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REMENA INK energy efficiency | renewables | culture

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Cradle of civilization: Egypt & Renewable Energy

Climate change: Politics, Policies, Plans & Promises

REMENA auf Ausflug

Cultural Egypt

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P.16

P.22

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Energy Efficiency in Energy Intensive Indu-stries Vikas Pathak 4

A Note from an Expert: Adel Khalil Vikas Pathak 6

An essay on Globalization Hesham El Badry 7

Energy: Why it Matters Pradyuman Raj 8

An Interview with Sayed Kaseb Vikas Pathak & Jilesh Kacha 10

Cradle of Civilization: Egypt & Renewable Energy Gőkhan Karadag 12

Energy Storage and its Future Jilesh Kacha 14

Climate Change: Politics, Policies, Plans & Promises Koen Gorrissen 16

Nada Elsolh: The Story of an Alumna Ankit Kachhwaha 18

Tidal Energy Kaushal Mandiwala 20

REMENA auf Ausflug Arpit Raval & Shaffaq Saleem Malik Contribution of Ankit Kachhawaha 22

Agriculture Renewed: The application of Rene-wable Energy for Agriculture Bhagya upadhyay 28

Cultural Egypt Ankit Kachhwaha 30

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Firstly I would like to thank the editor-in-chief Tarek M. Abdul Razek and the other contributors of our predecessor REMENA Insight, which was REMENA’s first ever magazine to get printed. I think doing it for the first time was a big step, continuing the trend was not easy either. REMENA Insight has been our motivation and inspiration at every point. I might not refer it as 2nd edition of REMENA Insight, but the 2nd fruitful harvest of REMENA (Batch 9 & 10). Since it has a different perspective we decided to change the title of the mag-azine to REMENA INK. Our motive for this program was individually so distinct that when we tried to relate REMENA to the real world, we got really varied outcomes. I have to say that watching everyone work together made me realize our motive to try gi-ving a real contribution from our behalf to this sector and working as a team. We are not just talking about renewable energies but are trying to relate them with the current scenario of their development, their requirements and the aspects that affect the performance of their implementation. This is much of the area we tried to cover. Starting with one of the most important people of REMENA, Prof. Dr. Adel Khalil, we are very thankful to you for providing us this opportunity to be a part of REMENA, gain knowledge from experts and to work with you. It is a lifetime experience for us and what we are gaining from it is so impeccable. To Prof. Dr. Sayed Kaseb, who put the proposal in front of us to produce this magazine and for being available to us on every step, we are thankful to you as well. We prepared a video based on our experiences during the Cairo se-mester which we dedicate to every person whom we met, exchanged our ide-as with, gained knowledge from and those who helped us in any way during our course of stay in Egypt. We appreciate all their efforts. I desire for our readers to realise that something can be small, but once it starts to get associated with its surroundings it begins to affect it, while seep-ing into the real world. I hope for our readers to have a good time watching this video, experiencing what we have seen and while going through the magazine. That is the only thing we all worked so hard for. Ankit Kachhawaha & Jilesh Kacha

REMENA INK May 2016 Editors Ankit Kachhawaha Jilesh Kacha Contributors Pradyuman Raj Arpit Raval Vikas Pathak Kaushal Mandiwala Gőkhan Karadag Bhavya Upadhyay Koen Gorrissen Bhagya Upadhyay Shaffaq Saleem Malik Ankit Kachhawaha Jilesh Kacha Hesham El Badry Design Koen Gorrissen Pradyuman Raj Supervisor Dr. Sayed Kaseb, Cairo University Thanks to Dr. Adel Khalil, Cairo University Mahmoud Abdo

www.uni-kassel.de/eecs/remena

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This work is licensed under the Creati-ve Commons Attribution 4.0 Internatio-nal License unless otherwise stated. For symbols and more information check http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Editorial

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The purpose of this solution is to reduce the consumption of electricity and increase the generation of the same using more cleaner alternatives which would not only reduce the demand of electricity but also increase production. Energy efficiency means consumption of energy in a better way or efficient way without effecting the deliverables. For example one can use natural gas for boiling water which is more efficient than using coal as fuel for the same purpose. The world has realized these values and would like to im-plement them. In order to put this in practice governments should refer to experts in these field as any step towards this without con-

sidering different energies and the time of implementation and their effect on the cost of generation of electricity might end up in increasing the overall prices instead of decreasing. In the developed countries like Denmark, importance of the energy efficiency has been realized and they started imple-menting reforms in these sectors. This initiative came from the government. They asked industries to step in and take one step at a time. Starting from having certified global Standard ISO-150001 energy management system, the company must perform an analysis on its primary production process in order to find

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any sorts of opportunities to implement the energy effici-ency projects and among the identified projects the one with the return of investments within 4 years must be im-plemented first as it helps to motivate the management to make further investments. In addition to this the norms that were implemented as per the description of Danish Energy Agency must be certified annually with an agency to see whether

· Energy consumption is expressed as annual break-down and updated as monthly basis would be too short to realize the effect of energy consumption.

· It Puts targets and investments for energy conser-vation for future years.

· It executes all the energy saving projects. · It executed all the opportunities for energy savings

that were identified. · Key performance indicators are identified. · Audits by the company is carried out · Procedures for the energy efficiency are followed. · Schemes are evaluated by the higher management.

It was observed that implementation of the energy efficien-cy in the small scale industry was not possible as it was too expensive and hence Danish Energy Agency along with Danish Standards implemented Energy management light. This was implemented in more than 200 companies from 1996-2013 and it was found that these companies saved up to 4.8% of energy in 2000-2003 and 5.4% for the pe-riod 2006-2011. It was observed that energy saved was more in the medium sector as the intensive users had al-ready taken measures for reducing the energy consumpti-on. Key Factors for effective energy efficiency in energy inten-sive energy consuming industry:

· Areas for improvement have to be reviewed annually. · Separate team has to be authorized for the implemen-

tation as well as for addressing the energy efficiency

issues with strong technical background. · All the investment and profits related to this has to be

addressed in order to realize the importance and the responsibility.

· Finance and the final outcomes have to be allotted annually and goals have to be set.

