An autonomous wireless data

acquisition system

Submitted by:-

Abdul Bari Rehman

Graphic Era Hill University

1

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction

A solar panel, also known as photovoltaic cell, is a packaged, interconnected assembly of solar

cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and

supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Because a single solar panel can

produce only a limited amount of power, each solar plant may contain multiple panels depending

on the requirement. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, an

inverter and sometimes a battery and interconnection wiring.

Rapid fossil fuel consumption and the green house effect have prompted the world to devote

considerable resources for the research and development [29] [40]; of Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV)

generation systems as solar energy is free, inconsumable and clean source of energy. The Solar

energy received by the Earth is 15000 times more than the World's commercial energy

consumption [18]. Developing countries like India is getting 5000 trillion kWh per year energy

incident over its land area, with most parts of the country receiving 4e7 kWh per m2 per day

[32]. In most part of India, clear sunny day is experienced for 250e300 days a year [33] and the

annual radiation varies with 1600e2200 kWh/m2 [33]. For remote electrical power supply, stand-

alone photovoltaic systems are developed [7,9]. Evolution of SPV array is leading to the design

and installation of large sized PV plants. The structure of the SPV plant is governed by suitable

parallel and series connections of the SPV cells [10,17], in this way it forms a grid connected

photovoltaic systems [24]. The panel monitoring and control is the most important part of such

systems. Lot of research is going on improving the efficiency of SPV's and large amount of

money is invested by various governments to achieve so [39]. For any SPV, output characteristic

depends on the environmental conditions. The output power is function of the temperature and

the irradiance values of the site where panel is placed. This power varies as a result of any

temperature and/or shining variations. However, performance analysis of this scheme in real

conditions is generally a difficult task because several factors like ground clearance of SPV

2

panels, soil (sandy, dusty, metallic rich etc.) condition of the surrounding area/soil particle size

etc. are acting on it. If any of the panel in the grid is not working then the entire grid's

performance gets degraded and it is very difficult to locate that one panel which is actually

affected. The solution to this problem could be a technology known for some years now named

wireless sensor network.We can monitor and control the panel and increase its efficiency

accordingly. The most important factor that hinders the Panel efficiency is the shading effect

[17]. Partial shading is one of the main causes that reduce the energy yield of the SPV array.

In this paper we are reporting a real time solution for monitoring the temperature, humidity,

voltage and current of SPV and its surrounding. The diagnostic feature within the SPV

arrangement (Parallel or Series) to find which SPV is affected due to partial shading and

lowering the overall output performance of the system [12]. The proposed system is low cost and

the data is acquired using microcontrollers. Data transmission is done wirelessly to the master

station for further analysis and interpretation.

1.1Parameters can be calculated:

Humidity

Temperature

Voltage

Current

VI characteristics

1.2 Scope of the Work

The goal of this project is to build an autonomous wireless data acquisition system that

will offer a seamless and cost-effective solution to the problem of gathering remote sensory data.

A good example of where such a system would be particularly useful is environmental

monitoring. As all the data is transferred wirelessly and the power is harvested from the sun, to

install the proposed system, the operator just needs to ensure access to solar energy and conform

3

to the system specification for maximum distance between the different nodes (which is

approximately 100mts). Beyond that, installation would consist of merely interfacing the analog

sensor inputs to the intelligent module and collecting the data on the other end (via a substation).

As a result, the operator would require virtually no knowledge of how the system operates in

order to install it, since the network topology and data acquisition algorithms will be pre-

programmed at each node. Of course, we will still allow operators to modify the system

parameters to better suit their specific needs by using Flash-based PICs in our design and

providing a serial jack that would enable reprogramming. In the end, we hope for a prototype

that comes at a reasonable price and is both versatile and easy to use.

1.3 STRUCTURAL DIAGRAM:

1.4 APPLICATION OF PROJECT

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Common applications for solar-powered remote data acquisition and equipment

monitoring are:

Oil and gas – Pipelines, wells, flow measurement, control valves

Telecommunications – Signal power and condition

Water collection, treatment and distribution – Pump station, water flow, quality, turbidity

Wastewater – Lift station and pumping

Public works and infrastructure – Roads, bridges, dams, canals, tunnels

Landfill – Flare, methane, effluent, leachate

Remote power – Mobile and standby generator, power quality, failure alarm

Public health – Emissions, toxins, contaminants (air, water, land)

Science and research – Environmental/climate change studies. Measure air, water and land.

Weather forecasting – Meteorological station, water flow, ice movement

CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW

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2. Related work

2.1. Effect of dust on SPV cell performance

Dust deposition is a function of various environmental and weather conditions. Dust settlement

mainly relies on many factors like chemical properties, size, weight, shape, site specific factors,

tilt angle, surface finish, humidity, wind speed etc.

As the wind speed increases, dust deposition will also increases. Dust deposition is also relative

to the panel clearance from the ground. Throughout the period of solar research, studies have

shown reduced performance of SPV under dust accumulation and related environmental factors.

