Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.
-
Upload
alexandra-alexina-palmer -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
1
Transcript of Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.
![Page 1: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages
500-1500 A.D.
![Page 2: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Germanic Kingdoms• Germanic people began moving into Rome in the 3rd
century.• Visigoths initially occupied Spain & Italy until the
Ostrogoths took control of Italy and Rome in the 5th century.
• By 500 Western Roman empire had become a number of states ruled by Germanic kings.
• Germanic Angles & Saxons = Anglo-Saxons moved into Britain in 5th century.
• Clovis-Christian convert who established Frankish kingdom -509.
![Page 3: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Germanic Kingdoms• Clovis converted to Christianity after calling for
Jesus’ help during battle – the enemy supposedly fled after the plea.
• Clovis gained support of the Roman Catholic Church. First European ruler to endorse the church.
• By 510, Clovis’Frankish kingdom stretched from the Pyrenees Mountains to present day Germany.
• After Clovis’ death, his sons divided the kingdom. • Germans & Romans intermarried = German
customs had an important role.
![Page 5: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Germanic Kingdoms• Extended families in German society worked
together & defended each other during violent times.
• Germanic law was personal, one injuring another led to a savage blood feuds.
• Wergild (money for a man) system was developed to avoid bloodshed after crimes such as murder/ wrongdoer paid the injured party’s family a set amount of money which varied by social status.
![Page 8: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Role of the Church• Christianity became main religion of Roman empire
by 4th century. (Constantine and Edict of Milan)• Roman church developed a system of organization.• Priests were head of parishes – local communities.• Bishop was head of diocese - a group of parishes.• Archbishop – head of groups of diocese.• Bishop of Rome became known as Pope – the head
of what is now known as the Roman Catholic Church.
![Page 9: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Patriarch
Archdiocese/Archbishop
Bishop/Diocese
Priest/Parish
Pope
![Page 11: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Roman Catholic Church• Pope claim to power was based on the belief that Jesus
gave Peter the keys to Heaven.• Peter was considered to be the chief apostle & the first
bishop of Rome. He was executed by the Romans under the orders of Emperor Nero during the Christian persecutions.
• Bishops who succeeded Peter were called popes = Greek word for father – (pappas). 265 Popes to date.
• Western Christians accepted the pope as the church’s leader, but Eastern Christians didn’t recognize his power, led to a schism (break).
• Gregory I strengthened Pope’s power by taking political control of Rome & surrounding territories.
![Page 12: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Peter 1 B.C. – 67 A.D.
![Page 13: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Saint Peter Statue at the Vatican
![Page 14: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Roman Crucifixion of Peter
![Page 15: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Saint Peter’s Basilica at the Vatican
![Page 16: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Gregory I – 540-604
![Page 17: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Tomb of Pope Gregory I
![Page 18: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Vatican in Rome
![Page 19: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Vatican City – 110 Acres, Population of 800
![Page 20: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Role of Church• Gregory I – pope from 590-604, extended papal
authority over the Western Church & actively converted non-Christians.
• Monk = man who separates himself from the rest of the world to become closer to God/ Monasticism is the practice of living like a monk.
• Saint Benedict founded an order of Monks & wrote rules for their practice.
• Benedict’s rules divided the day into activities; emphasizing prayer & physical labor to keep monks busy.
![Page 21: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Role of Church• Monks meditated & read privately/ They prayed
together seven times a day.• All aspects of Benedict life were communal.• Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine monastery.• Monks were to obey the Abbot/ took a vow of
poverty/monks’ dedication made them new heroes of Christian civilization/ were social workers in communities.
• Monks spread Christianity throughout Europe/Irish & English monks were enthusiastic missionaries.
![Page 22: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Role of Church• Nuns = women who withdrew from the world to
dedicate themselves to God.• Nuns lived in convents headed by abbesses.
![Page 23: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Nuns Monks
![Page 27: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Charlemagne• 600 & 700’s, Frankish kings lost their power to the
chief officers of the king’s household = mayors of the palace (Majordomo).