These measures were realised by the Danish government after making implementation of energy efficiency in energy intensive companies. Based on their findings, the Danish energy Agency developed the first standard for energy management system DS2403. +LVWRU\�DQG�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�RI�WKH�,62������ DS2403 has influenced Irish standard IS393 which was later converted into European energy standard as EN16001. As the time progressed this system became outdated and was updated as ISO15001. It uses Plan do act and check methodology for continuous improvement of the system. The approach of this system in an industry is as follows Plan: A committee or management with an energy manager is made within a company with a staff under him to moni-tor the Energy efficiency opportunities are recognised and implementation of the energy efficient methods are em-ployed. Do: Protocols are made by the company for the implemen-tation of the energy efficiency. This system helps the free flow of the knowledge and records are maintained. Check: The company takes a look at the results obtained after the implementation of the projects. These outcomes are compared with the targets and an action plan is made accordingly. Act: The documents related to the outcomes of the energy management are checked by the company to see their per-formance and to make any modifications to keep the sys-tem updated. This system is followed widely in the industries, mainly in energy intensive industries and can be implemented from a small classroom to the large scale industry, the only thing that differs is the scale and the returns of investment. It forms the core solution of the ever increasing demand. ———— Vikas Pathak, REMENA batch 10

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We are all aware of the need of energy by the world and different parts of the world are coming together to find the solution to this global crisis. One of the most recommended and effective answer to this issue is energy efficiency and renewable energy comes after this. What energy efficiency does is it reduces your demand and shifts your load to off peak hours. Thereby reducing the load on utility. In case this fails to meet the desired goals set by utility, one should look for renewable energy as an alternative although it has its setbacks like fluctuation in the output, unavailabili-ty, seasonal dependence etc. But one can compensate it with the new energy storage technologies as we need this stored energy only for few hours after the sunset and then we have off–Peak hours. The renewable energy sector not only provides cleaner form of energy but also creates em-ployment opportunities, saves fossil fuel, reduces green-house gas emission and adds to GDP. Promotion of renewable energy in a country depends a lot on the government of that country. As all the policies like subsidies, feed in tariffs, creating the market and sustaining are initiated by the government. This is important because

investors would like to see their investments safe and secu-red. But also earn profit from it. Once these prerequisites are met. Rest can be handled by the private sector. Although non-renewable energy provides energy with con-sistency. The cost of electricity in terms of environmental hazards and decommissioning cost of the technology is not taken into consideration and that is very high for a non-renewable form of energy. REMENA program had students from middle east, north africa and other nationalities which gives the students an opportunity to know and understand the cultures of the countries they have only heard of .It is very important for the students to learn the social economic aspects of the other countries as it helps to understand their priorities and way of thinking towards different policies executed by their country. Our students are like ambassadors who go to diffe-rent countries implementing renewable energy projects and this mix of student cultures prepares them for this. ——— Vikas Pthak, REMENA Batch 10

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I still remember the days when we wanted to communi-cate with friends and relative who were living in the oth-er side of the globe via regular post office mails that would take weeks to arrive “if they ever do” or request-ing to make a phone call from the local PTT, where you apply to allocate several minutes for a telephone con-versation. It was impossible to predict that someday sending a letter would take a few seconds to arrive to its destina-tion, or accessing an international phone call at finger-tips, and on certain applications, for free. We are already in an era where having a virtual person in any country, talking and standing directly in front of you in 3D, by utilization of Holographic Projection Sys-tems is feasible. These rapid advancements in technology, and with other factors such as labor cost, trade agreements, standardi-zation, sophisticated distribution methods and chan-nels, makes traveling and communicating with different people easier, due to the fact that everything is safer, cheaper, and more efficient. At this pace and at such competition levels we are living with, no one is allowed any longer to remain individually competitive; today no country can close its boundary with the rest of the world, expecting advancement in the sciences and humanities. Globalization has been an ongoing issue through most of the world today, it is an interaction and integration among the peoples, companies, and governments of different nations, and is driven by international trade and investment and service providers. It is spreading ideas, goods, and beliefs through inter-

action, which affects the world environmentally, socially, culturally, and intellectually through advances in trans-portation communications. Since globalization allows workers to easily move from one country to another, nations with limited job oppor-tunities often find it difficult to encourage skilled work-ers to stay in their countries. The negative sides of globalization include gaps be-tween rich and poor, reduction in individual sovereignty of a nation, environmental pollution and susceptibility of all parts of the world suffering with recession in other countries. It also leads to blending of cultures and the deteriora-tion of unique cultural differences. I have worked with several different multinational com-panies with more structured organizations and process-es located in Egypt and surrounding region, and have been exposed to other cultures that have impacted my personal and professional approach in daily life. A learning experience in the technical and non-technical side, working with global teams, an experience that was difficult to go through while working in any local compa-ny, it gave me visibility on how business is conducted in different countries. When it comes to remuneration, we were paid almost double of what most of the local com-panies would pay. Although, there are many negative side and perspective of globalization, I believe that no country can stay stuck and imprison its boarder and people from this big win-dow on the world. ——— Hesham El Badry, REMENA Batch 10

Globalization An essay on

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Progression of human race is expediting in previous years, there are lot more new fields and disciplines evoked in the past century which is far beyond human imagination and still it is going on. One and only necessity for the human kind to develop their race is simi-lar as before thousands of years, it is Energy. It can’t be denied that people lived for En-ergy and lived by energy. It is one of the must ingredients in the lives of the humans. It is always tough to answer about existence of human kind in this universe, but this ques-tion indisputably leads human kind through ceaseless journey of science & logic. In the recent times, role of the researcher and in-novators has transformed as before it was. In the middle ages, researchers or scientists were more focused on basic understanding of natural laws, than industrial revolution took place and science was divided in two parts. One was still focused on understand-ing of nature and another that provides ad-vancement in the human lives which was based on basic expertise of the science which we interpret as Innovation. Invention of the steam engine is one of the influential master piece in the history for the upcoming inventions and innovations. It served an ex-ample of using one of the existing form of energy to execute different functions of hu-man kind in the world and make it comfort-able for ourselves. This is how electrical ener-gy also entrained in the lives of the human. Electrical energy is one of the form of the energy that is widely used to perform almost any task in the world. Therefore, it is im-portant to generate electrical energy be-cause it is meant as oxygen for the human progress.