Based on the time dependent degradation, a correction factor or a guideline for cleaning

frequency has been developed. Dust accumulation also occurs at varying rates in different parts

of the world. Various types of research has been done to prove the dust accumulation effect and

is been listed in

2.2. Effect of humidity on SPV cell performance

The effect of humidity can be seen in two aspects: first is the effect of water vapour on the

irradiance level of sunlight and second is the humidity ingression on the SPV cell enclosure.

When light ray hits a water droplets, it gets refracted, reflected or diffracted resulting in the

reduction of reception level of the direct component of solar radiation. Humidity alters the

irradiance level in a non linear manner causing variations in voltage and current.

CHAPTER 3

6

LIST OF THE COMPONENTS

NAME OF THE

COMPONENTS

SPECIFICATION NO. OF PIECES

Diode IN4007 6

Capacitor 1000µF/35V 1

Regulator 7805 and 7812 2

Resistor 330Ω 20

LEDs RED, YELLOW 20 each

DC jack male 1

DC jack female 1

Connecting wire Thin Dia/ Multistud 2 bundle(RED,

GREEN,YELLOW)

Capacitor 1000µF/25V 6

IC base 40 pin, 16 pin 4 pieces each

ATMEGA16 40 pin 2

8 PIN Connector Male/Female 4

6 PIN Connector Male/Female 4

MAX232 Logic convertor 1

Capacitor 10 µF/16V 5

LCD 16*2 2

Break Away

connector

Male/Female 4

DB9 connector Female 1

Zero Size

PCB/PCB

15*15 cms 4

DPDT switch Micro 5

Battery 9V 1 pack

Battery connector 5

Current Sensor 1

Temperature 1

7

Sensor

PV Panel 500mA 1

8

CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 Proposed system for increasing efficiency.

The shading on panels is very important factor that will reduce the efficiency of SPV panels. If

one panel undergoes failure the entire grid gets affected. Shading can be because of dust

particles, humidity effect, temperature variation, buildings, trees etc. In this section we will

elaborate the block diagram of the structure, circuit and prototype model that was made for the

3W SPV panel. Figure is the block diagram of the model for the proposed data acquisition

system from a remote isolated site to the control room. The SPV system constitutes of a

photovoltaic generator in combination with series and parallel connected SPV modules.The

measured parameters (e.g. temperature, humidity, current) are acquired on-site (transmitter side)

and then wirelessly passed on the control room (receiver side).

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4.2 . Sensor interface and circuit description (schematics of nodes)

The prototype circuit is controlled by an AVR Series microcontroller. In the transmitter side,

analog sensors like current, temperature and humidity are connected with PORT A (ADC

Conversion Port) of AVR microcontroller as shown in Fig. 5. Data collected from the above

sensors are processed and transmitted wirelessly via ZigBee transceiver (IEEE 802.15.4) which

is connected to Rx and Tx pins (USART PORT) of AVR Series microcontroller. In the receiver

side values of current, temperature and humidity sensor will be received via ZigBee transceiver

module shown in Fig. 6. The current sensor resolution is 10 mV/_C, whereas the ADC port has a

VCC of 5 V with a resolution of 1024 levels. This comes around 0.0403 V/level (0.05 V/level

approximately). Hence, the ADC value has to be divided by 2 to give correct value. The data is

received serially at the transceiver (master node) end. The threshold value below which an SPV

panel is considered faulty is decided by a considerable comparative drop in the successive

current readings. The prototype designed and installed set up is shown in Fig. 7. In the prototype

model we have used Atmega 16 microcontroller but the algorithm used can be implemented in

any microcontroller and processor.

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Fig. 5. Circuit design of transmitter side

11

Circuit design of receiver side

12

CHAPTER 5Software Development

5.1 Software Development

Microcontroller has been programmed to test the hardware as well to achieve the goal of WMSM application, which involved the following steps [Fig 5.1]:

Figure 5.1: Software Developments

5.2 Coding / Debugging

Coding / debugging in a high-level language (such as C, or Java) or assembler.

A compiler for a high level language helps to reduce production time. To program the microcontrollers the WinAVR [2] was used. Although inline assembly was possible, the programming was done strictly in the C language. The source code has been commented to facilitate any occasional future improvement and maintenance. WinAVR is a suite of executable, open source software development tools for the Atmel AVR series of RISC microprocessors hosted on the Windows platform. It includes the GNU GCC compiler for C and C++. WinAVR contains all the tools for developing on the AVR. This includes AVR-gcc (compiler), AVR-gdb (debugger) etc. Test Source Code has been written in C Language to test the microcontroller. An LED will blink as soon as microcontroller’s Flash memory is burned with the test program. Using XTU software setting on COM port of PC XBee/CC2500 module has been checked. The application source code is written in C language. This protocol generates the real time temperature data. When master mote request for the data,

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slave mote sends it back to master mote as soon as it gets the query. Master mote displays it over the PC’s monitor.

Step by step coding of Program are shown in figures using AVR Studio 4.0 software.