• Pepin assumed the kingship in 752.• Pepin’s son became king after his death in 768 = son
was Charles the Great – Charlemagne.• Charlemagne = one of history’s great kings/ curious,
driven, intelligent, strong warrior, devout Christian/ was illiterate, but strongly supported learning.
• Ruled from 768 to 814/ Expanded the Frankish kingdom into Carolingian empire = covered much of western & central Europe.
![Page 28: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Charlemagne• Charlemagne established missi dominci
(messengers of the lord king), two men who were sent to make for sure the king’s wishes were followed.
• In 800, he was crowned emperor of the Romans/ the coronation symbolized the coming together of the Roman, Christian, & Germanic elements that forged European civilization.
• Carolingian Renaissance was promoted by Charlemagne’s desire to promote learning.
• Benedictine monks played important role in revival of learning during the Carolingian Renaissance.
![Page 31: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Fall of Carolingian empire• Charlemagne died in 814/ by 844 Carolingian
empire divided into 3 kingdoms by grandsons.• Muslims invaded southern France.• Magyars settled on the plains of Hungary.• Vikings (Norsemen of Scandinavia) started to attack
the empire.• Vikings were superb warriors & shipbuilders/ famed
dragon ships carrying about 50 men could go shallow rivers to attack inland.
• By the 9th century, Vikings settled in Europe.• 911, Frankish king gave Vikings land of Normandy.
![Page 32: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Feudalism• Invaders posed a threat to the safety of the people due to
decentralized government.• People began to turn to aristocrats or nobles for
protection/ led to feudalism and manorialism. • Manorialism – giving legal and economic power to the Lord
of the Manor. This was the main economic principle of the European Middle Ages.
• Feudalism arose between 800-900/ similar system in Asia- Samurai.
• Vassalage = center of feudalism/ came from Germanic society where warriors swore oath to their leader.
• Vassal = man who served a lord militarily.
![Page 35: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Feudalism: MilitaryService for Land
![Page 36: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Feudalism • Knights = heavily armored warriors.• Chain mail = armor made of metal links or plates.• Frankish army initially set up foot soldiers in mail.• Heavily armored knights dominated warfare for
over 500 years.• Knights had great prestige & formed much of
European aristocracy.• Early Middle Ages (500-1000) wealth was based on
owning land/very little trade.• Nobles gave a piece of land to Vassals in exchange
for fighting = fief.
![Page 37: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Feudalism• Vassals had political authority in their fief/in charge
of keeping order.• Feudalism became complicated = kings had vassals
who had vassals.• Feudal contract = unwritten rules that characterized
feudal relationship between king & vassal/knights.• Vassals were to advise the lord, financial obligations
to the lord, knighting of his eldest son.• Lord supported the vassal with land grant &
protection.
![Page 38: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Feudal Obligations
Vassals:Military service.Financial obligations to the lord.Serve on the lord’s court/advise the lord.Provide gifts for weddings and knighthoods.
Lords:Protection.Land.Justice in legal affairs.Wardship – oversee personal affairs and family if vassal dies in service.
![Page 39: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Feudalism• Castles = permanent residences &
fortresses/numbers increased in late middle ages (1000-1300).
• Middle Ages = nobles dominated European society/ main concern was warfare.
• Nobles = kings, dukes, counts, barons, bishops, archbishops.
• Knighthood = united lords & knights in aristocracy.• Knights = trained as warriors.• Young knights held tournaments to show their
skills- jousts became main attraction.
![Page 42: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 44: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Castle in England (built by William the Conquerer
![Page 45: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Castle in Wales (built by Edward I)
![Page 46: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Castle in Scotland
![Page 47: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Castle in Belgium
![Page 48: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Castle in the Netherlands
![Page 49: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Chivalry• 11th & 12th century, under influence of Church- chivalry
became important to knights.• Chivalry = civilized behavior, knights were to defend the
church & defenseless people, treat captives as honored guests, fight for glory not rewards.
