EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: SELF-STUDY Services/Emergency_r… · area of emergency response...

EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: SELF-STUDYEMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: SELF-STUDY

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FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCYFEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY

UNITED STATES FIRE ADMINISTRATIONUNITED STATES FIRE ADMINISTRATION

NATIONAL FIRE ACADEMYNATIONAL FIRE ACADEMY

FOREWORDFOREWORD

The Federal Emergency ManagementAgency (FEMA) was established in 1979.FEMA's mission is to focus Federaleffort on preparedness for, mitigation of,response to, and recovery fromemergencies encompassing the fullrange of natural and manmadedisasters.

FEMA's National Emergency TrainingCenter (NETC) in Emmitsburg,Maryland, includes the United StatesFire Administration (USFA), its NationalFire Academy (NFA), and the EmergencyManagement Institute (EMI).

To achieve the USFA's legislatedmandate (under Public Law 93-498,October 29, 1974), "to advance theprofessional development of fire servicepersonnel and of other persons engagedin fire prevention and control activities,"the U.S. Fire Administration hasdeveloped an effective program linkagewith established fire training systemswhich exist at the State and local levels.The field courses of the USFA's NationalFire Academy have been sponsored bythe respective State fire trainingsystems in every State.

The USFA is proud to join with Stateand local fire agencies in providingeducational opportunities to themembers of the nation's fire services.

TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Foreword ....................................... iiiTable of Contents .......................... iiiThe Importance of This Training ... ivCurriculum Overview .................... ivCourse Overview ........................... ivTarget Audience ............................ vHow to Complete This Course ....... vAdditional Copies of the Course .... vi

Introduction .................................. 1

Module 1:Terrorism in Perspective............. 5

Module 2:Incidents and Indicators ............ 19

Module 3:Self-Protection............................ 29

Module 4:Scene Control............................. 39

Module 5:Notification and Coordination .... 51

Glossary ........................................ 59Bibliography.................................. 65Appendix A: Terrorism Incident

Annex to the Federal ResponsePlan............................................ 67

Appendix B: Presidential DecisionDirective 39 (Unclassified) .......... 93

Appendix C: Related Course List .. 97Answer Keys to Learning Checks .. 105Final ExamApplication Form and Answer Sheet


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THE IMPORTANCE OF THISTHE IMPORTANCE OF THISTRAININGTRAINING

You are one of the first to arrive on thescene of a suspected terrorist incident.As a first responder trained at theawareness level, you are among the firstto witness or discover an incidentinvolving criminal activity or terrorismand to initiate an emergency responsesequence by notifying the properauthorities. In this role you need thefollowing competencies which you canacquire through training andprofessional experience:

• an understanding of what terrorismis and the risks associated withsuch an incident;

• an understanding of the potentialoutcomes associated with a terroristincident;

• the ability to recognize the presenceof, and identify, criminal activity orterrorism in an emergency;

• an understanding of the role of thefirst responder as it relates tocomponents of an emergencyresponse plan, including sitesecurity and the U.S. Department ofTransportation's (DOT) NorthAmerican Emergency ResponseGuidebook;

• the ability to realize the need foradditional resources, and to makeappropriate notifications to anemergency communication center;and

• the ability to self-protect, keepingresponder safety as a priority.

CURRICULUM OVERVIEWCURRICULUM OVERVIEW

In October 1996, at the USFA, anumber of prominent subject matterexperts performed a needs assessmentand formulated a curriculum directionfor the USFA, including the NFA, in thearea of emergency response toterrorism. As a result, the NFA willoffer new courses as part of its existingHazardous Materials Curriculum.

The USFA's NFA will use the five-levelhazardous materials training model indesigning these Emergency Response toTerrorism training courses. OSHA CFR1910.120 is the basis for this five-levelmodel. These levels are awareness,operations, technician, specialist, andincident command. Occasionally, thematerial touches on operational andmanagerial issues. However, the intentis to introduce first responders to theconsequences of emergency response toterrorism. The response to terrorismtrack will include, in addition to thiscourse, basic concepts for firstresponders (complementing andenhancing this self-study module forindividuals trained to the operationslevel), tactical considerations (forindividuals trained to the technician orspecialist levels), and incidentmanagement (for incident commandpersonnel). The USFA's response toterrorism training, like its hazardousmaterials training, is consistent withthe National Fire ProtectionAssociation's Professional Qualifications471, 472, and 473. The NFA plans torelease all these courses during 1997and 1998.

COURSE OVERVIEWCOURSE OVERVIEW

This self-study course is designed toprovide you with a general introductionto the basic concepts for first-responderawareness at the scene of a potentialterrorist incident. To master the basicsmore thoroughly, it is recommendedthat you complete this course as well asthe NFA's corresponding 16-hourcourse, Emergency Response ToTerrorism: Basic Concepts (ERT:BC)(available as of September 1997).

This course includes five modules, aGlossary, a Curriculum Guide,Appendix A: Terrorism Annex to theFederal Response Plan, Appendix B:Presidential Decision Directive 39(Unclassified), and Appendix C: RelatedCourse List.


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Module 1: Terrorism In Perspectivedefines terrorism, presents a historicalperspective, and provides an overview ofpotential threats (biological, nuclear,incendiary, chemical, and explosive).

