Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. ·...

41
Endocrine System

Transcript of Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. ·...

Page 1: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Endocrine System

Page 2: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Endocrine System: Overview

• Endocrine system – the body’s second great controlling system which controls/integrates body systems by means of hormones =homeostasis

• What is the other controlling system???

Page 3: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Figure 16.1

Page 4: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Hormones• Hormones – chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids

–Regulate the metabolic function of other cells

–Have lag times ranging from seconds to hours

– Tend to have prolonged effects–Are classified as amino acid‐based hormones, or steroids

Page 5: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Peptide hormones‐strings of amino acids

Page 6: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Steroid hormones

Page 7: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Steroid hormones

Page 8: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Hypothalamus

• The hypothalamus sends a chemical stimulus to the anterior pituitary–Releasing hormones stimulate the synthesis and release of hormones

–Inhibiting hormones shut off the synthesis and release of hormones

Page 9: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Adenophypophyseal Hormone(Anterior Pituitary)

• The six hormones of the adenohypophysis:–Abbreviated as GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and PRL

–Regulate the activity of other endocrine glands

Page 10: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Growth Hormone (GH)

–Stimulate most cells, but target bone and skeletal muscle

–Promote protein synthesis and encourage the use of fats for fuel

Page 11: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotropin)

• Stimulates the normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid

Page 12: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Corticotropin)

• Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

Page 13: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Gonadotropins

• Gonadotropins – follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

•Regulate the function of the ovaries and testes

–FSH stimulates gamete (egg or sperm) production

Page 14: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Functions of Gonadotropins

• In males– LH stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone

– LH is also referred to as interstitial cell‐stimulating hormone (ICSH)

Page 15: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Functions of Gonadotropins

• LH ‐ In females

–LH works with FSH to cause maturation of the ovarian follicle

–LH works alone to trigger ovulation (expulsion of the egg from the follicle)

–LH promotes synthesis and release of estrogens and progesterone

Page 16: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Functions of Gonadotropins

• LH ‐ In males–LH stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone

Page 17: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Prolactin (PRL)

• In females, stimulates milk production by the breasts

• Blood levels rise toward the end of pregnancy

• Suckling stimulates PRL release and encourages continued milk production

Page 18: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

The Posterior Pituitary• Posterior pituitary – made of axons of hypothalamic neurons, stores antidiuretichormone (ADH) and oxytocin

• ADH influences water balance (kidney)• Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterus

• Plays a role in sexual arousal and satisfaction in males and nonlactating females

• “Cuddle hormone”

Page 19: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Posterior Pituitary

• ADH‐ promotes reabsorption of water by kidney (less urine produced)

• No ADH‐ large amount of watery urine; thirst

Page 20: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Thyroid Gland• The largest endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, consists of two lateral lobes. Composed of follicles that produce thyroid hormone  

• Other endocrine cells, the parafollicular cells, produce the hormone calcitonin

Page 21: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Thyroid Gland

Figure 16.8

Page 22: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

• Thyroid hormone (contains Iodine)

• Regulates body metabolism and heat production

• Under‐secretion‐stunted growth; mental sluggishness; lack of energy

• Hypersecretion‐ heart palpitations; elevated body temperature; loss of weight; bulging eyes

Thyroid Hormone

Page 23: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

• Lowers blood calcium levels in children‐stimulates deposit of Ca++ in the bones

• Antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Calcitonin

Page 24: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Parathyroid Glands

• Tiny glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid

• PTH (parathyroid hormone) regulates calcium balance in the blood‐reabsorbs Ca++ from bones to maintain normal blood calcium levels

Page 25: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Parathyroid Glands

Figure 16.11

Page 26: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Effects of Parathyroid Hormone

Figure 16.12

Page 27: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

• Adrenal glands – paired, pyramid‐shaped organs atop the kidneys

• Structurally and functionally, they are two glands in one– Adrenal medulla – neural tissue that acts as part of the Sympathetic Nervous System

– Adrenal cortex – glandular tissue

Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands

Page 28: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Adrenal Cortex

Figure 16.13a, b

Page 29: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Adrenal Cortex• Synthesizes and releases steroid hormones called corticosteroids–mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)

–glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol)

–gonadocorticoids(chiefly androgens)

Page 30: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

• Regulate electrolytes in extracellular fluids• Aldosterone – most important mineralocorticoid – Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ and water by the kidneys

Mineralocorticoids

Page 31: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

• Help the body resist stress by:–Keeping blood sugar levels relatively constant (increase glucose in blood‐hyperglycemia)

–Maintaining blood volume and preventing water shift into tissue

Page 32: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Excessive Levels of Glucocorticoids• Excessive levels of glucocorticoids:

–Depress cartilage and bone formation– Inhibit inflammation–Depress the immune system–Promote changes in cardiovascular, neural, and gastrointestinal function

Page 33: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Gonadocorticoids (Sex Hormones)

• Most gonadocorticoids secreted are androgens (male sex hormones), and the most important one is testosterone

• Androgens contribute to:–The onset of puberty–The appearance of secondary sex characteristics

–Sex drive in females 

Page 34: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Adrenal Medulla• Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine• Secretion of these hormones causes:

–Blood glucose levels to rise–Blood vessels to constrict‐increase blood pressure

– The heart to beat faster–Blood to be diverted to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle

Page 35: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

• A triangular gland, which has both exocrine and endocrine cells, located behind the stomach 

• Products:• Pancreatic juice ‐ enzyme‐rich juice used for digestion (exocrine product)

• Hormones (endocrine products):Insulin regulate blood sugar levelsGlucagon

Pancreas

Page 36: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Pancreas

• Lack of insulin or decreased sensitivity to insulin results in hyperglycemia (high blood glucose); this results in increased urine production due to the need to excrete water with the glucose.

Page 37: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

• Paired ovaries in the abdominopelvic cavity produce estrogens and progesterone

• They are responsible for: – Maturation of the reproductive organs– Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics– Breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine mucosa

– Ovaries ALSO exocrine ‐gametes

Gonads: Female

Page 38: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

• Testes located in an extra‐abdominal sac (scrotum) produce testosterone

• Testosterone:– Maturation of male reproductive organs–Causes appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive

– Is necessary for sperm production (Exocrine)

Gonads: Male

Page 39: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

• Small gland hanging from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

• Secretory product is melatonin• Melatonin is involved with:

– Day/night cycles– Physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temperature, sleep, appetite)

Pineal Gland

Page 40: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling

Thymus

• Lobulated gland located deep to the sternum • Thymosins‐ these hormones are essential for the development of the T lymphocytes (T cells) of the immune system

Page 41: Endocrine Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/1/10613735/endocrine... · 2018. 10. 4. · Endocrine System: Overview • Endocrine system –the body’s second great controlling