Major setbacks of the history such as Renais-sance period, French revolution, Industrial revolution, etc. revolutionized field of Sci-ence and Innovation. If we could look up to these periods, there is always eminent driv-ing force that stimulate such a notable phase of the history. This driving force is none other than challenges for the human beings and curiosity towards every aspects of the Universe. Focusing on present situation, it can be easi-ly seen that science and technology is more inclined towards human race progression and comfort. In this scenario, Energy be-comes the focal point for the further im-provement as major issues arise in the past such as global warming and insecurity of fossil fuels which are directly linked to the energy. It is one of the thing that ruling the world’s economy with giving hunches time to time. It is a real time to think about disrup-tive innovations in the field of energy that moves up market relating to energy which will make it more stable and competitive with existing technology at a global level. In recent years, scientists and researchers have come up with many ingenious researches, innovations and discoveries that is the way beyond what human mind can conceive, such as artificial intelligence, genetic sci-ence, virtual reality, etc., but it questions our priorities of research fields. We still lack to provide electrification to each and every person on the earth, although it is one of the basic need for the human race to develop. Energy is greatly diverse field with wide range of sources and conversion processes. There are appreciable amounts of efforts taken into consideration in the recent times

ENERGY

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: Why it Matters for the deployment of Renewable energy as it is clean and provide better security than conventional energy sources. There are two main scopes of advancement in the field of energy: generation & utilization. Any chang-es in the field of energy should always need support of economic viability and technical maturity, without it economy can be crashed or damaged. Thinking from the dif-ferent perspective, future energy trend should not be only limited to public and could be made more commercial. In that manner we should think in the direction of user interface of energy, how it can be gen-erated and used by the people focusing individually. That’s how people can realize their responsibility towards energy that they use. In this era of globalization, economy or money is the most important driven force and means of competition for the human kind to develop themselves. So it is im-portant to take in to consider economic so-lution for any technological innovation to penetrate in the current market. Concept of private or commercial sector has changed over a time of period. The new term ‘Entrepreneurship’ is embraced and be-comes one of the only thing that drives the change in the world today. Digitalization is one of the affluent exemplar of the entre-preneurship model. It changed human lives in the great manner. Now in today’s world, we need entrepreneurs who are crazy enough to think about changing the world’s current energy scenario. We don’t need any eureka moment for energy innovation and development. Energy is something that is related to everything, small changes in the

field of energy can make huge impact on all the fields. Energy innovations needs mod-est but stable penetration to the market. Entrepreneur is someone who can make people believe what he believes about his product or innovation and it’s significant out-turn is that we use cell phones and com-puters right now all over the world. Steve jobs and Bill Gates did not have money in pocket but they have dream, vision for the computers and they do make people be-lieve in their vision. That’s how innovation rules the world. Innovation and development in Energy is not just about policies, resources or finance in the field of itself, it needs much deeper view in the ocean of energy and connect that dots within it. Energy should be discussed & studied in all the perspectives: scientifically, entrepre-neurially, artistically and even philosophical-ly. Even greatest minds of the past such as Leonardo da Vinci, Nikola Tesla and Einstein were intuitively interested in Energy. ——- Pradyuman Raj, REMENA batch 10

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What is the hing that you like about having a class with students of different nationality? Education is not a one way but in fact it is an exchange be-tween two sources from two different knowledge experience and background. It is good to have students from different backgrounds as it helps me to keep a wide and open per-spective. That’s what keeps me going and makes my teaching career interesting. Why did you choose teaching career and what is your passion other than teaching? I chose a teaching career because teaching is my passion and at the end of the day when I see my students making progress in their life because they learned and implemented a thing or two from what I taught them in the class this makes me happy. How do you define REMENA? And what do you like about REMENA? To me REMENA is a look in the future and it is one of our initiative to change the world by changing future generation’s way of thinking and approach to the global crisis of energy. I like lot of things about REMENA one of them is the fact that the students from different nationalities come together and work as a team to achieve common goals. How do you see the evolution of REMENA and what is your vision for REMENA? In the earlier batches of REMENA majority of the students were from Germany, Egypt and MENA countries. From batch seven the number of Indian students increased and I hope in future there will be more number of students from all over the world. In future there will be a connection between industries and educational institutes as the number of REMENA students in the energy sector increases. Hence our vision from develop-ing renewable energy and energy efficiency in Mena region will change to world. Which kind of renewable energy you favor the

most and why? I’m an economist by education and a renewable energy guy by profession. Hence I favor the technology with the least levelised cost and which is generated from renewable energy source. What do you expect from REMENA students and what would you like to tell your current and fu-ture student? I expect REMENA students to do well not only in their curric-ulum but also in their life after the REMENA program. For current students they should start a job with definite time limit allocated for the job and try to finish it within the given time span. I would like my current and the future students to have continuous improvement as their motive in their life. What is the benefit for Egypt and University of Cairo from hosting the REMENA program As the vision of our program is to solve the crisis of energy in the MENA region and this of course helps young minds from different educational background to exchange their knowledge and experiences from different societies would induce innovative ideas and increase the rate of develop-ment. How do you see the future of renewable energy in the MENA region and in Europe? Future of renewable energy is very bright in MENA region and in Europe. Many researches have been going on in the development of more cheaper and efficient renewable source of energy. There are projects being developed where in the energy produced in the Mena region will be sold to Europe. This kind of collaboration is what is required by the world to solve issues related to environment and energy. ———— This interview was taken by Vikas Pathak and Jilesh Kacha, both REMENA batch 10

An interview Professor Sayed Kaseb is the coordinator of the REMENA master programme at Cairo University. Besides this function, he manages a large number of projects within the university. REMENA INK had an exclusive interview to talk about his motivations and ideas.

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With Sayed

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Kaseb

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Cradle� of Civilizations

As a very broad term, civilization is the complex of spir-itual and material achievements of a certain group of people on a certain tempo-spatial context, which can comprise of culture and social norms (spiritual proper-ty) and instruments, techniques, agriculture, and writ-ing. From ancient times till now, human beings, who have a settled life style with civilization; Energy has been one the most eminent necessities.

Egypt and Renewable Energy

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Any civilization depends on the energy to survive and reproduce its social life. For instance: heating energy to warm their buildings or to cook the food. After a while, they started to need electric energy for lightning or electrical devices, which they used in daily life. There-fore we cannot separate the civilization and energy. Egypt is one of the oldest continuous civilizations in the world. The archeological discoveries prove this mile-stone. This sophisticated civilization has been alive for about 6,000 years and has rendered remarkably im-portant contributions to the development of modern mathematics, physics, geometry; astronomy and real engineering applications. Considered a cradle of civili-zation, Egyptians also experienced one of the earliest developments in writing, agriculture, urbanization and national central government. Therefore, they were one of the first organized societies in history. Herodotus1 called Egypt “the Gift of the Nile” because the Egyptian civilization depends on this great river. Furthermore, if he could visit the MENA’s modern age, he would add; “The Nile and Egyptian culture are the lifeblood of the region, too”. Given the fact of significant effect of ancient cultures in the modern’s age formation, the world has been and is learning a lot from this unique civilization. Recently, economy of the country is one of the largest and most diversified in its region. According to the unique civilization of Egypt as mentioned and the effect of Nile River, Egypt is literally a hub in tourism, service sector, agriculture, and industry. Moreover, Egyptians have established an economic and energy bridge be-tween European, African and Asian countries, which connects Arab World with Europe on some mutual plat-forms like politics, trade, education and health. Day by day, the country has improved its economic situation up to satisfactory levels, thanks to its young and dynamic

population and its relatively politically stable position. With its increasingly growing population of 90 million and young human resources, Egypt enjoys multitude of potentialities, which can bring about a promising future for this country. Geographically speaking, Egypt has several advantages for widespread use of renewable energy sources. The country can meet the excess demanded electricity prob-lem. With the advantage of Mediterranean Climate Belt, the conditions are pretty suitable for wind energy appli-cations. On the other hand, some parts of the desert climate are led to dry climate and so suitable for photo-voltaic and concentrated solar power systems.

