Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energyeere.energy.gov 1 Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable...

Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy eere.energy.gov

1

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Activities and Collaborations

with BES

Henry KellyActing Assistant Secretary EERE

Basic Energy Sciences Advisory CommitteeAugust 2-3, 2011


2

Total Primary Energy Use by Sector

Baseline Aspirational


3

Total Emissions by Sector



4


Petroleum Product Use by Mode


5

Vehicle costs are in the average risk case (50% likely) and are for a midsize vehicle. Gas price is AEO reference case ($3.64 in 2030), no carbon price assumed.

Light Duty Vehicle Costs ($/mile)


6

Battery R&D Advance the development of batteries.

Lithium/Sulfur/air; Non lithiumTheoretical Energy: 3000 Wh/kg, >3000 Wh/l

En

erg

y

Current Technology

2014 DOE EERE PHEV Goals$300/KWh

2015 2020

EERE and ARPA-E EV Goals$100-150/KWh

~200 Cells, ~$6,000PHEV Battery



Low-costEV Battery

Graphite/Layered cathodeTheoretical: 400 Wh/kg,1400 Wh/l

Practical Energy: 150 Wh/kg 250 Wh/l;

Graphite/High-Voltage cathodeTheoretical Energy: 560 Wh/kg, 1700 Wh/l

Silicon/High-Voltage cathodeTheoretical Energy: 880 Wh/kg, 3700 Wh/l

Lithium/High-Voltage cathodeTheoretical Energy: 990 Wh/kg ,3000 Wh/l


7

Thermal processes dominate energy use across many energy-intensive industrial subsectors

Source: Analysis of energy use in select energy-intensive industries, based on Energy Information Administration 2006 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey data

Chemica

ls

Forest

Products

Petroleu

m R

efinin

g

Iron an

d Stee

l

Other

Ener

gy Inten

sive S

ecto

rs**

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

Non-process

Other processes*

Machine drive

Process heat

Steam

Trillion Btu

* Process cooling & refrigeration, electrochemical, other processes** Alumina & aluminum, cement, glass, foundries


8

Thermoelectric Materials

ThermoelectricSuperlattice

Arrange atomic planes


9

Residential Energy Consumption

Base Case

Aspirational

4.60

3.51

0.62

0.35

0.95

0.77

1.90

1.17

1.95

0.91

0.98

0.35

0.53

0.37

1.06

0.56

1.41

0.99

2.70

1.47

2.11

1.63

3.26

1.87

2030 - Residential Energy ConsumptionQuadrillion BTUs, Source Energy

Space Heating Losses Space Cooling Losses Water Heating Losses Lighting Losses Major Appliances Losses Misc. Load Losses

Base Case

Aspirational

4.41

2.41

0.62

0.24

1.04

0.43

1.93

0.64

1.90

0.54

0.99

0.22

0.39

0.08

0.72

0.11

1.51

0.62

2.69

0.90

2.68

1.77

3.95

2.01

2050 - Residential Energy ConsumptionQuadrillion BTUs, Source Energy

Space Heating Losses Space Cooling Losses Water Heating Losses Lighting Losses Major Appliances Losses Misc. Load Losses


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Commercial Energy Consumption

Base Case

Current Scenario

2.50

1.78

0.34

0.17

0.63

0.33

1.18

0.47

0.74

0.48

0.20

0.10

1.20

0.77

2.40

1.17

0.65

0.58

1.30

0.88

0.68

0.48

1.36

0.73

4.10

3.40

5.24

3.30

2030 - Commercial Energy ConsumptionQuadrillion BTUs, Source Energy

Space Heating Losses Space Cooling Losses Water Heating Losses Lighting Losses Office Losses Ventillation LossesOther Uses Losses

Base Case

Current Scenario

2.61

1.43

0.33

0.12

0.71

0.04

1.24

0.06

0.88

0.41

0.18

0.07

1.37

0.14

2.55

0.20

0.82

0.71

1.52

1.05

0.84

0.29

1.57

0.42

5.20

4.18

6.49

4.06

2050 - Commercial Energy ConsumptionQuadrillion BTUs, Source Energy

Space Heating Losses Space Cooling Losses Water Heating Losses Lighting Losses Office Losses Ventillation LossesOther Uses Losses


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"BAU"

cons

umpt

ion

HVAC

Ligh

ting

Wat

er h

eatin

g

Refrig

erat

ing

Cookin

g

Was

hing

Misc

.

"Ube

rgoa

l"

cons

umpt

ion

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000 Washing CookingRefrigerating Water heatingLighting HVACColumn1

48%

Aspirational goal for buildings:T

BT

Us

Pri

ma

ry E

ne

rgy

in

20

30

Preliminary


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RENEWABLES

• Photovoltaics• Concentrating Solar Power• Wind• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Biomass• Fuel Cells• Marine and Hydrokinetic


13Same as previous but utility scale technologies only.

