Energy Efficiency & Low-e Buildings Planning & …...– Passive design principles – climate...

Josie Close, Energy Efficiency & Energy Security for Sustainable Development : Taking Collective Action on Mitigating Climate Change: UN Forum 2007

Energy Efficiency & Low-e Buildings Planning & Architecture

Energy Efficiency & Sustainable Architecture

outline

• Energy Efficiency – ‘low hanging fruit’• Decentralised (on-site) energy generation• Low-e buildings - TAMM*


• Low-e buildings - TAMM*• Urban regeneration + Retrofitting

*Targets, Analysis, Measurement and Monitoring

2007-2015

Critical


Critical timeframe

Urgent - act NOW!

Building Energy Efficiency

20-30% efficiency increase NOW• Upgrade building services technology

– Motors, drivers & ballast– Sensors and control systems


– Sensors and control systems

• Dynamic (AI +NN) BEMS (Building Energy Management Systems)

• ~3yr Pay-back on ESCO’s (Energy Service Companies)

Retro-fit • Future innovations + technology upgrades

Decentralised energy• Localised energy generation

– Make it where its used & needed – Avoid T&D losses (7-10%)

• Local DC grid (mini-grid)


– Most equipment & electronics (semi-conductors) operate on Direct Current (DC)

– Avoid conversion losses (DC-AC-DC) (10-20%)

• CHP (Combined Heat & Power) + Cooling (Tri-generation) achieves ~80%+ efficiency (best available centralised electricity plant = 52% )

On-site generationBuilding integrated:

– Solar electric (PV) - electricity– Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) – electricity– Solar thermal – hot water/air conditioning– Ground source cooling – air conditioning– Wastewater recycling (generates biogas)


– Wastewater recycling (generates biogas)– Waste-to-energy (organic waste to biogas)– CHP - Gas/LNG/Biogas (links intermittent RETs)

Available + cost effective NOW– Fuel cells (also CHP) – natural gas/biogas/hydrogen

Presently maintenance costs high

Promotes better energy supply security

Hong Kong School 2004

1


View from residential tower (south)

1 Deck-shading (CIS)

2 Rooflight (Poly-si)

3 S.SE facing Canopy (A-si)

4 Vertical façade (omitted)

40kW PV array (~ 65% roof cover) generates 9% annual electricity need, (target 10%) PV system costs within standard government budget for schools.School design by Architectural Services Department, HK Government; PV systems design, installation supervision, monitoring & data acquisition by HKU PV ResearchCost Analysis by DLS Management International.

HK Office Tower


PV-generated electricity powers window shades to prevent interior

heat build-up(not grid-tie application)

One Peking Road, Hong Kong Rocco Design & Partners for Glorious Sun

Wal-Mart Store, Aurora, Colorado, USA Reported (February 2006)

• 3-on-site generation technologies– 50kW wind turbine– 134kW solar electric installation– 60kW gas-fired micro-turbines

• Evaporative cooling

Case study


• Evaporative cooling including

– Low-flow displacement ventilation

• Energy-saving:– Daylighting and EE lighting technologies– Solar wall pre-heats ventilation air– Waste-oil boilers heat water for underfloor heating

Property

Responsible for ~70%* of total energy use60+ years operational lifeA project developed today will impact well

into 2080


into 2080

ButProperty developers have short-term focus

*Normally referenced as 40-50% but higher when embodied energy included See Building Energy Efficiency, Asian Business Council, October 2007

used to

^

Energy Life-cycle Analysis

$$$$$$

$$$$$$$$$$

$$$$$

energy use post build


Initial Land Cost

Construction Costs

Building Energy Use & Maintenance

Cost

DemolitionCost

LCC

$$$$

$$

$$$

$$$$$$

$$$$$$$$

$$

$$

$$$$$$$$

$$$$$$$$

Low-e

$ Conventional

$Design Costs

$$$

Developers’ perspective

TAMM*Building Energy Performance• BECS (Building Energy Codes & Standards) government tools• Assessment tools (construction industry) adopted by governments

– US Green Buildings Council (LEED) widely applied– UK BREEAM– Japan CASBEE– Australia Green Star

• Benchmark building sectors, certification & labelling


• Benchmark building sectors, certification & labelling– peer pressure + market leadership

Mandatory/Voluntary• Enforcement

– Government or self-assessment

• Market forces – easy finance, faster sales, leverage on price

• Non-fiscal tools/CSR – awards, publicity, prestige, share value

*Targets, Analysis, Measurement & Monitoring

Urban regenerationDevelopers, Design Professionals & Clients– Raised awareness (Building Performance Assessment tools)– Corporate Social Responsibility– Don’t knock down – retro-fit– Appreciative of $ savings (time)

– Market advantage in ‘green’ features(Green Roof [HSBC] + Planted Walls)


Retro-fitting– Saves embodied energy – Cultural heritage – Saves construction time($)– Retrofit with RETs

• PV installation• Ground source cooling• Ground source heating

‘Brown’ Sites

New-build on ‘brown sites’:– Passive design principles – climate responsive

– ‘Long-life, low-energy, loose-fit’ for future adaptability(Note bedroom-size restricts Hotel upgrade results in demolition)

– Integrated RETs – on-site generation for energy


– Integrated RETs – on-site generation for energy security

– Recycling waste-water (irrigation/flushing) + MSW on-site (biogas)

– EE awareness raised with localised generation

Pioneer BIPV


4 Times Square New York, 1998

Fuel cell in the basement + PV on the facades


Shanghai’s Dongtan Eco-city (Zero carbon emissions) city of the future : Arups

Conclusion• Energy efficiency

– Targets and goals for EE + RETs – Building design from passive design principles– Design quality + time on system analysis & sizing

• On site generation + energy efficiency– CHP + RETs with BEMS


– CHP + RETs with BEMS– Savings from fossil fuel costs + energy security

• Benchmarks through Green Buildings ratings– Market forces + peer pressure– Building performance rating against competitors– Maximum advantages – CSR, sales, awards, publicity

Energy security


Domestic solid waste +anaerobic digester = Biogas

Thank you


[email protected] (852) 60780797

Energy Efficiency & Low-e Buildings Planning & …...– Passive design principles – climate...

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