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Dr. Ritu Sharma

11.03.2010

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Reactions consisting of subjective cognitive

states, physiological reactions, and expressivebehaviors.

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Physiological changes- within our bodies-

shifts in heart rate, blood pressure, and so on; Subjective cognitive states-the personal

experiences, we label as emotions,

Expressive behaviors-outward signs of these

internal reactions(Tangney et al.,1996;Zajionc& Mcintosh,1992).

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Person environment relationship

1)Cognitive appraisal

Emotional responses:

2)Subjective experience

3)Thought-action tendencies

4)Internal bodily changes

5)Facial expression

6)Responses to emotion

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Cannon-Bard Theory

James-Lange Theory

Schachter and Singers Theory

Opponent-Process Theory

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A theory of emotions suggesting that variousemotion-provoking events simultaneouslyproduce physiological arousal and subjective

reactions labeled as emotions.

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A theory of emotion suggesting that emotionprovoking events produce variousphysiological reactions and that recognition of

these is responsible for subjective emotionalexperiences.

Support for this theory is provided by researchon the Facial Feedback

hypothesis(Laird,1984;Zajonc &Mcintosh,1992).

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This hypothesis suggests that changes in our facialexpressions sometimes produce shifts in ouremotional experiences rather than merelyreflecting them.

Also, other research suggests that changing ourbodily postures(e.g., Flack, Laird & Cavallero,1999)or even the tone of our voices(e.g., Seigman &Boyle,1993)may influence emotional experiences.

In view of such findings, the facial feedbackhypothesis has been renamed thePeripheral

feedback effect, to indicate that emotions can beinfluenced by more than simply facial expressions.

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A theory of emotions suggesting that anEmotion-provoking events produce increasedarousal; in response to the arousal, we searchthe external environment in order to identifythe causes behind it. The factors we identifythen determine the label we place on ourarousal and the emotion we experience.

Called also as two factor theory because itconsiders both arousal and the cognitiveappraisal we perform in our efforts to identifythe causes of such arousal.

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A theory suggesting that an emotional reactionis followed by an opposite reaction(Solomon,1982).

It says that An emotional reaction to a stimulus is followed

automatically by an opposite reaction, and

Repeated exposure to a stimulus causes theinitial reaction to weaken and the opponentprocess, or opposite reaction, to strengthen.

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Anterior Region Valence

Posterior Regions:

Arousal

Left HemispherePositive Affect Right Hemisphere

Negative Affect

Depressionreduced activity here

Anxiety :IncreasedActivity here

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Right cerebral hemisphere plays an especiallyimportant role in emotionalfunctions(e.g,Harrington,1995).

Specialized for the processing emotional information.

Epression of emotions.

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Difference between left and right hemisphereof the brain with respect to two key aspects ofemotions:

Valence-the extent to which an emotion ispleasant or unpleasant; and

Arousal-the intensity of emotion.

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Growing evidence indicate that activation ofthe left hemisphere is associated with positiveaffect, while

Activation of the right hemisphere is associatedwith negative affect.

Further, activation of anterior portions of bothhemispheres is associated with the valence

(pleasantness /unpleasantness) of emotions,while activation of the posterior portions of thehemispheres is associated with the arousal-theintensity of emotions.

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Structure deep within the brain known asamygdala seems to be involved in our ability to

judge the intensity of others

emotions(Adolphs)