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Transcript of End Show Slide 1 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis 12–3 RNA and...
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12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins.
Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA.
RNA contains coded information for making proteins.
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
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The Structure of RNA
There are three main differences between RNA and DNA:
•The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose.
•RNA is generally single-stranded.
•RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
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Types of RNA
Types of RNA
There are three main types of RNA:
•messenger RNA
•ribosomal RNA
•transfer RNA
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Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.
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Types of RNA
Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Ribosome
Ribosomal RNA
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Types of RNA
During protein construction, transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome.
Amino acid
Transfer RNA
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Protein Synthesis
DNADNAmoleculemolecule
DNA strandDNA strand(template)(template)
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TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTION
CodonCodon
mRNAmRNA
TRANSLATIONTRANSLATION
ProteinProtein
Amino acidAmino acid
3355
55
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Transcription
Transcription
DNA is copied in the form of RNA
Promoter: Section of DNA where transcription begins.
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Transcription
RNA
RNA polymerase
DNA
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RNA Editing
RNA Editing
Introns: area within a gene where DNA is not needed to produce a protein.
Exons: DNA sequences that code for proteins.
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RNA Editing
The introns are cut out of RNA molecules.
The exons are the spliced together to form mRNA.
Exon IntronDNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Cap Tail
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The Genetic Code
The Genetic Code
The genetic code is the “language” of mRNA instructions.
The code is written using the bases (AUCG).
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The Genetic Code
Codon: three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that specify a particular amino acid.
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The Genetic Code
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Essential Amino Acids
• Histidine (His)
• Isoleucine (Ile)
• Leucine (Leu)
• Lysine (Lys)
• Methionine (Met)
• Phenylalanine (Phe)
• Threonine (Thr)
• Tryptophan (Trp)
• Valine (Val)
Nonessential Amino Acids• Alanine (Ala)
• Arginine (Arg)
• Asparagine (Asn)
• Aspartic acid (Asp)
• Cystenine (Cys)
• Glutamic acid (Glu)
• Glutamine (Gln)
• Glycine (Gly)
• Proline (Pro)
• Serine (Ser)
• Tyrosine (Tyr)
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Nucleus
mRNACopyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
Translation
Translation: decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein).
Translation takes place on ribosomes.
During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.
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Translation
LysinetRNAPhenylalanine
Methionine
Ribosome
mRNAStart codon
The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the mRNA.
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Translation
Protein Synthesis
tRNA
Ribosome
mRNA
Lysine
Translation direction
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Translation
The process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon.
Polypeptide
Ribosome
tRNA
mRNA
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Genes and Proteins
DNA
mRNA
Protein
CodonCodon Codon
Codon Codon Codon
mRNA
Alanine Arginine Leucine
Amino acids within a polypeptide
Single strand of DNA
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12–3
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12–3
The role of a master plan in a building is similar to the role of which molecule?
a. messenger RNA
b. DNA
c. transfer RNA
d. ribosomal RNA
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12–3
A base that is present in RNA but NOT in DNA is
a. thymine.
b. uracil.
c. cytosine.
d. adenine.
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The nucleic acid responsible for bringing individual amino acids to the ribosome is
a. transfer RNA.
b. DNA.
c. messenger RNA.
d. ribosomal RNA.
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A region of a DNA molecule that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA is the
a. intron.
b. exon.
c. promoter.
d. codon.
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A codon typically carries sufficient information to specify a(an)
a. single base pair in RNA.
b. single amino acid.
c. entire protein.
d. single base pair in DNA.
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12–3
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