Levelized Cost of Electricity


14

$8.00

$1.70

$0.80

$0.40

$0.50

$1.88

$0.72

$0.76

$0.40

$0.22 $0.12

$0.10

0

2

4

6

8

SunShot20

04 S

yste

ms

Prices

2010

Sys

tem

s

Prices

Power E

lect

ronic

s Cost

Reduct

ions

BOS Impro

vem

ents

BOS Soft

Costs

Reduct

ions

Module

Effi

cien

cy

Impro

vem

ents

Man

ufact

uring C

ost

Reduct

ions

$1/W Target

$1/W

Inst

alle

d S

yste

ms

Pri

ce (

$/W

)

$3.80/W

Power Electronics

Balance of Systems (BOS)

PV Module


1515

Wind Technology Challenges

• Advanced turbine materials: – Inexpensive carbon fiber– Superconducting cables – Smart materials– Better permanent magnets

• System Reliability• Inexpensive deepwater

foundations for offshore wind


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Advanced Biofuels

Methanol to Gaso-line

Pyrolysis Fischer-Tropsch Open Pond Algae PBR Algae-$1.00

$4.00

$9.00

$14.00

$19.00

$24.00

$3.18

$2.04

$4.83

8.90497737556562

18.579185520362

Projected Nth Plant Costs for Select Drop-In Biofuels

Total ($/gge) Feedstock cost ($/gge) Coproduct Credit ($/gge) O&M ($/gge) capital ($/gge)

Sources: MTG -2009 PNNL Technical Report http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-18481.pdf; Pyrolysis – PNNL Technical Report http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-18401.pdf; FT - Swanson, et.al. 2010 (nth) FUEL Journal http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.07.027; Open Pond Algae - Davis, et.al. 2011 Applied Energy Journal http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.018; PBR Algae - Davis, et.al. 2011 (PBR) Applied Energy Journal http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.018;

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.07.027


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Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Jay Nathwani


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Water Power

http://lostontheshore.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2008/02/20/usace_kinzua_dam_downriver.jpg


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Projected Cost of Transportation Fuel Cells (at high volume—

500,000 units/year)

Innovation: Cheaper, effective catalysts – removing precious metals – the dominant cost driver for many fuel cells.

Los Alamos National Lab’s catalyst (Cyanamide-Iron-Carbon) shows the hghest reaction rate observed to date in a non-precious metal catalyst.

Potential: A nearly 10x improvement in the performance of catalysts that do not contain precious metals.

Fuel Cells


2020

Collaborations: Fuel Cell & H2 Examples

Fuel Cell Examples of Cross-Office Collaborative Successes

ARPA-E: Focus on creative, high-risk transformational energy research

Applied RD&D of innovative technologies

Advancing fundamental science knowledge base Using

ARPA-E developed catalyst in

water splitting

device

Bandgap tailoring

(Stanford)

Nano-catalyst support scaffold

(Stanford)

Standard protocols and benchmarking

High ThroughputProcesses (UCSB)

Nanowire based solar fuels generation (CalTech)

Alkaline Membranes

Solar Fuels Hub

Working Groups PEC, Biological,

High T Membranes, Storage Systems

Developing novel catalysts (high

risk/high impact)

Pt monolayer

Pd core

Mechanistic understanding of

catalysts

Biological H2 productionMaterials-based H2 storage


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Top Ten Research Problems for EE (zeroth order draft)

1. Durable membranes that transport only H2O (for cooling/ dehumidification)

2. Room temperature separations (replace distillation etc.)

3. Thermoelectric device with ZT>3

4. Magnets for motors and generators that operate at room temperature without rare earth materials

5. Glazing materials with controllable properties (transmissivity, reflectivity, emissivity)

6. Fast synthesis of Lithium-electrolyte interface layer formation

7. Low cost insulating materials with low conductivity/cm-thickness

8. Low cost sensor for measuring air quality (CO, CO2, particulates, hydrocarbons, bacteria)

9. Low cost, low embedded energy substitute for concrete

10. Multi-photon phosphors


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Top Ten Research Problems for RE (zeroth order draft)

1. Methods for accurate prediction of windspeeds on land and in the ocean (minute scale to monthly scale)

2. High-efficiency biological pathways for converting biomass to materials now made from petroleum (bacteria, enzymatic processes…)

3. High-efficiency non-biological or bio-mimetic pathways for converting biomass to materials now made from petroleum (electro-fuels, sunlight-to-fuels)

4. Low cost, durable materials with high optical transmissivity and high electrical conductivity

5. Inexpensive production methods for high-efficiency III-V photovoltaics

6. Low-cost, durable membranes that transport only H2 and require little or no rare materials (flow batteries, fuel cells)

7. Inexpensive methods for locating geothermal resources

8. High band gap semiconductors (power conditioning/controls)

9. High growth rate algae or other materials that convert >80% of mass to lipids

10.New membranes and/or chemistries for utility-scale flow batteries

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