Egypt is a trans-continental country and a regional pow-er in the MENA region as Germany in Europe. They seem decisive to be an international player in renewable sector and support as much as they can. Therefore, with its unique culture and geopolitical position, coop-erating with this country is quiet important for every developed or developing country. Beside this learning process, REMENA postgraduate study is an excellent experience for the future of Egypt and a chance to Eu-rope to understand this potentially in such a rich coun-try rich region. ———— Gökhan Karadag, REMENA batch 9

—————————— 1 - Herodotus was a Greek historian, lived in the fifth century before the Common Era. He was the first historian, who collected materials systematically and critically and then arranged them into a historiographical narrative. For this reason he is known as the “Father of History.” During all his fieldwork, he gave a unique importance to ancient Egyptian history.

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Seeing towards the future we can expect that the re-newable energies will be the most abundant energy source in the world. In order to satisfy the never end-ing need for energy, science is conducting research on new renewable energy technologies. As the new re-newable energy technology develops, always with them one problem comes, the problem of energy stor-

age. So the research for storing the generated energy should move parallel with the development of technol-ogy. Energy storage is the technology that human use since the ancient times, but the problem with the stor-age system is its efficiency and storage capacity. There are different kinds of storage technologies avail-able, but as I said each technology has some issues.

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We have different types of storage such as mechanical storage, electrical storage, chemical storage, thermal storage, electrochemical storage. Each storage system has number of technologies as shown in the above table. On the other hand when we consider efficiency and storage capacity of these different types of batteries like flow batteries, sodium sulphur battery and pumped hydro storage system have the good efficien-cy and capacity to store for a large number of hours. They can reach the efficiency of 70-80%. Lead acid batteries, lithium ion batteries and capacitors have the efficiency of 80-95 %, but they cannot store the ener-gy for long time and their capacity is also relatively low compared to hydro storage. There are various advancement in storage technology that I would like to discuss. An American scientist and his team at MIT developed this battery with the liquid metal with high storage capacity and efficiency. In this type of battery, we can use the liquid metal as an elec-trode as well as as an electrolyte material molten salt. From the studies of periodic table requirement for the proper material for electrodes and electrolyte were found. Here, magnesium can be used as low density liquid metal and antimony is used as a high density liquid metal, while molten salt is used as electrolyte material. In this process magnesium looses two electrons and becomes the magnesium ion (Mg2+), this magnesium ion passes through the electrolyte material (in this case molten salt) and accepts the electrons from the higher density material antimony with creation of form of SbMg which is a formal alloy. This whole process

generates electrons, which is our product as electrici-ty. To charge the battery it should be connected with the electricity source, for example solar farms, wind farms or any other renewable energy sources. This kind of batteries is also called as the molten salt battery and they are gaining the interest among the scientist to solve the problem of the grid connection. At room temperature, these batteries stay in a solid state and can store energy for long periods of time. Here be-cause of the relative densities and immiscibility battery charges and discharges. The main advantage of using this kind of technology is the use of liquid metal which gives you the higher cur-rent density and longer life cycle for battery. While the main disadvantage of this kind of technology is to maintain high temperature to keep the components in liquid state, but by using these batteries for grid con-nected application, the estimated temperature can be easily obtained by using heat generation in time of discharging and charging. I would like to add that the science should improve their research in the field of the energy storage sys-tems to develop the storage capacity of conductors which has higher efficiency, but cannot store large amounts of electricity. Hence research should search for the new materials like molten salt which can be used as an electrolyte, for example DLR research cen-ter is trying to replace the cold water in place of mol-ten salt for CSP plants. —————— Jilesh Kacha, REMENA batch 10

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(OHFWURFKHPLFDO�VWRUDJH Pumped hydro storage Capacitor storage Molten salt storage Hydrogen storage Conventional batteries (lead acid, Nicd, Li) Flywheel storage Superconductors Chillers Methane storage High temperature (Nas, NaNicl) Compressed air storage

Flow batteries (Redox flow, Hybrid flow)

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According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chan-ge, the most influential research body on the subject: “Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems”. Clearly, there is a reason to work on climate change and clearly the attention is deserved. Or as commenter Robinson Meyer noted:

“No other narrative envelopes all of humanity in quite the same way, forcing answers about the ethics of food, of oil, of technology, of economic security, of democratic republics and command capitalism, of colonialism and

indigenous peoples, of who in the world is rich and who in the world is poor.”

But then again, is this kind of political agreement the best and most effective way to prevent climate change or diminish its effects? In order to find out, we should consider COP21’s goal, it’s results and the political game that is played. The summit was organized to create a binding agreement among all countries forcing them to perform a variety of ef-forts to cut on their greenhouse emissions to prevent a dan-gerous change in temperature, which would come into force in 2020 when the current agreement, the Kyoto protocol, expires. According to most commentators, these goals have been achieved and responded happily and relieved. “The

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Paris agreement establishes the enduring framework the world needs to solve the climate crisis” US president Obama said after the deal. “A historic turning point” said Laurent Fabius, the head of the conference and France’s foreign minister.

The reason for their joy was that the goals in the agreement were relatively ambitious, steering towards the limit of tem-perature increase of 1,5 °C with respect to historic levels. This is actually a necessity for some small islands states that might otherwise be flooded totally. If this goal would be met, some of the most devastating consequence of climate chan-ge might be avoided. To achieve this on the long term, the agreements states that there should be a balance in the greenhouse gas cycle the second half of this century. Even NGO’s like Greenpeace responded positively to the clause, saying that “This deal puts the fossil fuel industry on the wrong side of history”. Or in other words, their business case is determined to become less and less interesting. Se-condly, the developing countries gained a part of their de-mand for support for adaptation to and to cover “loss and damage” from climate change. But maybe most importantly, leaders applauded and cheered the relative degree to which the agreement is binding.

