com/index.php?limba=ro&pagina=articole&v1=discipline&v2=galopul&v3=20

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Firea calului

“Comportamentul instinctiv al calului, care implica mecanismul hiperdezvoltat al autoapararii, dobandit de-a lungul procesului evolutiv si influentat de mediul inconjurator, in schimbare pe parcursul milioanelor de ani, precede domesticirea acestuia. Instinctele lui, adanc inradacinate, au ramas neschimbate la trecerea timpului – altfel, cum ar putea calul sa aiba abilitatea de a se adapta la dorintele omului, fara acele instincte care sa-i permita sa se lase subjugat ori, cu ajutorul unui antrenament inteligent, sa devina chiar obedient?„

Stapan sau supus?

Fundamentala pentru instuirea calului este cunoasterea factorului stapan-supus. In general, majoritatea cailor sunt situati intre cele doua extreme si fiecare cal este tentat, la un moment dat, sa-si testeze antrenorul. La caii cu un puternic caracter dominat, fara discutie, se intalneste, din timp in timp, o razvratire. De fapt, acesti indivizi curajosi devin de multe ori performeri straluciti daca incap pe maini potrivite.

Revenind, aceste animale dominante cer nu numai cunoasterea psihologiei lor dar

si simpatie si talent, care sa le insufle disciplina. Mai presus de toate, tentatia de a reactiona la fel de agresiv ca animalul, trebuie evitata. Calul supus, neincrezator in el si-n om, are alte probleme dar e la fel de doritor de intelegere si afectiune. El are nevoie, si cauta, un conducator puternic, dominant care sa-l conduca, fara ezitare, spre ceea ce se vrea de la el. Un calaret curajos face si calul curajos dar si inversul situatiei ar putea avea un sambure de adevar. Siguranta este nevoia elementara a cailor, dar si a oamenilor si, pentru a le-o asigura, animalele domestice au nevoie de grajd, de locuri familiare si, ideal, de companie. Asa de important este un grajd familiar incat, deseori, caii arata un mai mare entuziastm atunci cand se intorc acasa decat atunci cand ies pe teren, pentru antrenament.

Caii, ca animale ierbivore, sunt, in salbaticie, o prada naturala pentru carnivorele agresive, pradatoare. Apararea calului consta in abilitatea

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de a fugi instantaneu din fata amenintarii unui pericol, chiar daca acesta este real sau imaginar. Un fosnet neasteptat in preajma-i activeaza sistemul de aparare si-l pune pe fuga imediat. Mai importante chiar decat instinctul fugii sunt simturile, extrem de dezvoltate la cal, cu mult mai acute decat la om. Comunicarea tactila si un anume limbaj al trupului sunt evidente printre cai, care se complac, de obicei, in tesalari reciproce. Simtul mirosului este la fel de acut iar feromonii, mesaje olfactive, sunt constant produsi de galandele pielii si au rolul de a deosebi indivizii si grupurile. Caii sunt, de asemenea, capabili sa detecteze nervozitatea si frica dupa mirosul degajat de corpul uman si reactioneza in concordanta cu aceste stari, devenind ei insisi nervosi si incordati. Aparatul auditiv al cabalinelor este deosebit. Urechile, remarcabil de mobile, au capacitatea de a se intoarce aproape 360° si pot fi directionate ca o antena de radar. Caii sunt exceptional de receptivi la vocea umana ori, mai bine spus, la tonul acesteia. Vazul cailor este neobisnuit si oarecum diferit de vederea umana, ochii mari marindu-i acuitatea si campul vizual. Pozitionarea ochilor si a capului dau calului o viziune rotunda, completa.

In sfarsit, caii mai poseda si o perceptie deosebita, suma tuturor simturilor, pe care am numi-o un al saselea simt, care este si mai putin evidenta la om.”

http://www.calulmagazin.com/index.php?limba=ro&pagina=articole&v1=cunoastere&v2=firea_calului&v3=317

XLVI

Horse’s nature

Horse’s instinctive behavior, which involves a high-developed self-defense mechanism acquired through the evolutionary process and influenced by the environment, which has changed over the millions of years, precedes the horse’s domestication. His instincts, deep rooted, remained the same over the years- otherwise, how would the horse be able to adapt to human’s desires, without those instincts that allowed him to let himself subjugated or, with the help of an intelligent training, to become obedient?

