DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis
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Transcript of DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis
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DNA/RNA/Protein SynthesisAll illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com
Replication
Cell Division
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DNA Scientists
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Who tried to find the genetic material but failed? Instead he
found TRANSFORMATION.
This scientist injected mice with heat killed disease bacteria and live good bacteria and the mice died of pneumonia.
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Griffith“F” for failing to find genetic material!
F for finding:
TRANSFORMATIONHe found that good bacteria are changed into bad bacteria with transfer of some “factor.”
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Who actually found DNA is the “factor” that caused good bacteria
to change into bad bacteria?
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AveryRemember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA; the factor that causes transformation
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Who used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like?
Hint: This scientist died from too much radiation
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Rosalind Franklin
You may see this picture on the SOL!
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Who discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and was awarded
the Nobel Prize?
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Watson & Crick
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Who used radioactive bacteriophages (viruses) to confirm the genetic
material being transferred was DNA?
Bacteriophage(Virus)
Bacteria Cell
Capsid (protein coat of virus)
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Hershey & ChaseBacteriophages chase after bacteria to inject their DNA for infection and
replication.
Real Picture of a Bacteriophage
DNA
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Who found: % of Adenine = % Thymine
% Cytosine = % Guanine
What is this rule called?
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CHARGAFF
Chargoff’s Rule of BASE PAIRING!
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A, T, C, G
Which ones are purines? Which are pyrimidines?
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A, T, C, G
Hint: You “Pee Urine” (purine) in an outhouse attached to the main house
Out-houseHouse Hint: Cystine and Thymine have “y” in their names like Pyrimidine
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DNA Structure
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Empty slide to keep flashcards in order
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What does DNA stand for ?
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DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
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What is the shape of the DNA molecule called?
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What is the shape of the DNA molecule called?
DOUBLE HELIX
2 sides like a ladder
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What is DNA’s function?
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DNA carries the genetic code to make proteins from amino acids
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Sugar’s Name?
What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA (nucleotide)?
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Deoxyribose
What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA (nucleotide)?
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What is the difference between the DNA in
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
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What is the difference between the DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
DNA in a Prokaryote is a long loop found in the cytoplasm
DNA in a Eukaryote are individual chromosomes
in the nucleus
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What are the specific structures that carry the
genetic code found in the nucleus?
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Chromosomes
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Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide
(building block = monomer)
2 3
1
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1. Phosphate Group
2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose)
3. Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, or G)
1
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Why is DNA Replication important?
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Must have 2 identical strands of DNA
Cell Division!
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List the steps of DNA replication:
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List the steps of DNA replication:
1. Enzyme (Helicase) unzips DNA to open up2. DNA Polymerase (enzyme) attaches to the DNA and adds
complimentary bases (A,T,C,G) to make new sides of DNA3. Two identical strands of DNA are created for cell division (S phase)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdDkiRw1PdU&list=PL11819901C1D3513D
Hyperlink to video if access to internet
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An original strand of DNA has these nitrogen bases
C G G T A T G A T
1. What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication?
2. What bond holds the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”?
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C G G T A T G A T original strand l l l l l l l l l
G C C A T A C T A new strand
Hydrogen Bonds
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What is the protein that DNA wraps around to
coil up?
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Histone
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List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences
DNA RNASimilarities
Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G Nitrogen Bases
DifferencesDeoxyribose Sugar Ribose
SugarThymine UracilDouble Helix Single
Strand
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List Similarities and Differences
DNA RNASimilarities
Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar - Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases
DifferencesDeoxyribose Sugar Ribose
SugarThymine base Uracil baseDouble Helix Single
Strand
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Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab
Why did we use…
1. Soap?2. Salt?3. Meat tenderizer?4. Cold alcohol?
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Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab
Why did we use…
1. Soap? Breaks down lipid cell and nuclear membranes
2. Salt? Neutralizes + and - charges3. Meat tenderizer? Breaks down the
protein (Histones) wrapped around DNA
4. Cold alcohol? Precipitates out DNA
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RNA
Hint:RNA loves
“U”
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Empty slide to keep flashcards in order
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Name the 3 different types of RNA and function of each
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mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for proteins out of DNA to ribosome (like a recipe)
tRNA – transfer RNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes (like a sous chef bringing ingredients to chef)
rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (ribosome) makes the protein (like the chef)
t
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What does RNA stand for?
RNA
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What does RNA stand for ?
Ribonucleic Acid
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What is the purpose ofRNA?
RNA
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What is the purpose ofRNA?
To makePROTEINS!!!
RNA
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Where is RNA found?
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
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Where is RNA found?
CYTOPLASM
mRNA
mtRNA
rRNA
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What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?
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What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU
Transcription Translation
Click on Hyperlink to video if access to internet is available
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uRb1D38
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List the steps to make mRNA
What is this process called?
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List the steps to make mRNA“TRANSCRIPTION”
1. In the nucleus, DNA unzips
2. RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region
3. RNA Polymerase reads DNA’s nitrogen bases and makes and edits mRNA
4. mRNA goes out of nucleus through pores
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When RNA Polymerase is editing the mRNA during transcription, •What is kept in the mRNA?•What is edited (cut) out?
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Bad – get rid of it!
Good - keep!
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List the steps to make Protein from mRNA
What is this process called?
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List the steps to make protein “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer)
1. In the cytoplasm, rRNA attaches to mRNA
2. rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon”
3. Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon
4. Amino acids join to form polypeptide chain =
PROTEIN
tRNA
Amino Acid
Polypeptide Chain =
PROTEIN
mRNArRNA
ribosome
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What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?
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Codon
What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?
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What is the 3 base code on
the tRNA called?
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Anti-codon
What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?
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How many amino acids are there?
How many different codons code for those amino acids?
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How many amino acids are there? 20
How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64
Remember: Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome
1 codon = 1 amino acid3 nitrogen bases = 1 codon
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Can you Translate this mRNA ?
A U G U G C G U C U A A
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What is a gene mutation?
Not a real picture
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Change in nucleotide sequence
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What kind of DNA mutations
are these?
Name each type
1
2
3
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What kind of DNA mutations
are these?GENE
MUTATIONS
Name each type
Substitution (Point Mutation)Insertion (Frame shift)Deletion (Frame shift)
Substitution Point Mutation
Insertion Frame shift Mutation
DeletionFrame shift Mutation
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Name all types of chromosomal mutations
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Types of Chromosomal Mutations
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Which one of these is not a gene mutation?
Substitution?Deletion ?Insertion?Inversion?
Gene mutation in mice
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Substitution = Point Mutation (gene)Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)
Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation
I bet he can catch 3x more flies!
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What genes control the basic plan for where tissues and organs go in an embryo (organism)?
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Hox Genes
Not a real picture!
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Keep studying until you can answer every questions correctly…