“ENERGY SAVING SYSTEM”

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

Sourabh Gupta

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, DELHI

GGSIP UNIVERSITY, DELHI

DEC 2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to all

those people who extended their whole hearted co-operation and have helped me in

completing this project successfully.

Special thanks to Mrs.POOJA MEHNDIRATTA for all the help and guidance

extended to me by her in every stage during my training. Their inspiring

suggestions and timely guidance enabled me to perceive the various aspects of the

project in a new light.

In all I found a congenial work environment in NORTHERN INDIA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE and this completion of the project will mark a new

beginning for me in the coming days.

SOURABH GUPTA1231562807

ECE-T4

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GGSIP UNIVERSITY : DELHI

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “ENERGY SAVING SYSTEM” is the bonafide

work of “SOURABH GUPTA” who carried out the project work under my

supervision.

LILY KUMARI(Project Guide)

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INDEX

Chapter No.

Title Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 5

1.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 6

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 7

1.3 FLOW CHART 8

1.4 SYSTEM FEATURES 9

1.5 EQUIPMENTS 9

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 11

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLAINATION 12

2.1.1 AT89S52 12

2.1.2 IC7805 12

2.1.3 ADC0804 13

2.1.4 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR 14

2.1.5 OPTOCOUPLER 14

2.1.6 RECTIFIER UNIT 15

2.1.7 RELAY 16

2.1.8 VARIABLE RESISTOR 17

2.1.9 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 17

2.1.10 THERMISTOR 17

2.1.11 LM324 18

2.1.12 IR SENSOR 19

2.1.13 PHOTODIODE 20

3. SOFTWARE PROGRAM 21

4. RESULT & APPLICATIONS 25

5. CONCLUSION & FUTURE DIRECTIONS 28

BIBLIOGRAPHY 30

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

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1. INTRODUCTION

Intelligent Energy Saving System, the aim of the project is to save the light energy. In this

project we are using two pair of sensors consisting of one IR sensor and one photodetector in

each pair and various controlling systems. The aim of the project is to save the energy or power,

used in places like libraries where lighting is very important for the people who come to read

books. So, the libraries will be well illuminated with many lamps.

At the same time when people are not present at a particular reading place the lighting can be

made off by using relay circuit and lm 324 and when people come to that area, lighting will be

made and fan will work depending upon the temperature of room with help of thermistor.

1.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Consider a room in which two pairs of IR sensor are placed at the top of gate.one pair

containing emitter and one photo-detector and similarly the other pair is placed on other side of

gate so that it will sense the person twice to make sure whether person has entered the room or

have not entered.

When a person enter in the room then detector will not be able to detect light from ir sensor .the

cut off is passed to the lm324 which act as differential amplifier and it will amplify the signal

and pass it to microcontroller port 1.at the same time thermistor pass the analog value of

temperature of the room to the ADC which convert it to digital value.and pass this signal to

microcontroller at port 2. If the 7 bit of ADC output is set then fan will be on otherwise it is

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off.the microcontroller output is at port 0 which is connected to relay circuit .relay is used to

switch on or off the fan and the bulb.

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

7

IC 7805

RX S1

RX S2

TX S1

TX S2

LM324

RELAY 2

RELAY 1

ADC 0804

8051 AT89S52

BULB

FAN

THERMISTOR

5V

12V

POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

12V

1.3 FLOW CHART:-

YES YES

NO NO

YES YES

NO NO

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START

ALL DEVICES OFF

CHECK S1 SENSOR

CHECK S2 SENSOR

CHECK S2 SENSOR

PERSON MOVES IN

CHECK S1 SENSOR

PERSON MOVES OUT

1.4 System Features:

Easy operation

Convenient

Affordable

Required Skills:

Understanding of Micro controller

Assembly Programming

Understanding Interfacing Techniques

Knowledge on Sensors

Project phase: -

Schematic design

Design and Interfacing Circuits for Micro controller

Preparation of PCB

Assembling and Testing of Interfacing Circuits

Code for the Application

Debugging and Testing

Project Report

1.5 EQUIPMENTS: -

Printed Circuit Board

Micro controller à AT89S52

LM324

ADC0804

9

5V, 12V DC Power supply

IR sensor à Infrared Sensor

Relay

Photodetector

Thermostat

Bulb

Holder

Fan

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CHAPTER 2.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

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2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT: -

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION: -

2.1.1 AT89S52:-

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt System to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

2.1.2 IC 7805:-

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three- terminal positive regulator are available with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, Thermal shut down. Safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat

sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

Features:• Output Current up to 1A• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V• Thermal Overload Protection• Short Circuit Protection