Master or subdued?Knowing the factor “master-subject” is fundamental in training a horse. Generally, most horses stand between these two extremes and each horse is tempted, at a time, to test his coach. Strong and dominating horses, often become rebels. In fact, these courageous individuals are often brilliant performers if they are trained by the right person.

Back to our things, these dominant animals require not only knowledge of their psychology but also sympathy and talent to instill them discipline. Above all, the temptation to react as aggressively as the animal should be avoided. The subdued horse, which doesn’t trust in himself, has other issues but also wants the same understanding and affection. He needs a loving master, which can lead him without hesitating towards what the coach wants from a horse. A brave rider makes his horse as brave as he is, but the vice-versa is also true. Safety is the basic need of a horse and his coach, and to secure this, a horse needs a stable, a familiar place and of course, a company. A familiar stable is so important, that a horse looks happier when he returns home than when he gets out on the field.

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As herbivorous animal, into the wild, a horse is a natural prey for an aggressive carnivore predator. Horse’s defense is about running away instantaneously from a real or imaginary danger. A sudden rustling around him, actives natural defense system and puts it on the run immediately. More important even than the instinct of running away are senses, highly developed in the horse, much more acute than humans.

Some tactile communication and body language are obvious among the horses, which they indulge, usually in mutual grooming. The horses are also able to detect nervousness and fear after the odor emitted by the body and react according to these states, becoming themselves nervous and tense. Horses’ deaf aid is wonderful. Ears, remarkably mobile, have the ability to turn almost 360 ° and can look like radar antenna. Horses are exceptionally sensitive to the human voice or, rather, to its tone. Sight tract is unusual and somehow different to human eyes, big eyes increasing acuity and visual field. Eye and head position give the horse a round and complete vision.

Finally the horses also have a special perception, the sum of all senses, we call it a sixth sense, which is even less evident in humans.

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GLOSSARY

Nr. 1 ENGLISHTerm CAPDefinition A usually soft and close-fitting head covering, either having no

brim or with a visorSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/capGrammatical information

Noun, countable, caps

Synonyms Hat, beret, bonetAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen BeretăDefinitie Sapcă moale, fără cozoroc; bascăSursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/beretăInformatii Substantiv, feminin, berete

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gramaticaleSinonime BonetăAntonimeColocatii

Nr. 2 ENGLISHTerm CHAPSDefinition (Clothing & Fashion) leather overalls without a seat, worn by

cowboys Also called chaparejos chaparajosSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/chapsGrammatical information

Noun, countable, chaps

Synonyms GaitersAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen JambiereDefinitie Învelitoare de piele, de lână sau de postav, care acoperă și

protejează piciorul de la gleznă până aproape de genunchi.Sursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/jambierăInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, jambiere

SinonimeAntonimeColocatii

Nr. 3 ENGLISHTerm GLOVESDefinition A fitted covering for the hand with a separate sheath for each

finger and the thumb.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/glovesGrammatical information

Noun, countable, gloves

Synonyms Gauntlet

L

AntonymsCollocations Treat her with kid gloves, she's very sensitive.

ROMÂNĂTermen JambiereDefinitie Obiect de îmbrăcăminte confecționat din lână, tricot, piele,

cauciuc etc., care acoperă mâinile, protejându-le.Sursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/manusiInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, manusi

Sinonime FofeazăAntonimeColocatii A arunca cuiva mănuşa, A umbla cu cineva cu mănuşi, A ridica

cuiva mănuşa

Nr. 4 ENGLISHTerm TROUSERSDefinition (Clothing & Fashion) a garment shaped to cover the body from

the waist to the ankles or knees with separate tube-shaped sections for both legs.

Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/trousersGrammatical information

Noun, countable, trousers

Synonyms Breeches, knickersAntonymsCollocations E.g. I was still in short trousers at the time.

