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![Page 1: Energy Primer: Some Background on Energy Systems Economics 331b Yale University Note: These slides are products of a large number of scholars in the natural.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062802/56649ea95503460f94bad971/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Energy Primer:Some Background on Energy Systems
Economics 331bYale University
Note: These slides are products of a large number of scholars in the natural and social sciences. Implicit thanks go to all who have made these available.
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Some Important Units of Measurement
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UnitsScientific units:1 Joule (J) is the MKS unit of energy, equal to the force of one
Newton acting through one meter. 1 Watt is the power of a Joule of energy per second Multiplicative measures;
kilo-x = 10^3 x mega-x = 10^6 xgiga-x = 10^9 x tera-x= 10^12 xpeta-x = 10^15 x exa-x = 10^18 x
Commonly used non-scientific units:A BTU (British Thermal Unit) is the amount of heat necessary
to raise one pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit (F). 1 BTU = 252 cal = 1.055 kJ
“barrel of oil” = 42 gallons =1/7 of a metric ton
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Units of energy system
5Source: Gruebler et al., Energy Primer
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Heat content of fuels
Mbtu GJ 1 barrel of crude oil 5.80 6.12 1 ton of crude oil 39.68 41.87 1 short ton of coal 25.18 26.57 1000 ft3 of natural gas 1.000 1.055
1 MBtu = 106 Btu (IT)1 GJ = 109 J
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Examples of Power and Energy Examples of Power and Energy (ranked by power (ranked by power ratings)ratings)
Power
W
Time
(Seconds)
Energy
J (Ws)
Solar energy to earth per year 1.8 10^17 3.2 10^7 5.6 10^24
Earthquake 8 Richter scale 2.0 10^15 3.0 10^1 6.0 10^16
Global energy use for 2000 1.4 10^13 3.2 10^7 4.4 10^20
Thunderstorm (kinetic energy) 1.0 10^11 1.2 10^3 1.2 10^14
Space shuttle lift-off 1.2 10^10 1.2 10^2 1.4 10^12
B 747 flight Tokyo-Frankfurt 1.1 10^8 4.0 10^4 4.4 10^12
Energy/day for a supermarket 2.0 10^5 4.3 10^4 8.6 10^9
Daily metabolism of adult 1.0 10^2 8.6 10^4 8.6 10^6
Burning a small candle 3.0 10^0 1.8 10^3 5.4 10^3
Source: Nakicenovic7
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Schematics and cartoons
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Overview of energy system
Energy resources
(oil in ground,…)
Capital, labor, …
Energy fuels (gasoline,
electricity, …)
Capital, labor, …
Energy goods and services (passenger miles, warm house, hot coffee, …
Non-energy goods and services
Utility:U(c1, c1, …, cn)
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U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2007 (Quadrillion Btu)
Source: Energy Information Agency10
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More detailed overview of the energy system
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Basic data and trends for the US
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Energy politics
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Energy Consumption by Source, 1635-2000 (Quadrillion Btu)
Source: Energy Information Agency14
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Energy Consumption by Source, US
Source: Energy Information Agency15
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Energy Production by Source for 2000, U.S.