• Women could own property, but were under control of men/ first their fathers, then their husbands.
• Lady of the castle in charge of household & estate.• Eleanor of Aquitane = Most powerful woman of Middle
Ages/married to king Louis VII of France & Henry II of England/ 2 children became kings of England(Richard the Lionheart and King John).
![Page 51: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Alfred the Great UnifiedThe Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy
![Page 53: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
England• King Alfred the Great united the various kingdoms
of England that had been ruled by Anglo-Saxon kings.Took place in the 9th century.
• Alfred also managed to fight of Viking attacks during his reign.
• Angles, Saxons, Germanic people were united.
![Page 54: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Norman Conquest• 10/4/1066, William of Normandy defeated King Harold of
England at the battle of Hastings.( William the Conquerer)• He claimed he had been promised the throne by his distant
cousin King Edward. • William was then crowned King of England.• Norman knights received land as a fief and swore
allegiance to the king.• Marriage of French & Anglo-Saxons led to a new English
culture.• Normans adopted Anglo-Saxon institutions = office of
sheriff, census called Domesday Book.• William further developed taxation & royal courts.
![Page 55: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
William I, the ConquerorBrought Norman
Feudalism To England
![Page 56: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Henry II• Henry II enlarged English monarchy in 1100’s.• Expanded the power of the royal courts & king’s
power/increased number of criminal cases tried on the king’s court.
• Common law replaced law codes across the kingdom (idea of precedent becomes important).
• Tried to control Church but failed.• Thomas Beckett, archbishop of Canterbury said only
Roman Catholic Church could try clergy (gets killed).• Four knights murdered Beckett, Henry was
outraged & backed down.
![Page 58: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Magna Carta• English nobles resented the growth of the king’s
power/ rebellion was raised against King John.• 1215, King John was forced to put his seal on the
Magna Carta.• Magna Carta = feudal document, written
recognition that the power of the king was limited.• 13th century, under Edward I = English parliament
emerged.• Parliament = 2 knights from every county, 2 people
from every town, and all the bishops & nobles throughout England.
![Page 60: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
John Was Forced
To Sign the Magna
Carta in 1215
![Page 61: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
English Parliament• Eventually 2 houses were formed.• Nobles & church lords = House of the Lords• Knights & townspeoples = House of Commons• Parliaments granted taxes & passed laws.
![Page 62: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Edward I Called a ParliamentOf Lords and Commons
![Page 63: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
The English Parliament
![Page 64: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The English Parliament
![Page 65: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
French Kingdom• Kingdom of France was 1/3 of the former
Carolingian empire by late middle ages.• Hugh Capet was chosen to be king by west Frankish
nobles establishing the Capetian dynasty in late 900’s.
• Capetians had little power & only controlled the land around Paris. Dukes had more power than kings.
• Phillip II of Augustus = was the turning point in the French monarchy.
• Phillip waged war against England & gained control of several new French territories.
![Page 66: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
French Kingdom• Phillip II’s successors continued to add land to the
Kingdom.• 13th century, Louis IX ruled/ deeply religious man
who later made a saint by the Catholic church.• Phillip IV (Phillip the Fair) was effective in
strengthening the French monarchy & expanding the royal bureaucracy.
• Phillip IV started a French parliament/Estates General.
![Page 68: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Philip IV Called the Estates-General to Raise Taxes
![Page 70: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Holy Roman Empire 962-1806• Area in Central Europe whose leaders called
themselves the Holy Roman Emperor (Combination of Christian and Roman ideas). Otto I was the founder.
• German kings attempted to rule both German & Italian lands but struggled to do so.
• Frederick’s attempt to conquer northern Italy caused problems.
• Pope opposed him fearing that he wanted to include Rome & the papal states in his kingdom.
• Northern Italian cities did not want to be his subjects.• Alliance of Italian cities & pope defeated Frederick I in
1176.• Frederick II also waged a war against the pope &
northern Italian cities & lost in 1235.