ROMÂNĂTermen PANTALONIDefinitie Îmbrăcăminte exterioară care acoperă, de la mijloc în jos, corpul

și fiecare picior în parte;Sursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/pantaloniInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, masculin, pantaloni

Sinonime NădragiAntonimeColocatii

LI

Nr. 5 ENGLISHTerm BOOTSDefinition Protective footgear, as of leather or rubber, covering the foot and

part or all of the leg.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bootsGrammatical information

Noun, countable, boots

Synonyms Footwear, shoesAntonymsCollocations as tough as old boots

ROMÂNĂTermen GHETEDefinitie Încălțăminte confecționată din piele sau din materiale sintetice

care imită pielea, acoperind piciorul până deasupra glezneiSursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/gheteInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, ghete

Sinonime CiuboteAntonimeColocatii

Nr. 5 ENGLISHTerm REINDefinition Reins are items of horse tack, used to direct a horse or other

animal used for riding or driving.Source of definition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReinGrammatical information

Noun, countable, reins

Synonyms BridleAntonymsCollocations the reins of government/office/power

ROMÂNĂTermen HĂȚDefinitie Parte a hamului alcătuită din curele (sau frânghii) lungi, prinse de

inelele căpețelei, cu ajutorul cărora se conduc caii înhămațiSursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/haturiInformatii Substantiv, neutru, haturi

LII

gramaticaleSinonime DârlogiAntonimeColocatii A ţine în hăţuri pe cineva, a lua hăţurile în mână, a scăpa hăţurile

din mână

Nr. 6 ENGLISHTerm BRIDLEDefinition A harness, consisting of a headstall, bit, and reins, fitted about a

horse's head and used to restrain or guide the animal.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bridleGrammatical information

Noun, countable, bridles

Synonyms HalterAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen CăpăstruDefinitie Parte de harnașament care se îmbracă pe capul calului pentru a-l

lega sau a-l duce undevaSursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/capastruInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, capestre

Sinonime CăpăţanAntonimeColocatii

Nr. 7 ENGLISHTerm StirrupsDefinition a pair of metal loops hanging on straps from a horse's saddle, to

support a rider's feet.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stirrupsGrammatical Noun, countable, stirrups

LIII

informationSynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen ScariteDefinitie Conceput pentru a favoriza, împreună cu trăgătoarele, echilibrul

călăreţului şi a limita oboseala gambelor. Sursa definitiei http://www.decathlon.ro/RO/scarite-reflex-173460758/Informatii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, scăriţe

SinonimeAntonimeColocatii

Nr. 8 ENGLISHTerm SADDLEDefinition A leather seat for a rider, secured on an animal's back by a girth.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/saddleGrammatical information

Noun, countable, saddles

Synonyms RigAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen ŞADefinitie Piesă de harnașament confecționată din piele, care se fixează pe

spinarea calului (sau a altor animale), servind pentru șederea comodă a călărețului.

Sursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/saInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, sai

SinonimeAntonimeColocatii A pune şaua pe cineva, a se ţine tare în şa

LIV

Nr. 9 ENGLISHTerm SADDLE BLANKETDefinition A blanket placed between a saddle and a horse's back to prevent

galling.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/saddle+blanketGrammatical information

Nouns, countable, saddle blankets

Synonyms SaddleclothAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen VALTRAPDefinitie Pătură, împodobită cu diferite cusături, care se pune pe spinarea

calului, sub șaSursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/valtrapInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, neutru, valtrapuri

Sinonime Cioltar, ghetrăAntonimeColocatii

Nr. 10 ENGLISHTerm TROTDefinition The gait of a horse or other four-footed animal, between a walk

and a canter in speed, in which diagonal pairs of legs move forward together.

Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/trotGrammatical information

Nouns, uncountable

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen TRAPDefinitie Mers în fugă al calului, cu viteză mijlocie (între pas și galop),

animalul pășind în același timp cu un picior din față și cu piciorul de dinapoi opus acestuia.

Sursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/trap

LV

Informatii gramaticale

Substantiv, neutru, trapuri

Sinonime TreapădAntonimeColocatii

Nr. 11 ENGLISHTerm GALLOPDefinition A natural three-beat gait of a horse, faster than a canter, in which

all four feet are off the ground at the same time during each stride.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gallopGrammatical information

Nouns, uncountable

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen GALOPDefinitie Mersul cel mai rapid al calului, alcătuit dintr-o succesiune de

salturi.Sursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/galopInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, neutru, galopuri

Sinonime Scopcă.AntonimeColocatii

Nr. 12 ENGLISHTerm GIRTHDefinition A strap encircling an animal's body in order to secure a load or

saddle on its back.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/girthGrammatical information

Nouns, countable, girths

Synonyms CinchAntonyms

LVI

CollocationsROMÂNĂ

Termen CHINGADefinitie Fâșie de piele sau de țesătură de cânepă, cu care se fixează șaua

pe calSursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/chingaInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, chingi

SinonimeAntonimeColocatii A strange (pe cine) in chingi, a slabi(pe cineva) din chingi

Nr. 13 ENGLISHTerm MARTINGALEDefinition The strap of a horse's harness that connects the girth to the

noseband and is designed to prevent the horse from throwing back its head.

Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/martingaleGrammatical information

Nouns, countable, martingales

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen MARTINGALADefinitie Curea de la ham în formă de furcă, ce nu permite calului să se

ridice în două picioare.Sursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/martingalaInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, martingale

SinonimeAntonimeColocatii

Nr. 14 ENGLISHTerm MARTINGALEDefinition The strap of a horse's harness that connects the girth to the

noseband and is designed to prevent the horse from throwing back its head.

LVII

Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/martingaleGrammatical information

Nouns, countable, martingales

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen MARTINGALĂDefinitie Curea de la ham în formă de furcă, ce nu permite calului să se

ridice în două picioare.Sursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/martingalaInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, martingale

SinonimeAntonimeColocatii

Nr. 15 ENGLISHTerm BITDefinition The metal mouthpiece of a bridle, serving to control, curb, and

direct an animal.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bitGrammatical information

Nouns, countable, bits

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen ZĂBALĂDefinitie Parte a căpăstrului constând dintr-o bară subțire de metal cu două

brațe, prevăzute cu câte un inel mare, care se introduce în gura calului înapoia ultimilor incisivi pentru a-l struni și a-l conduce.

Sursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/zabalaInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, zăbale

Sinonime Muştiuc.AntonimeColocatii

LVIII

Nr. 16 ENGLISHTerm PADDOCKDefinition An enclosure at a racetrack where the horses are assembled,

saddled, and paraded before each raceSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/paddockGrammatical information

Nouns, countable, paddocks

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen PADOCDefinitie Loc îngrădit lângă boxa unui cal de curse sau lângă un hipodrom,

unde sunt lăsați în libertate sau plimbați caii, înainte de alergări.Sursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/padocInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, neutru, padocuri

SinonimeAntonimeColocatii

Nr. 17 ENGLISHTerm STALLDefinition A compartment for one domestic animal in a barn or shed.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stallGrammatical information

Nouns, countable, stalls

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen BOXĂDefinitie Despărțitură într-un grajd, făcută pentru un singur animal.Sursa definitiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/boxaInformatii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, boxe

SinonimeAntonimeColocatii

LIX

Nr. 18 ENGLISHTerm COLTDefinition A young male horse.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/coltGrammatical information

Nouns, countable, colts

Synonyms FoalAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen MÂNZDefiniţie Puiul (de sex masculin al) iepei.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/manzInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, masculin, mânji

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii A umbla ca mânzul după iapă, a avea mânz

Nr. 19 ENGLISHTerm DRESSAGEDefinition The guiding of a horse through a series of complex maneuvers by

slight movements of the rider's hands, legs, and weight.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dressageGrammatical information

Nouns, countable, dressages

Synonyms TrainingAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen DRESAJDefiniţie Dresare a unui animalSursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/dresajInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, neutru, dresaje

LX

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 20 ENGLISHTerm EQUITATIONDefinition The art and practice of riding a horseSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/equitationGrammatical information

Nouns, uncountable

Synonyms Horseback ridingAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen ECHITAŢIEDefiniţie CălărieSursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/echitatieInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, defectiv de plural

Sinonime CălărieAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 22 ENGLISHTerm FARRIERDefinition One who shoes horses.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/farrierGrammatical information

Nouns, countable, farriers

Synonyms SmithAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen POTCOVARDefiniţie Meseriaș care face potcoave și potcovește animalele de tracțiuneSursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/potcovarInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, masculin, potcovari

