Interconnected Systems in Europe

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1.2 Interconnected Systems in Europe

• UCTE System

• NORDEL System

• IPS/UPS System

• GB System

1.2.1

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1.2.21.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

Synchronously operated regions in Europe

UCTENORDELIPS / UPSGBCENTRELCOMELECBG/RO

TESIS

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UCTE System

Development of the UCTE-interconnected system (1)

•1951 Foundation of the UCPTE (Union pour la Coordination de la Production et du

Transport de l´Electricité) encouraged by the OECD (Organization for

Economic Cooperation and Development);

First members of UCPTE: Belgium, Germany (West), France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland

• 1955 UCPTE still subdivided in 5 asynchronous areas. Synchronous operation

between Germany, Austria, Luxembourg and Belgium

• 1958 Synchronous coupling of 3 of the asynchronous areas through the

“Stern von Laufenburg”; Germany, Austria, Luxembourg, Belgium plus France plus Switzerland;

UCPTE-countries except Italy and Netherlands in parallel operation.

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.3

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• 1962/63 Enlargement of the sphere of activity of the UCPTE:

- foundation of the UFIPTE with the members France, Spain and Portugal

- foundation of the SUDEL with Austria, Italy, Yugoslavia and Greece (1976)

• 1964 All countries of the UCPTE, the UFIPTE and the continental part of Denmark

in parallel operation

• 1976 Synchronous network coupling of Yugoslavia and asynchronous coupling

with Great Britain, Sweden and Norway

• 1987 Admission of Greece, Yugoslavia, Portugal and Spain as full-members

of UCPTE; Parallel operation of all 12 member countries

• 1991 Following war events in ex-Yugoslavia, the UCPTE system was split in

two separately operating synchronous zones


UCTE System

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Pmax = 13 GW Pmax = 27.5 GW

Pmax = 230 GWPmax = 68 GW

Areas in synchronous operation

Areas not synchronously connected

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe 1.2.4 /1

UCTE System

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UCTE System


• 1995 Connection of the CENTREL countries (CZ, H, PL, SK) to the

UCPTE system

• 1999 Change of the name of the association into “Union pour la Coordination du

Transport de l’Électricité (UCTE)”

• 2003 Bulgaria, Romania and a small part of Western Ukraine connected to the

UCTE system

• 2004 Reconnection of the two UCTE synchronous zones to one UCTE

synchronous zone


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UCTE System

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NORDEL System

Structure of the NORDEL transmission network


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NORDEL System

• The NORDEL organization was founded in 1963 and is based on the voluntary cooperation

of autonomous utilities within the countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden

• The central coordination office is located in Oslo

• The networks of Finland, Norway and Sweden are synchronously coupled.

One part of Denmark (Jütland, Fünen) is operated synchronously with the UCPTE network,

the other part of Denmark (Seeland) is connected synchronously with Sweden.

Iceland is operated as a network island.

• The unbundling of generation and transmission in Finland, Norway and Sweden and legal

changes lead to a restructuring of the NORDEL. Today NORDEL has concentrated its

activities to give recommendations and advises for the cooperation.


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The peak load of the NORDEL system (without Iceland) was in 2000: 65 GW

The installed generation capacity was in 2000: 87 GW

- 29 GW (33 %) in coal, oil or gas units

- 10 GW (12 %) in nuclear power plants

- 48 GW (55 %) in hydro generation units and others

The total generation of the NORDEL system (without Iceland) was in 2000: 386 TWh

- 77 TWh (20 %) in coal, oil or gas units

- 100 TWh (26 %) in nuclear power plants

- 209 TWh (54 %) in hydro generation units and others


NORDEL System

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

DK SF IS N S

Coal, Oil, Gas

Nuclear

Hydro and others

NORDEL SystemAnnual generation of NORDEL-countries in 2000

TWh

34

67

7

143 142


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NORDEL System

• Between the networks of NORDEL and UCTE there are 7 HVDC-connections

as submarine cables in operation:

- Sweden – Denmark 1965 285 kV 1050 A 300 MW

- Norway – Denmark 1977 250 kV 2x1000 A 2x250 MW

- Sweden - Denmark 1988 250 kV 1200 A 300 MW

- Norway - Denmark 1993 350 kV 1280 A 440 MW

- Sweden - Germany 1994 450 kV 1330 A 600 MW

- Denmark - Germany 1995 400 kV 1500 A 600 MW

- Sweden - Poland 1998 450 kV 1330 A 600 MW

• Within NORDEL a HVDC submarine cable connects Finland and Sweden

with a transmission capacity of 500 MW (1989).

• A HVDC back-to-back station connects the IPS/UPS system and Finland

with a capacity of 900 MW (1982).