![Page 72: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
East & Central Europe• Slavic tribes divided into 3 groups: western,
eastern, & southern Slavs.• Western Slavs formed the Polish & Bohemian
kingdoms in 12th century. • Poles, Czechs, Hungarians were all converted to
Christianity by German Monks.• Eastern Slavic people were converted to Orthodox
Christianity by two Byzantine missionary brothers; Cyril & Methodius.
• Croats, Serbs, & Bulgarians were converted to Eastern Orthodoxy.
![Page 74: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
St. Cyril and St. Methodius
![Page 75: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Russia• Eastern Slavic people settled in present day Ukraine
& Russia.• 8th century, Swedish Vikings began to move in
search of plunder & trade routes.• Vikings eventually dominated the native people of
Russia.• Vikings named it Rus = where word Russia is
derived.
![Page 76: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Kievan Rus• Oleg, Viking leader, settled in Kiev at the beginning
of 10th century & created principality of Kiev.• Oleg ‘s successors expanded Kiev until it reached
territory between Baltic & Black Seas, & Danube & Volga rivers.
• Vikings married Slavic wives & gradually assimilated into the Slavic population.
• Rus leader, Vladimir, married sister of Byzantine Emperor & officially accepted the Eastern Orthodox Church for all the people in 988.
• Kievan Rus prospered up until invasions brought an end to the 1st Russian state in 1169.
![Page 77: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Vladimir I ChoseEastern Orthodoxy
![Page 81: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Mongol Rule in Russia• 13th century, Mongols conquered Russia & forced
Russian princes to pay tribute to them.• Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorood, defeated a
German army in northwest Russia in 1242.• Khan, leader of Mongolia, rewarded Nevsky title of
grand prince.• Nevsky descendants became the royalty of Moscow
& eventual leaders of Russia.
![Page 82: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
AlexanderNevsky, PrinceOf Novgorod
![Page 83: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Thanksgiving Kitty
![Page 84: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Reign of Justinian• 5th century, Eastern Roman empire was centered
around Constantinople• Justinian became emperor in 527/ determined to
reestablish the Roman empire in the Mediterranean/ reached his goals by 552
• 3 years after Justinian’s death, the Lombards conquered Italy & most of the area that Justinian had controlled
• Justinian created the Body of Civil Law = code of Roman laws that was the basis of imperial law in Eastern Roman empire until its end in 1453
![Page 85: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Constantinople
![Page 86: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Emperor Justinian
![Page 87: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Beginning of Byzantine Empire• Justinian’s conquest left Eastern Roman empire
with too much land to protect far from Constantinople
• Arab Muslims were the biggest threat to Eastern Roman Empire
• Islamic forces defeated an army of Eastern Roman at Yarmuk in 636 & lost Syria & Palestine
• 679, Bulgars defeated the Eastern Roman empire & took possession of the lower Danube Valley
• 8th century, Eastern Roman empire was much smaller (Asia minor & eastern Balkans)
![Page 89: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Byzantine Empire• Both a Greek & Christian state• Greek replaced Latin as the official language• Christian church became known as Eastern
Orthodox Church• Byzantine emperor controlled the church & the
state• Emperor appointed the head of the church• Government & religious officials were all bound
together in the service of a spiritual ideal
![Page 90: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
![Page 91: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Life in Constantinople• Largest city in Europe in the Middle Ages• Based on trade until the 12th century/ Europe’s
greatest center of Commerce• During Justinian’s reign, silkworms were smuggled
from China to begin a silk industry• Hagia Sophia = church of Holy Wisdom• Hippodrome = arena where gladiator fights &
chariot races were held
![Page 92: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Byzantine Empire• Macedonians ruled the Byzantine Empire from 876-
1081• Macedonians expanded the empire• Expanded trade relations w/ Western Europe• Late 11th century = lot of political & social disorder
![Page 93: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
EOC & Catholic Split• Eastern Orthodox Church did not accept the pope’s
claim as head of Church• 1054, Pope Leo IX & Michael Cerularius (Head of
Byzantine Church) excommunicated each other• Great Schism = seperation between two great
branches of Christianity
![Page 94: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Byzantine Art: Mosaicsand Illuminated Manuscripts
![Page 95: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Hagia Sophia
![Page 96: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Crusades• 11th & 13th centuries, European Christians carried
out a series of military expeditions to take back the holy land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims.