LXI

Sinonime NalbantAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 22 ENGLISHTerm GAITDefinition Any of the ways, such as a canter, trot, or walk, by which a horse

can move by lifting the feet in different order or rhythm.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gaitGrammatical information

Nouns, countable, gaits

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen LA PAS, TRAP, GALOP, etcDefiniţie A învăţa calul să meargă la pas, la trap sau galopSursa definiţiei (traducere proprie)Informaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, masculin, potcovari

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 23 ENGLISHTerm PUREBREDDefinition A pedigreed animal of unmixed lineage; used especially of horsesSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/purebredGrammatical information

Noun, countable, purebreds

Synonyms Pureblood, thoroughbredAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen PUR-SÂNGEDefiniţie (Despre animale, mai ales despre cai; adesea substantivat) De rasă

pură, aleasă.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/pursângeInformaţii gramaticale

Adjectiv, invariabil

SinonimeAntonime

LXII

Colocaţii

Nr. 23 ENGLISHTerm RACEDefinition A competition of speed, as in running or riding.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/raceGrammatical information

Noun, countable, races

Synonyms CompetitionAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen CURSĂDefiniţie Întrecere în cadrul căreia sunt programate mai multe alergări de

cai.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/cursaInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, curse

Sinonime CompetiţieAntonimeColocaţii A întinde o cursă, a atrage în cursă

Nr. 24 ENGLISHTerm HORSESHOEDefinition A flat U-shaped metal plate fitted and nailed to the bottom of a

horse's hoof for protection.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/horseshoeGrammatical information

Noun, countable, horseshoes

Synonyms HeelplateAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen POTCOAVĂDefiniţie Piesă din oțel, aproximativ în formă de semicerc, care se fixează

cu caiele pe copitele animalelor de tracțiune, pentru protejarea lor la mers

Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/potcoava

LXIII

Informaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, potcoave

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii A căuta potcoave de cai morţi, a-şi lepăda potcoava

Nr. 25 ENGLISHTerm MANEDefinition The mane of a horse is used to describe the line of hair along the

spine of the neck, starting behind the ears and ending just above the withers.

Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/maneGrammatical information

Noun, countable, manes

Synonyms CrestAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen COAMĂDefiniţie Păr lung (și stufos) care crește pe grumazul sau de-a lungul

spinării unor animale.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/coamaInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, coame

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 26 ENGLISHTerm HORSEWHIPDefinition A tool used as an artificial riding aidSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/horsewhipGrammatical information

Noun, countable, horsewhips

LXIV

Synonyms CropAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen CRĂVAŞĂDefiniţie Vargă elastică din piele sau îmbrăcată în piele, folosită la călărie

pentru îndemnarea calului la mers, alergat etc.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/cravasaInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, crăvaşe

Sinonime BiciuşcăAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 27 ENGLISHTerm LEVADEDefinition High-level classical dressage movementSource of definition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DressageGrammatical information

Noun, uncountable

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen LEVADĂDefiniţie Mișcare de dresaj constând în aceea că animalul ridică în sus

bipedul anterior, sprijinindu-se pe cel posterior, cu jaretele apropiate de sol.

Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/levadaInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, levade

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 28 ENGLISH

LXV

Term CAPRIOLEDefinition High-level classical dressage movementSource of definition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DressageGrammatical information

Noun, uncountable

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen CAPRIOLĂDefiniţie Săritură în sus și înainte a unui cal dresat, cu membrele anterioare

îndoite de la genunchi, iar cele posterioare complet întinse înapoi.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/capriolaInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, capriole

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 29 ENGLISHTerm COURBETTEDefinition High-level classical dressage movementSource of definition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DressageGrammatical information

Noun, uncountable

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen CURBETĂDefiniţie Săritură a calului cu picioarele din față ridicate.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/curbetaInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, curbete

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii

LXVI

Nr. 29 ENGLISHTerm CROUPADEDefinition High-level classical dressage movementSource of definition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DressageGrammatical information

Noun, uncountable

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen CRUPADĂDefiniţie Săritură a calului cu picioarele dinainte sub burtă.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/crupadaInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, crupade