The opposite emotions prevailed after the 2009 Copenhagen summit, where EU commission president Barroso noted “I will not hide my disappointment regarding the ambition and the terms of the binding nature and non-binding nature of the future agreement”. Basically, some promises were made, some ‘goals’ were set, scientific claims were ‘recognized’ and a document was published which the countries agreed to ‘take note of’ but not to ‘adopt’. In December last year, the language was slightly different. Although this time 195 countries actually ‘adopted’ the text

which makes it legally binding for them to set target, the amount of Greenhouse Gas reductions set by each country is still voluntary. Since the total of self-regulated goals set by the countries, now submitted by about 150 countries, does not yet reach the agreed-upon target, serious efforts would need to be made to increase the ambition of every country’s plans. Also, there is no enforcement of the agreement, which might cause countries simply to ignore their responsibilities. Many comments of NGO’s and experts flooded in after the agreement. 350.org, an important climate activist organizati-on stated ” the power of the fossil fuel industry is reflected in the text”, and basically claimed this slowed down actual action too much, giving further emissions too much time. The director of Oxfam noted that the support for poor and vulnerable countries and people had too little obligations, while country emission pledges will not prevent them from being harmed. This opinion is shared by Chee Loke Ying from the Third World Network, saying that “this agreement will not take us to Climate justice yet”. Robinson Meyer was right, this really is about ethics.

So why is it so hard to make a more binding, more ambiti-ous agreement? Basically, the interests are too big and too opposite. For example an oil exporting country like Saudi-Arabia has no interest in a declining market and thus at-tempts to sabotage the agreement. On the other side, for the countries that are bound literally for drowning, their existen-ce is at stake if an agreement is not reached. It is this mix of countries that have to reach a consensus, not only a majori-ty. Seen from this perspective, it is just short of a wonder that this text has been produced, in which both political powers and economies like the US, china and India, could find a common ground with the smallest and poorest countries, the ones that will actually suffer. Everyone had their word and although the product is imperfect and incomplete, the world has seldomly seen such a unity as in the battle against climate change. ———— Koen Gorrissen, REMENA batch 10

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Although we could not get a face to face interview with her & could only contact her through e-mail, the response we got from her showed her adoration for REMENA and a very fine outlook on life, thus it became so vital to share it with every-one through this medium. Here I tried to portray her thoughts about REMENA which modelled her as it is today, Nada ElSolh is working as a senior BIM (Building Infor-mation Modelling) engineer in Consolidated Contractors Company (CCC) which is one of the largest company in Mid-dle East and among top 25 international contractors. She comes from a background of mechanical engineering and the big aspirations and motivations, gained from her experience

of teaching in the same department for two years, made her decide to go for a master’s degree. The broadness of this course surely attracted her. It did not take her too long to realise how smart the people were who created this program as they wanted the maximum number of people to benefit from it, It is actually true as we could see and feel the same thing being the present of REMENA. Nada is a person with a great belief in God, who grew up to be herself and not like anyone else she had seen. Neverthe-less, her parents played an important role by guiding and teaching her all good things in life which made her a benefi-cial person for the world. As Nada says: “With God’s help, the

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support of my family and my discretion, made me the person who I am now”, which models her opinion about human be-ing that everyone should continue to improve himself during his lifetime to become a better person, thus contributing in making the world a much better place. Talking to her about REMENA, she was so enthusiastic to look back all her moments and in a way thankful to us for reminding all those fantastic memories of hers. She said “If I had the option, of course I will repeat the REMENA experi-ence and be a better student even”. This showed the im-portance of REMENA in her life. It started with the 1st semes-ter in Egypt, Cairo University and she couldn’t resist herself from falling in love with the country. It became more fantastic for her in Germany at the University of Kassel where it was perfect according to her. With the very lively and great batch mates, helpful coordinators and the best and most knowl-edgeable professors her journey of REMENA was getting marvellous with the time. The excursions arranged in both the countries were incredible and she was a part of all of them so all were her favourite. Other than enjoying the out-ings, she also learned a lot from them as they were com-pletely related to their subjects. From the very starting she had special interest in bioenergy as she saw see its very big and has an eminent future. Espe-cially the subject of biofuels cought her interest which made her choose as as master thesis subject: “The Manufacture of

the Bio Diesel from the used Vegetable Oil”. She aspired to make her research in biofuels after the REMENA program. The experience of her master thesis was really unforgettable for her, as she mentions. In her opinion to practically apply her knowledge and to get the desired results was the best experience that she could have had. As for her interest and specialisation, her dream job or work is to be a researcher in the field of bio-energy. Although she is still looking for it, so we all hope that she attains it one day. When asked about any advice or message for REMENA stu-dents, and I would like to mention as it is, she said

My advice to any student who is thinking of joining the REMENA program is to benefit as much as he can from the academic and the social levels; where the student studies the theory and can apply what he has studied at the same time and get the maximum bene-fit. Also the student would meet different people from different cultures, learn new things from them and exchange cultures with them.”

Thus closing in brief with her own realization and with my wish for everyone related to the master program: “REMENA put all on track and so we should continue on it for life, to help improve various aspects of world and make it better, for generations to come.” ——— Ankit Kachhawaha, REMENA batch 10

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T idal Energy is one of the forms of Hydropower Generation. It mainly occurs due to gravitational forces of the sun and the moon on the earth’s wa-

ter, creating movement. These shifts are called tides. Tides are able to move the turbine and generates power. No doubt, this technology is more expansive than other renewable en-ergies like solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy. But it is more predictable as compared to the other renewa-ble energies. Also, it occurs in few places because for tidal power plant, sufficient high tidal ranges or flow velocity is a must. In tidal energy, there are mainly three types of technologies used for power generation. -1- Tidal Range Technology: In this type of technology mainly uses barrage or dam for creating height difference. Tidal Turbine is installed in the barrage and it is rotated by water. For ex. World’s first tidal power plant built in 1966 at Brittany, France. It was built on Rance River and its capacity is 240 MW. It fulfills 0.12% power demand of France. Now a days, new technologies developed in this type like, lagoons, tidal reefs, tidal fences and low-head tidal barrage.