Figure 5.2.1 step 1 Coding / Debugging

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Figure 5.2.2 step 2 Coding / Debugging

Figure 5.2.3 step 3 Coding / Debugging

15

Figure 5.2.4 step 4 Coding / Debugging

Figure 5.2.5 step 5 Coding / Debugging

5.3 Compiling

The compilation of the C program converts it into machine language file (.hex). This is the only language the microcontroller will understand, because it contains the original program code converted into a hexadecimal format. During this step there were some warnings about eventual errors in the program.

Step by step compiling the code is shown in figures

16

Figure 5.3.1 step 1 compiling

17

5.4 Burning

Burning the machine language (hex) file into the microcontroller’s program memory is achieved with a dedicated programmer, which attaches to a PC’s peripheral. PC’s serial port has been used for the purpose. In the present work the PonyProg programmer has been used to burn the machine language file into the microcontroller’s program memory.

PonyProg is serial device programmer software with a user-friendly GUI framework available for Windows95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP and Intel Linux. Its purpose is reading and writing every serial device. It supports I²C Bus, Microwire, SPI eeprom, and the Atmel AVR and Microchip PIC microcontroller. The microcontrollers were programmed in approximately two seconds with a high speed-programming mode. The program memory, which is of Flash type, has, just like the EEPROM, a limited lifespan. On the AVR microcontroller family it may be reprogrammed up to a thousand times without any risk of data corruption. In summary it can be concluded that the various steps to debugging, compiling and burning the program into the hardware. To burn the program into ATMEGA 16, I have used the AVR ISP Programmer. In the next chapter the master and slave motes has been evaluated in terms of their size, power, cost etc.

18

EXAMPLE OF A TRAFFIC LIGHT PROGRAM

19

SIMULATION

20

CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The proposed system has been designed and evaluated with 3W SPV panel. In this paper we

have shown the data measured on a panels for 2 days. . The fashion of trend (from graph)

verifies that the data is valid; also the minor offset which is coming is due to the

connection/wiring losses. The readings are obtained from the individual panels and transmitted

wireless to control room. By creating the proposed network, individual panel monitoring is done

and we can rectify the problem in the particular panel from the entire grid. The proposed systems

is verified against the available Centre for Wind energy Technology (CWET) (2014) [1] online

data. Owing to large size of the current grids, it is very difficult to monitor the individual panels.

The proposed system will help in efficiently identifying the underperforming panels in a grid.

Using a wireless sensor network in the proposed system comes with inherent advantages of

reduced cost and less noise interference in comparison to a wired network. The propose system

has been designed and installed in prototype model with 3W of panel

Shading effect comes in the solar panel when the ampere rating (SAMPS) of solar is less than 20

A. These values will be coming wirelessly from the slave nodes to the master node.

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Fig. 9. Flowchart for Algorithm and WSN network working

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Fig. 10. Flowchart for Algorithm and WSN network working for a single node.

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Algorithm for Transmitter

24

25

26

Algorithm for Receiver

27

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105. http://www.keil.com/dd/docs/datashts/dallas/ds80c310.pdf:DellasSemiconductor’s

Microcontroller DS80C310

106. http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/A/T/M/E/ATMEGA16.shtml: Atmel’s

Microcontroller ATmega16

107. http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc5033.pdf: Atmel’s

Transceiver AT86RF210

108. http://www.freescale.com/files/wireless_comm/doc/fact_sheet/MC1319XFS.pdf:

Freescal Semiconductor’s Transceiver MC1319XFS

109. http://www.chipcon.com/files/CC2420_Data_Sheet_1_4.pdf: Chipcon Transceiver

CC2420

110. http://www.maxstream.net/products/xbee/datasheet_XBee_OEM_RF-Modules.pdf:

Maxtream’s Transceiver XBee

35

111. http://www.analog.com/UploadedFiles/Data_Sheets/144953383AD7816_7_8_c.pdf:

Analog Device’s Temperature sensor AD7818

112. http://www.d-e.ch/download/LM94022.pdf : National Semiconductor’s Temperature

sensor LM94022

113. http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/DS1620.pdf: Dallas Semiconductor’s Temperature

sensor DS1620

114. http://www.ortodoxism.ro/datasheets/philips/NE1617A_2.pdf: Philips’s Temperature

sensor NE1617A

115. An algorithm for selection and design of hybrid power supplies for MEMS with a case

study of a micro-gas chromatograph system, K.A. Cooka, A.M. Sastrya, University of Michigan.

116. http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/LM/LM317.pdf: LM317 Voltage Regulator

117. http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/MAX220-MAX249.pdf: MAX232 Line

Drivers/Recievers

118. A Comprehensive Simulation Study of Slotted CSMA/CA for IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless

Sensor Networks Anis KOUBAA, Mário ALVES, Eduardo TOVAR

119. Design and Deployment of Industrial Sensor Networks: Experiences from a

Semiconductor Plant and the North Sea, Lakshman Krishnamurthy, Robert Adler and all Santa

Clara, CA 95052, USA Berkeley, CA 94704, USA

120. A Scalable Energy E.cient Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor

Networks Ruizhong Lin et all Institute of Modern Control Engineering, Zhejiang University,

Hangzhou 310027, P.R.China

36