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 30 ENGLISHTerm TACKDefinition The harness for a horse, including the bridle and saddle.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tackGrammatical information

Noun, countable, tacks

Synonyms Gear, harnessAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen HARNAŞAMENTDefiniţie Totalitatea obiectelor necesare la înhămarea, înșeuarea și

conducerea calului.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/harnasamentInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, neutru, harnasamente

Sinonime Şelământ, sărsam, tacâmAntonimeColocaţii

LXVII

Nr. 31 ENGLISHTerm TACKDefinition The harness for a horse, including the bridle and saddle.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tackGrammatical information

Noun, countable, tacks

Synonyms Gear, harnessAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen HARNAŞAMENTDefiniţie Totalitatea obiectelor necesare la înhămarea, înșeuarea și

conducerea calului.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/harnasamentInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, neutru, harnasamente

Sinonime Şelământ, sărsam, tacâmAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 33 ENGLISHTerm LUNGEDefinition A sudden forward movement or plunge.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lungeGrammatical information

Noun, countable, lunges

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen SALT Definiţie Mișcare bruscă prin care corpul se desprinde de la pământ, sărind

pe loc sau deplasându-se; mișcare de deplasare bruscă în zbor.

LXVIII

Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/saltInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, neutru, salturi

Sinonime SăriturăAntonimeColocaţii A sălta inima de bucurie

Nr. 34 ENGLISHTerm PONYDefinition Any of various breeds of small gentle horses usually less than five

feet high at the shoulderSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ponyGrammatical information

Noun, countable, ponies

Synonyms GallowayAntonyms StallionCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen PONEIDefiniţie Rasă de cai caracterizată printr-o greutate mică a corpului și o

talie redusă, originară din regiunile cu climat rece și cu vegetație săracă ale Angliei și ale Peninsulei Scandinave;

Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/poneiInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, masculin, ponei

SinonimeAntonime ArmăsarColocaţii

Nr. 35 ENGLISHTerm STALLIONDefinition An adult male horse that has not been castrated, especially one

kept for breeding.Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stallionGrammatical information

Noun, countable, stallions

LXIX

Synonyms Steed, studAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen ARMĂSARDefiniţie Cal mascul necastrat;Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/armasarInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, masculin, armăsari

Sinonime ArmigAntonimeColocaţii A face din ţânţar armăsar

Nr. 36 ENGLISHTerm PIAFFEDefinition High-level classical dressage movementSource of definition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PiaffeGrammatical information

Noun, uncountable

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen PIAFEDefiniţie Figură de dresaj constând din trap îngrămădit pe loc, calul

tropăind cu picioarele din față.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/piafeInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, masculin, piafeuri

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 37 ENGLISHTerm FLAT RACINGDefinition The racing of horses on racecourses without jumps

LXX

Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/flat+racingGrammatical information

Noun, countable, racingsAdjective, flat

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen CURSĂ FĂRĂ OBSTACOLEDefiniţieSursa definiţieiInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, curseSubstantiv, neutru, obstacole

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 38 ENGLISHTerm SHOWJUMPINGDefinition (Individual Sports & Recreations / Horse Training, Riding &

Manège) the riding of horses in competitions to demonstrate skill in jumping over or between various obstacles

Source of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/showjumpingGrammatical information

Noun, countable, showjumpings

Synonyms SteeplechaseAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen CONCURS SĂRITURI PESTE OBSTACOLEDefiniţieSursa definiţieiInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, sărituriSubstantiv, neutru, obstacoleSubstantiv, neutru, concursuri

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii

LXXI

Nr. 40 ENGLISHTerm PLATERDefinition A mediocre horse entered chiefly for minor racesSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/platerGrammatical information

Noun, countable, platers

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen CAL DE CURSE DE SLABĂ PERFORMANŢĂDefiniţieSursa definiţiei http://hallo.ro/search.do?l=ro&d=en&query=platerInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, performanţăSubstantiv, masculin, calAdjectiv, variabil, slab, slabă, slabi, slabe

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 41 ENGLISHTerm BLINDSDefinition Blind consisting of a leather eyepatch sewn to the side of the

LXXII

halter that prevents a horse from seeing something on either sideSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/blindGrammatical information