Source: Energy Information Agency16
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Energy Consumption by End Use , US
Source: Energy Information Agency18
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Petroleum Overview , US
Source: Energy Information Agency19
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Source: EIA
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Transportation Energy Consumption , US
Source: Energy Information Agency21
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Motor Vehicle Indicators , US
Source: Energy Information Agency22
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Vehicle ownership per person, 1900-2002
Source: IPCC, AR4, Mitigation 23
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Coal Production by Mining Method , US
Source: Energy Information Agency24
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Coal Consumption by Sector, US
Source: Energy Information Agency25
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Source: Energy Information Agency
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Nuclear Power Plant Licenses Issued, US
Source: Energy Information Agency27
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Renewable Energy, US
Source: Energy Information Agency28
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Renewable Energy, 2008 , US
Source: Energy Information Agency29
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Map on Solar Potential, US
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Map of Wind Potential, US (wind speed)
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Basic data and trends for the world
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Total Fossil Energy Resources, Global
ZJ = Zeta-joule or 1021 Joule or thousands of ExajoulesSource: Nakicenovic
Additional Resource Additional Ratio: All
Fossil 1860-1998 1998 Reserves Resources Base occurrences to 1998
Fuel ConsumptioCategory ZJ ZJ ZJ ZJ ZJ ZJ (years)
Conventional 4.85 0.13 6 6 12 91
Unconventional 0.29 0.01 5 15 20 45
All 5.14 0.14 11 21 32 45 546
Conventional 2.35 0.08 5 11 17 207
Unconventional 0.03 0.00 9 24 33 930
All 2.38 0.08 15 35 50 930 11,609
5.99 0.09 21 179 200 2,166
13.51 0.32 47 235 282 975 3,946 Total occurrences
Consumption
Oil
Natural gasc
Coal
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Global energy resources
Source: Energy PrimerNote: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use.
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Potential global renewable energy
Source: Energy PrimerNote: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use.
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World Crude Oil Production, 1973-2008
Source: Energy Information Agency36
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Shares of world energy consumption
Source: IPCC Energy PrimerNote: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use.
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Shares of world energy consumption
Source: EIA
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Energy intensity of production
Source: IPCC Energy PrimerNote: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use.
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PRICES
40
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10.0
5.04.0
3.02.52.0
1.5
1.0
0.550 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00
CoalOilGasolineNatural gasElectric power
Prices of energy (1973:1 = 1; deflated CPI)
41Source: Nordhaus, based on BLS
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42Source: Nordhaus, based on EIA oil prices and BLS CPI.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10
Real oil price (2008 prices)
Oil price shocks 1 to 4
[$ per barrel, 2008 CPI deflated]
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Energy goods v. energy services
A key issue in measurement is the difference between energy goods or inputs and energy outputs or services.
E.g., ounce of whale oil v. lumen; gallon of gasoline v. (vmt, comfort, safety, noise, …)
Production function:Energy services = f(capital, labor, fuel, infrastructure,…)
Basic point: There have been vast improvements in energy services per unit of primary energy over time (call it “efficiency”)
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The price of fuel for lighting
44Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
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The long-term price of light
45Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
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The long-term price of light
46Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
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The Price of Passenger Transport (per Passenger-Km-Hour), 1650-2000
47Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
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The Price of Passenger and Freight Transport (per Passenger and
Tonne-Kilometre-Hour), 1840-2000
48Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
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The Price of Freight Transport (per Tonne-Kilometre), 1250-2000
49Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
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Some environmental indicators
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CO2 concentrations at Mauna Loa
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05
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Instrumental record: global mean temperature index (°C)
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
GISSHadleyUS NCDC
Tem
per
ature
anom
aly
(189
5-19
05 =
0)
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Greenhouse gas
emissions, 2004
Source: IPCC, AR4, Mitigation 53
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CO2 emissions
and concentratio
ns
Source: IPCC, AR4, Science54
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.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.11930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
CO2-GDP ratioTrend (-1.7 percent per year)
Trend in CO2 emissions relative to GDP, US
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Global decarbonization
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Decarbonization by country
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Source: Muller, Nordhaus, Mendelsohn, 2008.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Hydroelectric
Pric
e, e
xter
nal c
ost p
er k
wh,
200
2External cost and wholesale price, power, US
Wholesale price of power
External costs of generation (air, …)
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Source: Climate priced at $30 per ton C. Electricity at 8.4 cents per kwh. Muller, Nordhaus, Mendelsohn, 2008.
Ratio of External Costs to Electricity Price, Different Generation Types, With and Without Climate
Charge
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear
Without climate externality
With climate externality
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