-2- Tidal current or tidal stream technology: In this the kinetic energy of water is converted into electrical power. It does not require the construction of a barrage dam. Alt-hough the technology is in an early stage of development and is not implemented in full scale yet, research continues in this field. Usually, a vertical axis or horizontal axis turbine is applied. The main manufacturers of turbines are ABB, Alstom, Andritz hydro, DCNS, Hyundai heavy industries, Kawasaki heavy industries, Siemens etc. -3- Dynamic tidal power technology: In this type first we construct ‘T’ or ‘Y’ type of dam and install bi-directional tur-bine. In this dam a water level difference is created on oppo-site side of the barrier. Through this difference power can be generated. At the end of 2014, the global tidal energy capacity was about 530 MW. To increase investments and developing new technologies, the EU Ocean Energy Forum launched a pro-gram in which stakeholders are brought together for problem

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solving and the development of new concepts. For instance, the program is working in Scotland on a 398 MW MeyGen tidal stream project. In this project a new 1.5MW turbine will be used produced by Atlantis , with new technology which uses an active rotor pitch control and full nacelle yawing capability. In addition, Atlantis works with Lockheed Martin (United States), to develop Dongfang Electical Machinery with low cost manufacturing. Also, Alstom and GDF Suez (France) are considering to work on this project. They are providing four new technologies based on a turbine with an operational lifespan of 20 years. Its capacity is 1.4 MW and its features are variable pitch blades and rotating nacelle. In this project UK invested 15.5 million USD. Also, UK aims to develop current technology and applied it to the Alderney Race plant, which is located between Alderney (UK) and France. Due to this development they expect that 1.4GW power will be generated from tidal energy. Furthermore, Nautricity (Scotland) recently successfully test-ed 500 kW dual-rotor contrarotating marine turbine (CoRMaT). The company is active in alternative grid connec-tion. In 2015, they tested EMEC’s Fall of Warness site for

allowing stronger tides. In addition, Dutch company IHC tidal energy, introduced horizontal axis with vertical axis turbine for comercialisation. In 21st century, Canada plans for developing new tidal pro-ject. Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) and local partner, Emera, work together for green electricity. They are developing a 2MW, single phase turbine for commercial scale use. They installed the first commercial power plant and it is known as “Cape Sharp Tidal”. Nowadays, IRENA found that some countries like India, China, Australia, Japan, Russia, Spain, Argentina, United Kingdom would be able to generate electricity from tides. ———— Kaushal Mandiwala, REMENA batch 10 Note by the author: “If we are working together in the tidal energy sector then definitely we will increase global power generation capacity. Therefore, I think the REMENA program should introduce tidal energy as a subject in the future curriculum, this would be better for next generations.”

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REMENA auf Ausflug Ene

rcon Enercon welcomed REMENA students of batch 8 and 9

and explained why they are unique in wind technolo-gies as they are producing gearless wind turbines and their consciousness about maintenance during break-down of power. Though they are the best in technolo-

Germany gies they are improving every now and then, which is very remarkable. They arranged also a visit to nearby wind farm, using ENERCON wind turbines. This excur-sion helped students to understand wind subjects more clearly which were in their curriculum.

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Viessmann company produces solutions for improving energy efficiency of new or already installed energy systems. Company itself has successful history which was carefully displayed in one section of campus. Stu-dents got to know how company is looking and giving importance to innovations suggested by any employee and how they encourage employees to give fruitful ideas by giving rewards.

Viessman

Prof. Henry Seifert organized the excursion to Hochschule Bremerhaven to understand mechanical aspects of wind energy by looking windmills visually. He gave enough explanations about how wind energy can be converted to electrical energy and he briefly explained working of onshore wind turbines on the port of Bremerhaven. Brem

erhaven

KfW This excursion gave brief knowledge about how German

development play an important role in coordination with BMZ & GIZ. Students of REMENA were warmly wel-comed and had presentation about functioning and funding. On the top of which to understand economical aspects from one of environmentalist from KfW, gave different tasks.

Planta d

e Bioga

s Landfill technology is very crucial to understand as it solves the problem of waste dumping and on the same side it provides Green Energy. During Excursion to Gra-nada, students of REMENA batch 8 & 9 watched the functioning of Landfill biogas and discussed their confu-sion with technical expertise. This excursion helped student to increase their technical horizon in the field of Bio gas.

Berl

in This excursion was organized for one week to have knowledge of German politics internationally. All REMENA students were grouped with students from different universities. Furthermore, they had discussions with politicians and also attended the German parliament session. In this visit, students also visited historical places in Berlin.

In this excursion, students understood various meth-ods of heat generation and thermal storage technolo-gies with the help of solar heat, mainly point focus and line focus.

DLR

Students were explained how Spain is replacing its fuel to electrification in mobility sector. Mitsubishi electric cars are playing an important role under smart city pro-ject. Technical expert of this company warmly wel-comed REMENA students and explained functioning as well as charging of Mitsubishi E-car. Students also had an opportunity to drive the E-car.

E-mobility

This visit was to understand grid stabilization for the smart city which uses renewable technologies and feed in tariff system to satisfy energy need of one small part of Malaga, which in the future will expand more. Sma

rt City

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One of the best recreational excursions, a three-day trip to Aswan and Luxor, arranged by REMENA for batch 9 and 10 during winter holidays. We found the most breathtaking views of enormous and massive temples like Philae in Aswan and Kar-nak in Luxor. The pharaohs founded a gorgeous renaissance thriving in the ancient. Prof. Dr. Sayed Kaseb explained a lot about both cities. It was full of fun and knowledge. In Nubian Museum, three thousand pieces of antiquities, rep-resenting various ages; Geological, Pharaonic, Ro-man, Coptic and Islamic, were displayed.

The Unfinished Obelisk offered unusual insights into an-cient Egyptian stone working techniques, with marks from worker’s tools, still clearly visible, as well as ocher colored lines marking where they were working. Medinet Habu, which is an important Egyptian archaeologi-cal and tourist locality on the West Bank of the modern city of Luxor, was worth visiting. We also visited a modern engineering marvel for Egypt, High Dam Aswan, and As-wan University, thus it was a complete trip to get useful information about the art and cultural information of both cities.