Noun, countable, blinds

Synonyms Winkers, blindersAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen OCHELARI DE CALDefiniţie Bucăţi de piele puse pe exteriorul ochilor cailor, pentru a îi

împiedica să vadă în părţi. (traducere proprie)Sursa definiţieiInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, defectiv de singular, ochelariSubstantiv, masculin, cal

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii A avea ochelari de cal

Nr. 42 ENGLISHTerm BLINDSDefinition Blind consisting of a leather eyepatch sewn to the side of the

halter that prevents a horse from seeing something on either sideSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/blindGrammatical information

Noun, countable, blinds

Synonyms Winkers, blindersAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen OCHELARI DE CALDefiniţie Bucăţi de piele puse pe exteriorul ochilor cailor, pentru a îi

împiedica să vadă în părţi. (traducere proprie)Sursa definiţieiInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, defectiv de singular, ochelariSubstantiv, masculin, cal

SinonimeAntonime

LXXIII

Colocaţii A avea ochelari de cal

Nr. 43 ENGLISHTerm TO MOUNTDefinition To set on a horseSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mountGrammatical information

Verb, tranz.

Synonyms To back, to straddleAntonyms To dismountCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen A ÎNCĂLECADefiniţie A (se) sui pe calSursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/încălecaInformaţii gramaticale

Verb, tranzitiv, intranzitiv

Sinonime A se suiAntonime A descălecaColocaţii A încăleca pe nevoie

Nr. 44 ENGLISHTerm STUDDefinition Etablishment for breeding horsesSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/studGrammatical information

Noun, countable, studs

Synonyms Herd, stud farmAntonyms

LXXIV

CollocationsROMÂNĂ

Termen HERGHELIEDefiniţie Crescătorie de cai, alcătuită din animale de reproducție și din

exemplare de diferite vârste, care cresc sau pasc laolaltăSursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/herghelieInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, herghelii

Sinonime Stavă, arghelăAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 45 ENGLISHTerm RIDING MASTERDefinition Someone who teaches horsemanshipSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/riding+masterGrammatical information

Noun, uncountable, ridingNoun, countable, masters

Synonyms InstructorAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen INSTRUCTOR DE CĂLĂRIEDefiniţie Persoană care te introduce în tainele călărieiSursa definiţiei Traducere proprieInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, călăriiSubstantiv, masculin, instructor

Sinonime ProfesorAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 46 ENGLISHTerm REDINGOTEDefinition A man's or woman's full-skirted outer coat of the 18th and 19th

centuriesSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/redingoteGrammatical Noun, countable, redingotes

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informationSynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen REDINGOTĂDefiniţie Haină bărbătească de ceremonie (de culoare neagră), cu poalele

lungi până la genunchi, încheiată cu două rânduri de nasturi.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/redingotăInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, redingote

Sinonime GherocAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 47 ENGLISHTerm ENDURANCEDefinition The power to withstand hardship or stress; "the marathon tests a

runner's enduranceSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/enduranceGrammatical information

Noun, uncountable

Synonyms StrenghtAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen ANDURANŢĂDefiniţie Capacitatea de a rezista la eforturi fizice;Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/andurantaInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, anduranţe

Sinonime Răbdare, putere, rezistenţăAntonimeColocaţii

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Nr. 48 ENGLISHTerm VAULTINGDefinition Alight leap by a horse in which both hind legs leave the ground

before the forelegs come downSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/vaultingGrammatical information

Noun, uncountable

SynonymsAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen VOLTIJĂDefiniţie Serie de exerciții de suplețe din încălecarea din fugă a calului,

fără ajutorul scărilor.Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/voltijaInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, voltije

SinonimeAntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 49 ENGLISHTerm CURRYCOMBDefinition A square comb consisting of rows of small teeth, used for

grooming horsesSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/currycombGrammatical information

Noun, countable, currycombs

Synonyms CombAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen ŢESALĂDefiniţie Unealtă de metal dințată, cu care se curăță pielea și părul vitelor,

îndeosebi al cailorSursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/tesalaInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, feminin, ţesale

Sinonime Pieptene

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AntonimeColocaţii

Nr. 50 ENGLISHTerm SPURDefinition A short spike or spiked wheel that attaches to the heel of a rider's

boot and is used to urge a horse forwardSource of definition http://www.thefreedictionary.com/spurGrammatical information