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IPS/UPS System

1.2 Interconnected systems in Europe

GDR Poland

CSFR

Hungary

Rumania

Bulgaria

Ukraine/

Moldavia

Lituania

Belo-russija

Latvia Estonia

North-West

Center UralsKasaks-

tanSiberia

North

Caucasus

Trans-

Caucasus

Middle

Volga

IPS/UPS System (Situation 1990)

IPS UPS

1.2.14

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• IPS or Integrated Power System was the name of the power system formed by the

countries:

GDR

Poland

CSFR and Ukraine / Moldavia

Hungary

Rumania

Bulgaria

• Development of IPS:

1961 Ring connection between the power system of GDR, Poland, CSFR and Hungary

1962 Foundation of the Central Dispatching Office (CDO) in Prague

1963 Joining of Rumania

1967 Joining of Bulgaria

1978 – 1987 Construction of 750 kV lines between Ukraine and Hungary, Poland, Rumania and Bulgaria


IPS/UPS System

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IPS/UPS System


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UPS or Unified Power System with an extension of 7000 km in East-West direction and

3000 km in North-South direction was the most extended synchronously operated power

system world wide.

UPS comprised 6 subsystems (SS) of Russia and 7 power systems of Ex-USSR countries:

SS Center Ukraine/Moldavia

SS Middle Volga Belorussija

SS North West Lithuania

SS North Caucasus Latvia

SS Urals Estonia

SS Siberia Kasakhstan

Trans-Caucasus

Russia Ex-USSR


IPS/UPS System

1.2.16

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SSof North-WestPG = 27900PL = 25600

PSof Kazakhstan

PG = 8000PL = 9400

SSof Urals

PG = 38700PL = 37300

SSof Middle Volga

PG = 16800PL = 17200

SSof Center

PG = 45600PL = 46400

PSof Trans-CaucasusPG = 7360PL = 7800

SS of North

CaucasusPG = 10000PL = 10400

PSof Ukraine/

MoldaviaPG = 46750PL = 42000

PSof East Europe

PG = 63300PL = 67000

PG: GenerationPL: Load

750 kV3 x 330 kV

2 x 330 kV

3 x 750 kV

4 x 400 kV

500

kV

750

kV

6 x

330

kV

500 kV

330 kV

500 kV

4 x 500 kV 2 x 500 kV

500 kV330 kV

3 x 500 kV

2 x 500 kV

1000

5000 2000

1000

1500

2000

3000

3500

3000

2500

Structure of the IPS/UPS System; Peak load situation Dec. 1990; Limits of transmission capacity

SSof Siberja

PG = 28600PL = 28900

IPS/UPS

System

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• Because of the idea of extreme job sharing within the socialistic economic system, the

power generation developed not in a self- sufficient way for each country. As a result for

decades there was a high dependency of East-European countries on power imports from

Ukraine and Russia.

Breaking intersections were installed to avoid the spreading of large disturbances in the

case of generation deficits:

- Lemberg breaking intersection in the North between Ukraine and GDR, Poland,

CSFR, Hungary

- Moldau breaking intersection in the South between Ukraine and Rumania, Bulgaria

A breaking intersection means the automatic disconnection or transmission lines at

exceed of a given power flow limit (E. g. 3400 MW for Lemberg breaking intersection)

IPS/UPS System

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Imported energy per year in GWh

3800

190049001130068004200

USSR

GDR

IPS/UPS System


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Number of seperations

,

,Criteria for

seperations from

UPS

Lemberg breaking intersectionsIPS/UPS System

1.2.18 /2

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Number of seperations

Frequency histograms of UCTE and IPS/UPS system

IPS/UPS 1978-82

IPS/UPS 1989

UCTE 1989

IPS/UPS System

1.2.18 /3

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IPS/UPS System


Poland

SK

Hungary

Rumania

Bulgaria

Ukraine/

Moldavia

Lituania

Belo-russija

Latvia Estonia

North-West

Center UralsKasaks-

tanSiberia

North

Caucasus

Trans-

Caucasus

Middle

Volga

IPS/UPS System (Situation 2000)

CZ

UCTE

UCTE

UCTE

JIEL

GR

BiH

1.2.19

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• In 1990 the electricity supply industry in England and Wales was reorganized (privatization)

• The vertically integrated Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) was separated in the

following companies:

- National Power (fossil and hydro generation)

- Power Gen (fossil and hydro generation)

- Nuclear Electric (nuclear generation)

- National Grid Co.

- 12 Regional Electricity Companies (REC’s)

• The transmission network of the National Grid Co. and the distribution networks of the 12

REC’s are considered as natural monopolies

• Transmission and distribution fees are regulated by the regulating authority OFFER


GB System

1.2.20

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• The installed generation capacity was in 2000: 79 GW

- 61 GW (77 %) in coal, oil or gas units

- 13 GW (16 %) in nuclear power plants

- 5 GW (6 %) in hydro generation units and others

• The total generation was in 2000 372 TWh

- 272 TWh (73 %) in coal, oil or gas units

- 85 TWh (23 %) in nuclear power plants

- 15 TWh ( 4 %) in hydro generation units and others

• The 275 kV and 400 kV transmission network of the National Grid Company is operated

by the main dispatch center near Birmingham as well as by 7 regional dispatch centers.


GB System

1.2.21

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Moyle Interconnectors

(Nothern Ireland)

Capacity 500 MW

Length 55 kmInterconnectors

French Interconnector

Capacity 2,000 MW

Length 70 km

GB System


The GB Electricity Supply System in 2000

Interconnected Systems in Europe

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