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• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

2.1.3 ADC0804:-

Features:• 80C48 and 80C80/85 Bus Compatible - No InterfacingLogic Required• Conversion Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <100μs• Easy Interface to Most Microprocessors• Will Operate in a “Stand Alone” Mode• Differential Analog Voltage Inputs• Works with Bandgap Voltage References• TTL Compatible Inputs and Outputs• On-Chip Clock Generator• Analog Voltage Input Range(Single + 5V Supply) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0V to 5V• No Zero-Adjust Required• 80C48 and 80C80/85 Bus Compatible

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2.1.4 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:-

A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators

2.1.5 OPTOCOUPLER:-

Optocoupler is a device that uses a short optical transmission path to transfer a signal between elements of a circuit, typically a transmitter and a receiver, while keeping them electrically isolated — since the signal goes from an electrical signal to an optical signal back to an electrical signal, electrical contact along the path is broken. A common implementation

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involves a LED and a phototransistor, separated so that light may travel across a barrier but electrical current may not.

When an electrical signal is applied to the input of the opto-isolator, its LED lights, its light sensor then activates, and a corresponding electrical signal is generated at the output. Unlike a transformer, the opto-isolator allows for DC coupling and generally provides significant protection from serious overvoltage conditions in one circuit affecting the other. With a photodiode as the detector, the output current is proportional to the amount of incident light supplied by the emitter.

The diode can be used in a photovoltaic mode or a photoconductive mode. In photovoltaic mode, the diode acts like a current source in parallel with a forward-biased diode. The output current and voltage are dependent on the load impedance and light intensity. In photoconductive mode, the diode is connected to a supply voltage, and the magnitude of the current conducted is directly proportional to the intensity of light.

An opto-isolator can also be constructed using a small incandescent lamp in place of the LED; such a device, because the lamp has a much slower response time than a LED, will filter out noise or half-wave power in the input signal. In so doing, it will also filter out any audio- or higher-frequency signals in the input. It has the further disadvantage, of course, (an overwhelming disadvantage in most applications) that incandescent lamps have relatively short life spans.

Applications: AC mains detection Reed relay driving Switch mode power supply feedback Telephone ring detection Logic ground isolation Logic coupling with high frequency noise rejection

2.1.6 RECTIFIER UNIT:-

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four diodes connected in a bridge circuit. That provides the polarity of output voltage of any polarity of the input voltage. When used in its most common application, for conversion of alternating current (A.C) input into direct current (D.C) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. The diagram describes a diode-bridge design known as a full wave rectifier. This design can be used to rectify single phase A.C. when no transformer center tap is available. A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full wave rectification. This is a Widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.For both positive and negative swings of the transformer, there is a forward path through the diode bridge. Both conduction paths cause current to flow in the same direction through the load resister, accomplishing full-wave rectification. While one set of diodes is forward biased, the other set is reverse biased and effectively eliminated from the circuit.

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2.1.7 RELAY:-

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and most have double throw (changeover) switch contacts as shown in the diagram.Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical.A transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.The supplier's catalogue should show you the relay's connections. The coil will be obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief high voltage 'spikes' when they are switched off and this can destroy transistors and ICs in the circuit. To prevent damage you must connect a protection diode across the relay coil.The animated picture shows a working relay with its coil and switch contacts. You can see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the coil is switched on. This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one set of contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and another behind them, making the relay DPDT.

Advantages of relays:

Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors. Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Disadvantages of relays: Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents. Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per

second. Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil. Relays require more current than many ICs can provide, so a low power transistor

may be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.

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2.1.8 VARIABLE RESISTOR:-

Variable resistors consist of a resistance track with connections at both ends and a wiper which moves along the track as you turn the spindle. The track may be made from carbon, cermet (ceramic and metal mixture) or a coil of wire (for low resistances). The track is usually rotary but straight track versions, usually called sliders, are also available.

Variable resistors may be used as a rheostat with two connections (the wiper and just one end of the track) or as a potentiometer with all threeconnections in use. Miniature versions called presets are made for setting up circuits which will not require further adjustment.

Multiturn presets are used where very precise adjustments must be made. The screw must be turned many times (10+) to move the slider from one end of the track to the other, giving very fine control. 

2.1.9 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE:-

LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.

LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but this is not an official identification method).

LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs. Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply! 

It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass through and burn it out.LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick testing purposes a 1k  resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V.

2.1.10 THERMISTOR:-

Thermistor is an input transducer (sensor) which converts temperature (heat) to resistance. Almost all thermistors have a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) which mean as their resistance decreases as their temperature increases. It is possible to make thermistors

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with a positive temperature coefficient (resistance increases as temperature increases) but these are rarely used. Always assume NTC if no information is given.