Noun, countable, spurs

Synonyms SpineAntonymsCollocations

ROMÂNĂTermen PINTENDefiniţie Obiect de metal în formă de potcoavă, prevăzut cu o rotiță

dințată, cu un vârf etc., pe care călăreții îl prind la călcâiul cizmelor și care le servește pentru a îmboldi calul la mers

Sursa definiţiei http://dexonline.ro/definitie/pintenInformaţii gramaticale

Substantiv, masculin, pinteni

Sinonime ŞporAntonimeColocaţii

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

http://mysite.verizon.net/mmaidens/prehistory.html http://mysite.verizon.net/mmaidens/essay.htmhttp://www.horsemanmagazine.com/2008/08/riding-bareback-to-become-a-better-horseman/ http://www.horsemanship.org/ http://www.horsemanship.org/Riding-Horses-Bareback.html http://www.calulmagazin.com/index.php?limba=ro&pagina=revista&v1=2&v2=enciclopedie&v3=ghidul_practic_al_calaretului_in_exterior&v4=68 http://www.calulmagazin.com/index.php?limba=ro&pagina=revista&v1=3&v2=enciclopedie&v3=ghidul_practic_al_calaretului_in_exterior&v4=104 http://www.luxesports.ro/index.php/stire/139/Istoria-echitatiei.html http://www.calulmagazin.com/index.php?limba=ro&pagina=articole&v1=discipline&v2=dresajul&v3=99http://www.calulmagazin.com/index.php?limba=ro&pagina=articole&v1=discipline&v2=anduranta&v3=183 http://www.calulmagazin.com/index.php?limba=ro&pagina=articole&v1=discipline&v2=galopul&v3=20 http://www.calulmagazin.com/index.php?limba=ro&pagina=articole&v1=cunoastere&v2=firea_calului&v3=317 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cap http://www.thefreedictionary.com/chaps http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gloves http://dexonline.ro/definitie/manusi http://www.thefreedictionary.com/trousers http://dexonline.ro/definitie/pantaloni http://www.thefreedictionary.com/boots http://dexonline.ro/definitie/ghete http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein http://dexonline.ro/definitie/haturi http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bridle http://dexonline.ro/definitie/capastru http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stirrups http://www.decathlon.ro/RO/scarite-reflex-173460758/ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/saddle http://dexonline.ro/definitie/sa

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http://www.thefreedictionary.com/saddle+blanket http://www.thefreedictionary.com/trot http://www.thefreedictionary.com/girth http://dexonline.ro/definitie/chinga http://dexonline.ro/definitie/martingala http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bit http://dexonline.ro/definitie/zabala http://www.thefreedictionary.com/paddock http://dexonline.ro/definitie/padoc http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stall http://dexonline.ro/definitie/boxa http://www.thefreedictionary.com/colt http://dexonline.ro/definitie/manz http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dressage http://dexonline.ro/definitie/dresaj http://www.thefreedictionary.com/farrier http://dexonline.ro/definitie/potcovar http://www.thefreedictionary.com/purebred http://dexonline.ro/definitie/pursânge http://www.thefreedictionary.com/race http://dexonline.ro/definitie/cursa http://www.thefreedictionary.com/horsewhip http://dexonline.ro/definitie/cravasa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressage http://dexonline.ro/definitie/levada http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressage http://dexonline.ro/definitie/capriola http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tack http://dexonline.ro/definitie/harnasament http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lunge http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ponyhttp://dexonline.ro/definitie/poneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaffehttp://dexonline.ro/definitie/piafehttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/flat+racinghttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/showjumpinghttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/platerhttp://hallo.ro/search.do?l=ro&d=en&query=platerhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/blindhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/blindhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/mounthttp://dexonline.ro/definitie/încălecahttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/studhttp://dexonline.ro/definitie/hergheliehttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/riding+masterhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/redingote

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http://dexonline.ro/definitie/redingotăhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/endurancehttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/vaultinghttp://dexonline.ro/definitie/voltijahttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/currycombhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/spurhttp://dexonline.ro/definitie/pinten

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