Aswan &

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My experience in Egypt was a recognizing and reconciling process. As I dug deeper for my meaning in Egyptian cul-ture, I began to see the roots of my appreciation. So, on an impulse I decided to join REMENA including one semester in Cairo, Egypt,

which fits my criteria perfectly: distant and mysterious, plus a wicked cool cultural history that I had found fascinating since I was a child. I was fasci-nated with culture, the way societies developed and com-municated. Looking back, I would definite-ly trade my study in Cairo ex-perience for all other girls. It helped to shape me who I am today: it made me stronger, more passionate and more aware. Challenge yourself when thinking about where to travel. See the world in its en-

tire splendor. Travel isn’t only about the pretty scenery, the good food and fun celebra-tions but also about finding who you are, who you’re not, and your place in this big pic-ture. In any new destination, be safe and learn new culture. Take steps into the culture of your destination by branching out gradually. No matter where you travel to, whether it be somewhere close in cus-tom or far from it, trust your instincts and indulge yourself into the learning process. ——

My experience in Egypt

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Zafarana

Wind Fa

rm The academic excursion to Al Zafaran Wind Farm was a part of REMENA, in order to get familiar with the exist-ing renewable energy technologies in Egypt. Batch 9 and 10 started their educational trip, early morning on Friday, 16th of October 2015.The Zafarana wind farm was built in Egypt from 2000-2008. Since then, the wind farm had been extended in volume and in capacity. Zafarana site is located approximately 190 km southeast of Cairo, on the inland side of a high-way along the Suez Gulf coastline. The site is located in a desert area with favorable wind conditions, having an expected capacity factor of 32.7%, resulting in 1152450

I had a chance to have technical exposure with my classmates. Members of university showed us all the laboratories and in the end we saw newly installed roof top PV technology. We were warmly welcomed by university.

Aswan Uni Wei

hnachts

basar The REMENA batch 9 & 10 got chance of visiting this

cultural program which took place at Deutsche evange-lische oberschule (German School) 6, Dokki Street, Cairo. When I reached at the venue I saw more than 300 people standing in line & waiting for their turn to get into the market, and once we were inside the school I could feel the value of this, ancient cultural, gathering of more than 700 people which included the people who were there to buy & sell goods for Christmas and also those people who just wanted to sit under the tree in the bright sun with their families or friends.

MWh of electricity annually. The project is developed by the Newand Renewable Energy Authority (NREA). The Project is to assist Egypt in its sustainable development in several ways, by providing zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and enabling the country to export the natural gas.

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Cairo's most popular attraction, the Giza Pyramids draw thousands of visitors every year. As one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, these pyramids have stood the test of time, remaining intact for roughly 4,500 years. You'll find three primary pyramids, the best known being the Great Pyramid of Cheops. This is the burial place of the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu, who reigned between 2589 and 2566 B.C. Khafra, Khufu's son, lies entombed in the nearby Pyramid of Chephren. The third structure, the Pyramid of Mycerinus, stands as the small-est of the Giza Pyramids and was constructed by Khafra's

successor to the throne, Menkaure. Resting atop the Giza Plateau, the Sphinx, a massive iconic statue with the head of a man and the body of a lion, also drew our attention, yes we REMENA batch 9 and 10 with Prof. Dr. Sayed Kaseb visited Giza Pyramids. You'd never live it down if you went all the way to Egypt and never saw Giza and the Sphinx. I've been there a few times but visit with REMENA was wonderful and memorable. —— REMENA auf Ausflug is written by Arpit Raval, REMENA Batch 9 & Shaffaq Saleem, REMENA batch 10

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amids

In these modern & technologi-cal times no matter how much the world develops the aspect of socializing cannot be under-estimated. It is really im-portant. Today where Social media has become major source of reaching to every-body and exchanging self ide-as or events from life, still the social events holds a very im-

portant place in everyone’s life specially when organized with a motive. It has widespread application among which ma-jor is that when it holds a num-ber of people from different cultures, different countries, different religions, different ideas, different experiences we get so much to share, to talk with each other and which enhances our senses, our knowledge for our life & the best part is that as everybody or most of the people are un-known to us so the view of dis-cussion can be seen from the neutral point which is very much profitable thus you can learn from people who aren’t your most obvious peer group. It gives us the opportunity to talk about our self to talk about our latest researches or inno-

vations if we have any & if we want to convey any messages than this is the time when eve-ryone can hear you and thus we can get insights from other people’s reactions to what we are doing & this is the only major thing that anyone would remember not the full event. Praising or awarding a person at such event gives them a lot of confidence to go on & try doing much more things in their lives. We can only gain that trust by sitting down with people, breaking bread with people and engaging people on a social level and then things really start to happen. If you know each other on a so-cial level it’s easier to relate on a professional level as well and getting to know someone else quite closely, we are more likely to be inspired by them. —— Ankit Kachhawaha

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Solar Energy and Agriculture There are main two type of solar power systems used for agriculture purposes: photovoltaic, which converts solar en-ergy to electric power and solar thermal, which uses solar energy to heat water or air or oil. Both systems convert solar energy into usable energy and both have many applications in agricultural. The usages of these solar thermal are for dry-ing crops, heating outbuildings and also for energy storage in overhead tanks. Solar energy can be used in agriculture in a different ways for example saving money, increasing self reliance and reducing pollution. Crop and Grain Drying Crop and grain drying using the sun is one of the oldest

applications of solar energy. However, solar drying equip-ment can dry crops faster and more efficiently than leaving them in the field after harvest. Moreover, other advantages are to reduce the damage by birds, pests and weather. For example, dark-collared box with a glass cover are used to capture the heat and also use natural convection method or a fan to blow hot air through the crops to dry them. In Switzerland, a farmer used a dark metal roof as a solar collector, with a fan to draw the hot air under the dark metal roof. This method reduced the need of an oil or electric heat-er as well as maintenance costs. So that farmer can eliminate the major cost of fuel from and can earn more profits, which is a point of issue for most of them.

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Remote Electricity Supply Sunlight can also generate electricity. Photovoltaic (PV) cells made of semiconductors such as crystalline silicon or various thin film materials can convert sunlight directly into the elec-tricity. However, solar panels are often a cheaper option than new electric lines for providing power to remote locations, giving higher accessibility in terms of energy and because they require no fuel and have no moving parts, they are more convenient to operate and maintain than diesel or gasoline generators. PV systems are a highly reliable and low-maintenance option for electric fences, lights, and water pumps. Although current prices for solar panels make them too expensive for most crop irrigation systems but photovoltaic sys-tems are economical for remote livestock water supply, pond aeration and small irrigation sys-tems. Wind Power and Agriculture Thousands of farmers used the wind to pump water and generate power which makes the Wind power a fastest-growing energy source in the world. While many people will benefit indi-rectly from the clean air and economic growth brought about by wind power development, farmers can benefit directly. Wind power can provide an important economic boost to farm-ers. Large wind turbines typically use less than half an acre of land, including access roads, so farmers can continue to plant crops and graze livestock right up to the base of the turbines. Biomass and Agriculture Biomass energy has the potential to supply a significant por-tion of energy needs, while helping the rural economies, increasing energy independence and reducing pollution. Farmers would gain a valuable new outlet for their products. Rural communities could become entirely self-dependant using the biomass for instant, they can use locally grown crops and animal waste for producing the biogas and this gas use for cooking as well heating. Agricultural activities generate large amounts of biomass residues. While most crop residues are left in the field to reduce erosion and recycle nutrients back into the soil, some could be used to produce energy without harming the soil. Other wastes such as whey from cheese production and ma-nure from livestock operations can also be profitably used to produce energy while reducing disposal costs and pollution.