A multimeter can be used to find the resistance at various temperatures, these are some typical readings for example: Icy water 0°C: high resistance, about 12k . Room temperature 25°C: medium resistance, about 5k . Boiling water 100°C: low resistance, about 400 .

Suppliers usually specify thermistors by their resistance at 25°C (room temperature). Thermistors take several seconds to respond to a sudden temperature change, small thermistors respond more rapidly.

A thermistor may be connected either way round and no special precautions are required when soldering. If it is going to be immersed in water the thermistor and its connections should be insulated because water is a weak conductor; for example they could be coated with polyurethane varnish. 

2.1.11 LM324:-

These devices consist of four independent high-gain frequency-compensated operational amplifiers that are designed specifically to operate from a single supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split supplies also is possible if the difference between the two supplies

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circuit symbol

is 3 V to 32 V (3 V to 26 V for the LM2902), and VCC is at least 1.5 V more positive than the input common-mode voltage. The low supply-current drain is independent of the magnitude of the supply voltage.

Applications include transducer amplifiers, dc amplification blocks, and all the conventional operational-amplifier circuits that now can be more easily implemented in single-supply-voltage systems. For example, the LM124 can be operated directly from the standard 5-V supply that is used in digital systems and provides the required interface electronics, without requiring additional ±15-V supplies.

2.1.12 IR SENSOR:-

An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits and/or detects infrared radiation in order to sense some aspect of its surroundings. Infrared sensors can measure the heat of an object, as well as detect motion. Many of these types of sensors only measure infrared radiation, rather than emitting it, and thus are known as passive infrared (PIR) sensors.

All objects emit some form of thermal radiation, usually in the infrared spectrum. This radiation is invisible to our eyes, but can be detected by an infrared sensor that accepts and interprets it. In a typical infrared sensor like a motion detector, radiation enters the front and reaches the sensor itself at the center of the device. This part may be composed of more than one individual sensor, each of them being made from pyroelectric materials, whether natural or artificial. These are materials that generate an electrical voltage when heated or cooled.

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2.1.13 PHOTODIODE:-

A photodiode is a PN junction or PIN structure. When a photon of sufficient energy strikes the diode, it excites an electron, thereby creating a free electron and a (positively charged electron) hole. If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion region, or one diffusion length away from it, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in field of the depletion region. Thus holes move toward the anode, and electrons toward the cathode, and a photocurrent is produced.

A semiconductor two-terminal component with electrical characteristics that are light-sensitive. All semiconductor diodes are light-sensitive to some degree, unless enclosed in opaque packages, but only those designed specifically to enhance the light sensitivity are called photodiodes.

Most photodiodes consist of semiconductor pn junctions housed in a container designed to collect and focus the ambient light close to the junction. They are normally biased in the reverse, or blocking, direction; the current therefore is quite small in the dark. When they are illuminated, the current is proportional to the amount of light falling on the photodiode. See also Junction diode.

Photodiodes are used both to detect the presence of light and to measure light intensity.

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CHAPTER 3SOFTWARE PROGRAM

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3. PROGRAM

BLB EQU P0.0 FAN EQU P0.1 SIN EQU P1.0 SOUT EQU P1.1 STH EQU P2

;----------------------------

ORG 00H MOV R2,#00H MOV P1,#1111 1111B SETB BLB SETB FAN

;----------------------------

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MAIN: JNB SIN,IN JNB SOUT,OUT JB P2.6,FON1 AJMP MAIN

;----------------------------

IN: JB SOUT,IN

MOV R7,#05 ACALL DELAY

MOV A,R2 CJNE A,#255D,NXT AJMP NXT1

NXT: INC R2 NXT1: AJMP LIGHT

;----------------------------

OUT: JB SIN,OUT

MOV R7,#05 ACALL DELAY

MOV A,R2 CJNE A,#00H,NXT2 AJMP NXT3

NXT2: DEC R2

NXT3: AJMP LIGHT

;-------------------------------

LIGHT: MOV A,R2

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CJNE A,#00H,ON SETB BLB SETB FAN AJMP MAIN ;-------------------------------

ON: CLR BLB JB P2.6,FON SETB FAN AJMP MAIN

;-------------------------------

FON: CLR FAN AJMP MAIN

FON1:

JNB BLB,NXT6 SETB FAN AJMP MAIN

NXT6: CLR FAN

AJMP MAIN

;-------------------------------

DELAY:RPT3:

MOV R6,#255RPT2:

MOV R5,#255RPT1:

DJNZ R5,RPT1 DJNZ R6,RPT2 DJNZ R7,RPT3 RET ;-----------------------------------

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CHAPTER 4RESULT

& APPLICATIONS

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RESULT

THE FOLLOWING OBSERVATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE:

WHEN A PERSON ENTERS ROOM THEN IR SENSORS DETECT THE PERSON . THE SIGNAL IS PASSED TO THE LM 324 WHICH SENDS AMPLIFIED SIGNAL

TO MICROCONTROLLER. THERMISTOR ALSO SENSES TEMPERATURE AND PASSES TO ADC CIRCUIT. ADC CIRCUIT PASSES SIGNAL TO MICROCONTROLLER . MICROCONTROLLER PROCESSES SIGNAL . IT GIVES OUTPUT TO RELAY CIRCUIT. RELAY CIRCUIT SWITCH ON LIGHT WHEN ATLEAST ONE PERSON ENTERS

ROOM AND OPEN FANS WHEN TEMPERATURE IS HOT. IT SWICH OFF LIGHT AND FAN WHEN PERSON LEAVES THE ROOM AND NO

ONE IS PRESENT IN THE ROOM.

APPLICATIONS

HOTELS OR GUEST HOUSE:-

An energy saving system/network is used to control the power of air conditioners (AC) in hotels/motels. The system includes a master device and an array of slave devices. The master device may be installed in the hotel/motel front desk area, while the slave devices may be installed in guest rooms. The master device communicates with the slave devices via the power lines in the hotels/motels. This system/network automatically turns on the AC power when the guest is checked in and turns off the AC power when the guest is checked out.

INDUSTRIES FOR HEAT RECOVERY:-

The combination of heat and humidity recovery of heat exchangers is a highly efficient energy-saving technology. It is plants or marine applications. It is common to have energy recovery rates between 70-90%. Air pressure drops through such equally successful when used for comfort climate range, industrial exchangers of lower 200 Pa are usually economically sensible. Supply and exhaust air each pass through half of the wheel in counter flow directions. The rotor matrix is a rotating transfer media. It temporarily takes up

26

the heat from the warm air stream and releases it in the colder air stream. The hygroscopic coating of the storage matrix brings the additional advantage of recovering moisture. Typical summerapplication is dehumidification of warm and humid supply air to reduce the energy consumption of the down stream cooling equipment. During winter operation this feature recovers moisture from the exhaust air to reduce the humidification load.

HOMES,OFFICES,ETC:-

The Energy-save-Light Set consists of a short-circuit starter, electronic ballast and afuse- module. It is not necessary to disassemble the existing fluorescent lamp. Thedeveloped accessoire set is easily to install it into the existing lamp in connectionwith a energy-saving T5- tube. This accessoire set can install in each lamp withcommon Ballasts. You can save 50% energy with the T5 (35W) tube in combinationwith the Electronic ballast in comparison of the T8 (58W) tube and a commonballast.The advantages of the T5-tubes are: excellent lighting quality, better efficiency andHigher lifetime

SCHOOL AND COLLEGES:-

PIR SENSORS or IR SENSORS can be used in lectures hall , library , labs to detect the human radiation and pass signal to microcontroller about the no. of people sitting in room.if no person is sitting light will cut off and if any one is sitting light will continue to glow.

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CHAPTER 5CONCLUSION

&FUTURE DIRECTIONS

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CONCLUSION

Intelligent Energy Saving System is not limited for any particular application, it can be used any

where in a process industries with little modifications in software coding according to the

requirements. This concept not only ensures that our work will be usable in the future but also

provides the flexibility to adapt and extend, as needs change.

In this project work we have studied and implemented a complete working model using a

ATMEL microcontroller. The programming and interfering of ATMEL microcontroller has

been mastered during the implementation. This work includes the study of energy saving system

in many applications.

FUTURE PROSPECTS

We except that our next generation will develop this energy saving system with wire less

network.

In our project we connected all the sensors to micro controller with the wires. This can be

developed with wire less such that we can place different sensors in different places. This sensor

will activate the micro controller with the signals instead of using wires.

This system can also be applicable to various loads like pressure, force and etc. by increasing the number of ports of the micro controller.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Referred Books:-

(1.) The 8051 Microcontroller And Emebedded System By: Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Mazidi.

(2.) Jacob Millman Christos C. Halkias.: “Electronic Devices And Circuits”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. Sep, 2003.

(3.) Optical Fiber Communication Systems by Dr. M.K.RAINA.

(4.) Optical Fiber Communications (3nd ed.) by john m senior

Sites Referred:-

(1.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiode

(2.)http://www.answers.com/topic/photodiode

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