Enabling pastoral landscapes: Building social capital to restore...
Transcript of Enabling pastoral landscapes: Building social capital to restore...
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Enabling pastoral landscapes:
Building social capital to restore
natural capital
Lynn Huntsinger,
University of California, Berkeley
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Outline
• Rangeland social-ecological services
• “Grassroots” : Bottom up conservation
• Continue rangeland SES services
• California Rangeland Conservation
Coalition
• Sustainable ranches
• Access to rangelands
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“Ecosystem Services”
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“Ecosystem Services”
OR
Co-production of
“social ecological services”
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“Ecologists …have paid surprisingly little
attention to how environments are created
and maintained”
they don’t consider “the role of engineering in
habitat modification, creation and
maintenance.”
Jones et al. Ecosystem Engineering
Engineers = wildlife, humans
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Ranches can create ecosystem
services at both landscape and
pasture scales
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Ranch
Interdependence and feedback Landscape
maintain extensive habitat
Pasture
improve habitat, reduce fire hazard
Ranch
food &heritage
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Example: Destruction of SES
services in 20th century
• SE service: purposeful fire
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Green valley view
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Brown valley
Herding to mountains since 1845
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State= 40 million ha
Rangeland = 21 million ha
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California
“Transhumance”
use of mountain
meadows, cattle
trails.
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Intentional burning by indigenous
people created California forests:
“The range of light”
In late 19th and early 20th
centuries, herders and ranchers
continued burning regularly,
engineering a pastoral landscape
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1. Alter species
composition
2. Change vegetation
structure
3. Maintain meadows
and open forest
SES service: rancher and
indigenous burning to engineer
habitat
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Fire suppression: Letter from Forest
Supervisor to local ranchers during WWI
“A patriotic duty to fight fire”
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Uncle
Sam,
1937
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Fire suppression reduced forage,
stopped SES engineering in forest
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Today, after fire suppression
(scientific management) since 1906
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Cow Months of Forage Harvested By Year, Forest
Service Grazing Leases
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Cow
Mo
nth
s
Reduced herds & time
North Sacramento Valley
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2008
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2012: 3,7 million ha burned
harvested: 80.000 ha
Billions of dollars in costs
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Rim Fire 2013
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2016
Increases in forest density increase vulnerability
to drought, disease and fire.
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Winter pasture:
grazing reduces fire
hazard in the
grassland….
and improves habitat
for many species
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Global biodiversity hot spot
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Many endemic, rare, plant and
animal species
Mediterranean annual grassland
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SE services: California ranching can
both maintain and improve habitat
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SE services: co-producing wildlife
habitat with grazing
• Western burrowing owl (CCWD
2005).
• Stephens kangaroo rats (Kelt et al
2005; USFWS 1997)
• Goldfields (Barry 2005)
• Some insects/beetles (Dennis et al
1997)
• Western pond turtle (CCWD 2005).
• Butterflies (Weiss, 1999)
• San Joaquin Kit Fox (USFWS 2010)
• Home for pollinators (Chapline-
Kramer 2011)
Research shows benefit
from change in grass
structure
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SES engineering: Construction and maintenance of stock
ponds by ranchers
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Endangered California tiger
salamanders
(Ambystoma californiense)
do best in grazed stock ponds
I like that cow!
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Prefer short grass and reduced
aquatic vegetation
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Landscape scale
SE service:
distribution of
stockponds ideal for
the species,
maintains meta
population
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Sustainable ranches maintain
large, connected, habitat areas
for many species
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- Zoning and planning, Easements
- Ranching community, coalitions
-
- Cost-sharing, PES
- UCCE, NRCS, other advisory
services and consultants
- Expanding markets, outreach
- Enterprise sustainability
Connected landscapes
Sustainable ranches
Grazing for ecological
benefits
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Rancher values and goals can
contribute
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“I keep the oaks because I want
it to look like a ranch not a farm."
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Conclusion I: ranching and grazing
can contribute valuable social-
ecological services
conserve landscape and
create habitat
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Outline
• Rangeland social-ecological services
• “Grassroots” : Bottom up conservation
• Continue rangeland SES services
• EX: California Rangeland Conservation
Coalition
• Sustainable ranches
• Access to rangelands
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“Bottom up” Agro-environmental
schemes
“Grassroots” programs: come from the
stakeholders, not government, voluntary
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Thanks to M. Fernández-Giménez for figure
Build networks (between people,
across scales) for game, grazing,
control burning, land conservation,
political influence Use and build
social capital to
create and
support natural
capital
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Use the SE services of ranching to
build a conservation coalition
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Outline
• Rangeland social-ecological services
• “Grassroots” : Bottom up conservation
• Build coalition on rangeland SES services
• EXAMPLE: California Rangeland Conservation
Coalition
• Sustainable ranches
• Access to rangelands
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California Rangeland Conservation
Coalition (CRCC)
• Started by ranchers
• Large meetings,
tours, education,
negotiate with
government, fund
research
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Threats
• negative public image
• land conversion/fragmentation
• policy for government land favors other
uses
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Building networks
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CRCC Mission
Bringing together ranchers,
environmentalists and government
entities to conserve and enhance the
ecological values and economic viability
of California’s working rangelands.
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Build on the existing ranch culture
for SE services
• Most want to be good stewards
• Want to enjoy their properties and work
• Enjoy relative autonomy, innovating
• Enjoy the environment
• Value producing food
• Invest in ecosystem
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Educate
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Typical California ranch grazing
relies on multiple land ownerships (Sulak 2007)
Government
Leased
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CCRC “Rangeland Resolution”
If you sign you agree: rancher management
good for wildlife and land
Why sign: grazing needed by agencies and
NGOs, land needed by ranchers
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California Rangeland Resolution
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Field tour: 实地考察
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Demonstrate
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Maintain adequate rangeland
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CRCC
map of
conservation
priorities:
voluntary
participation
to stop
fragmentation
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Grazing and rancher management
should continue on conserved
private land
Stop land
conversion using
payments and
incentives
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Grassroots rancher groups:
integrated and innovative
• Goal: Sustainable ranches and adequate rangeland (and avoid regulation)
• Educate and demonstrate benefits of grazing
– Government
– Public
– Each other
• Stabilize rangeland landscape
– Increase income (PES)
– Limit conversion
– Transfer to next generation
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Conclusions
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• Many valuable social ecological services from
rangelands depend on maintaining ranches
and grazing lands.
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Valuable “social-ecological
services” are produced from the
interaction of pastoralists and the
environment.
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Landscape: Intact ranches
Ranch: Economically viable
Pasture: Manage for desired ecological
outcomes
Sustaining SE Services: Grassroots
groups can integrate across
properties, scales, stakeholders
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Thank you!
Gracias!
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Mutual benefits from rancher
stewardship and values
Rancher benefits
• Natural beauty
• Living on property
• Wildlife and
recreation
• Legacy value: heirs
• Production value
Public benefits
• Natural beauty
• Existence and viewshed
• Wildlife and recreation
• Legacy value: future
generations
• Local ranch products
(Huntsinger et al 2010)