Renewable energy sources positively impact the environment as well as the economy. However they also provide flexibility, independence, and environmental benefits when integrated for agricultural activities. While wind energy is a primary fo-cus in renewable for example wind pump used for irrigation purpose and wind turbines to produce the electricity and this electricity used for pumping as well for electric dryer. There scope and capacity factor is higher than compared to other renewable sources but then they need better and regular

maintenance and other electrical and mechanical equipments to run the whole system. Thus, in comparison to it solar pho-tovoltaic are more common on farms as a use of remote electricity. The use of solar PV’s to generate electricity and to power electric fencing and water pumps, two very common uses for renewable on farms and ranches, reveals that the lower maintenance and operational cost and increased flexi-bility, enables practices that positively impact the environ-ment. In addition, biomass helps to produce the bio gas or bio fuel which can be used for domestic purpose especially for the people living in the outskirts. However, we can get organic fertilizers from the biomass which helps to increase the soil quality. In all the humanity is dependent on agricul-ture in large amount but the recent change in climates, in-crease in cost of conventional sources and growth in popula-tion is affecting this sector a great amount. These factors can be difficult to control but the dependency of the agricultural activities on these can be reduced to a specific factor special-ly by use of renewable energies. —— Bhagya Upadhyay, REMENA batch 10

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That movement in nerves, that jolt on tongue, that power in his anamneses are the feelings identical to one incited by the dance, food & music. Their pres-ence can always make you feel confident & pleasant, so eventually it became the need of human to devel-op it, get dependent on & survive in their lifetime. It became the medium of expressing their thoughts, devotion, desires, passion and their relation to the nature, humanity & god, thus becoming a big part of their culture & social cohesions. The difference in lifestyle of people since past has assisted the re-gional & traditional variations of these things, as we can see and enjoy it today and which infect has made it more compelling and delightful. If you are attached with at least anyone of these, you will easily make connections in any part of world. The same you can feel in Egypt, which is known to hold one of ancient civilisations of world. In the southern part of it where you will find Nubian cul-ture, struggled & evolved through various dynasties

has a very calming music made by Clarinet, Flute and Tambourines and a light dance form only per-formed in a group & depicting their past in a proud & cheerful way. In the lower Egypt(north) you can experience a completely different but equally sooth-ing music. It is much more provoked by the Arabian style of music, which gives it a variant taste, one of them being Sufi style in which they follow an Islamic mystical order which emphasises chanting and trances to attain unity with God and their characteri-zation on it, in the form of dance is much more pow-erful. The higher and heavier the chanting gets the more concentrated their performance becomes. The melody is in their voice, especially when they make transitions between the notes. Another is the tradi-tional form which has instruments similar to that of the southern music in addition with Tablah (goblet drum),which is used for beats & which infact models the dance of the low land Egypt performed mainly by the man, from beats to beats. These various compo-sitions can completely carry you to different dimen-sions making the one forget about the present & feel himself only in the presence of his beloved. If you love eating, you’ll find a wide variety of food good, fresh and in honest fare that contains an occa-sional sensational punch. Although it is not much diverse as you might find in Turkey, Pakistan or In-dia, the simplicity and the collection of general food into one is its asset which will surely attract you. Its speciality lies in its availability, that is you can al-ways find a nice place for dinning maybe by the Nile or in old streets of downtown and can consume it as GF]�.RHQ�*RUULVVHQ

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breakfast, lunch or dinner anytime. Meals here typi-cally centre on stews and vegetables but the fishes can be found in large variety and the meat is a kind of luxury. If you find a long line across a street near a shop, be sure that they serve either real nice koshari or the famous falafel(ta’amiyya) and shawarma. If you ask them to serve in Suri (Syrian) style you might like it much more. Koshari is a mix of macroni, noodles, rice, lentils served on top with the fried onions and spicy tomato sauce. It is one thing that you will al-ways be up for eating. The non-vegetarian lovers don’t have to go too far, but just find a good small stall or shop in street where they will serve you varie-ty in meat or chicken or beef with fresh breads or maybe with pasta, little smoked up or fried or boiled with spices. It’s difficult to resist. Vegetarians will still have a much more variety to feed themselves espe-cially when it comes to Feteer and Mahshi. The pies made of thin doughs and baked with a lot of fatty but-ter milk makes it so tasty and soft, when warm, that at some point it becomes hard for your stomach to take more but you cannot stop yourself from eating it. Mahshi is a stuffing of rice, seasoned with herbs and spices, put into vegetables like green pep-pers, aubergines, courgettes, tomatoes & cabbage leaves. The other kind is made from the grape leaves stuffed with rice. It’s refreshing smell can make you hungry and it tastes best when it is hot. Being in Egypt you would not want to end eating without the desserts, which one can have in lot of varieties. Enjoying an Ice-cream, cake or pastries is

what you can do anywhere, but their art comes when they prepare a number of sweets from milk, fruits, nuts, breads and much more to offer. Roz be laban, a rice pudding is made with short grain white rice, full-cream milk, sugar, and vanilla, may be served dusted with cinnamon. Omm Ali a national dish of Egypt, with layers of feteer, is a raisin cake soaked in milk and served hot. Qumbela is a mix of all the fruits put into the mango syrup and milk and topped with clot-ted cream, malai in hindi, which adds to the beauty of the taste, especially when cold. People here will al-ways keep room for having something sweet & it’s a good trick to do so as well. REMENA basically being an initiation in direction to make our world green and motivate people to go for renewable to saveour habitat from deterioration, has tried not to keep itself confined to only technological and economical aspects to achieve this. It includes a very important side of intercultural exchange which gives one a sense and reason to not think just for their region or people, but benefit the whole humani-ty from it seeing it as one. There might be difference in the outlook of the people but what joins all of them is that other level obtained from these various facets of life, Music, Dance and Food which is above all disparity. —— Ankit Kachhawaha, REMENA Batch 10

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