• Seljuk Turks won several battles & threatened Constantinople.
• Crusades began when Pope Urban II responded to the request of Alexius I of Byzantine Empire to liberate Jerusalem & Palestine.
• Urban II called for crusades against infidels.• Infidels were the non believers = Muslims and Jews.
![Page 97: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
![Page 98: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Alexius I AskedFor Help and
Urban II CalledFor the
First Crusade
![Page 99: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
![Page 100: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
First Crusades• Mostly French knights = captured Antioch in 1098
& Jerusalem in 1099.• Knights massacred Muslim & Jewish inhabitants.• 4 Latin Crusader states were established that lasted
almost 100 years.• By 1120’s, Muslims began to strike back and took
over a Crusader state, which led to a call for another Crusade.
![Page 101: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
2nd Crusade• The fall of a Latin Kingdom to Muslim armies led to
the call for another crusade.• Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (Monastic leader) called
for the crusade & got the support of King Louis VII of France & Conrad III of Germany.
• 2nd Crusade was a total failure.• 1187, Jerusalem fell to Muslim ruler Saladin.• 3 important rulers then agreed to begin a third
Crusade.
![Page 102: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Louis VII and Conrad III RespondTo Bernard of Clairvaux’s Call
For a Second Crusade
![Page 103: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Saladin’s Capture of JerusalemSparked the Third Crusade
![Page 104: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
3rd Crusade• Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I (Richard
the Lionhearted) of England, Phillip II of Augustus of France.
• Members of the 3rd arrived in the East by 1189 & encountered problems.
• Barbarossa drowned while swimming in a river. Phillip II took his army home.
• English & French had success with their naval fleets against coastal cities, but failed as they moved inland.
• Richard I negotiated a settlement with Saladin to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem.
![Page 105: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Philip II, Frederick IAnd Richard I Responded
![Page 106: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
4th Crusade• 6 years after the death of Saladin in 1193, Pope
Innocent III initiated the 4th crusade.• On their way to the East became involved a conflict
with the Byzantine Empire over the succession to the Byzantine throne.
• Crusaders diverted to Constantinople & invaded the city in 1204/ Byzantine empire was reestablished in 1261 but was never as powerful.
• Ottoman Turks eventually conquered Byzantine Empire for good in 1453.
![Page 107: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Sultan Mahmet II:Conqueror of Constantinople
Osman: Founder Of the Ottoman Turks
![Page 108: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
The Crusades• 9 official Crusades.• Even a children’s crusade in 1212 (Most under age of 15)Over two-thirds
were killed, sold into slavery, or got lost.• Ottoman Turks politically controlled the Holy Land until after WWI when
Britain set up a military administration and later divided up the territory. (Israel – 1948)
• Crusades were more about wealth, glory, and control and less about religion. Historians have since judged the Crusaders harshly. Even the word “Crusade” still has a very negative connotation in the Middle East today.
• “those who survive, together with their children, are more and more embittered against the Christian faith.” – Roger Bacon, 13th Century Scholar
• “High ideals were besmirched by cruelty and greed. The Holy War was nothing more than a long act of intolerance in the name of God.” – Steven Runciman, 20th Century British Historian
![Page 109: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Results of the CrusadesIncreased wealth of Italian city-states like Genoa and Venice.Created animosity in the Middle East towards the West and Christianity.Started the breakdown of feudalism.Improved technology.Helped to end the Dark Ages.
![Page 110: Emerging Europe and the Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649edb5503460f94beb675/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Crusading Kitty