Module 2: Incidents and Indicatorsidentifies criteria for recognizingsuspicious incidents; presents onscenekey indicators, including those forlocating terrorist incidents; and listsoutward warning signs and detectionclues.

Module 3: Self-Protection includesthe types of potential harm encounteredat the scene of an incident, and meansof protection.

Module 4: Scene Control describesinitial response and arrivalconsiderations and the appropriatecourse of action for scene isolation andevacuation.

Module 5: Notification andCoordination provides procedures foractivating response resources.

The Glossary , located at the end of thefinal module, contains definitions ofterms related to first-responderawareness responsibilities andoperations.

A Related Course List and aBibliography are included to help youcontinue learning after you havecompleted the course. They consist of alist of references and otherrecommended courses that may behelpful in learning about emergencyresponse to terrorism.

TARGET AUDIENCETARGET AUDIENCE

The primary target audience for thiscourse includes three groups of people,ideally trained to the awareness level inhazardous materials response:

• fire personnel;• emergency medical service

responders; and

• hazardous materials responders.

In addition, this course also is designedto benefit

• law-enforcement personnel;• emergency communications

personnel;• jurisdictional emergency

coordinators;• emergency management personnel;• public works management;• public health workers;• Armed Forces, Reserves, National

Guard; and• disaster response agencies.

HOW TO COMPLETE THIS COURSEHOW TO COMPLETE THIS COURSE

Just a few suggestions tohelp you gain more fromyour self-study learningexperience.

You will benefit most ifyou do not rush through

this course. Do not try to read it cover-to-cover in one sitting. Throughout thetext the authors have inserted questionsthat encourage you to stop reading,reflect a bit on what you have read, andapply it to your local situation. Thesequestions are called, "Thinking About MySituation…" You may not be able toanswer all of the questions completely,but the more you reflect on them andtry to find answers, the more valuablethe learning experience will be. Some ofthe questions encourage you to gobeyond the text and find information inother sources. The questions aredesigned to apply the module objectivesto your local situation.

At the end of each module is a finallearning activity: "What I Will Do AsFollowup To This Module…" asking youto apply what you have just learned toyour local situation. If used correctly,these final questions could be thespringboard to some very worthwhilepostcourse action steps for you andyour department.


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After you finish reading the module andanswer as many of the reflectionquestions as possible, you can completethe corresponding learning checks, andreview the answers provided to assurethat you have mastered the content.

The learning checks will help youevaluate your mastery of the material.If you are unable to answer all of thequestions correctly, you may want toread the corresponding materials again.

FINAL EXAMINATIONFINAL EXAMINATION

The final examination, located at theend of the course materials, will test theknowledge you have gained from thecourse. To receive an NFA Certificate ofCompletion, mail the completedexamination form to the addressprovided on the form. You must score70 percent or higher in order to receivethe certificate. Upon successfulcompletion, certificates will be mailedwithin six to eight weeks.

ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THEADDITIONAL COPIES OF THECOURSECOURSE

For additional copies please contact theUnited States Fire AdministrationPublications Office at 1-800-238-3358,ext. 1189 or (301) 447-1189. Or youmay contact them at

Web Site: www.usfa.fema.govFAX No. (301) 447-1213E-mail: [email protected]

Interested parties also may downloadthis course from the Internet athttp:\\www.usfa.fema.gov.

This course, or any part of it, may beduplicated without copyrightrestrictions.

Introduction

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SAFETY, THE MOST IMPORTANTISSUE

As a first responder, safety is your mostimportant concern. You must protectyourself so that you can protect yourfellow responders and the public. If youdo not arrive safely at the incident scene,or if you become injured or incapacitatedin any way, you will not be able toprovide the services required by theinitial call for help. We need to examinesome of the pertinent issues of scenecontrol, keeping your safety andsurvival in mind. The use of personalprotective equipment (PPE) coupledwith positive pressure self-containedbreathing apparatus (SCBA) will greatlyincrease your safety.

All emergency operations must beorganized to be successful. Rememberthat the initial actions taken by the firstresponders will affect the final outcomeof the incident. Besides, an organizedand well-managed incident creates asafer environment for all involved. Oneof the best ways to understand the natureof organization is to view it from asystems approach.

A system is a unit of interrelated,dependent parts or functions designed toachieve a common goal.

A good example is the human body.The body’s systems--sensory, nervous,muscular, circulatory, reproductive, andskeletal--all play a role in sustaining life.

If the systems are notproperly interrelated andfail to function as oneorganism, life is threatened.Similarly, if the emergencyscene is not properlymanaged, the potential forloss of scene control exists.

Not only is scene control lost, therecould be other consequences resulting ingreater loss of life or injury. Therefore,the use of an integrated systemsapproach, such as incident command, iscritical to the outcome of the incident.

If you suspect a chemical, biological, or nuclear incident, this text does not provideyou with the necessary training to completely protect yourself. Your principalresponsibility in this instance is to call those responders who have the appropriatetraining and equipment.

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Module 1:

Terrorism in Perspective

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ObjectivesObjectives

After completing this module, you willbe able to:

• define terrorism, and recognize thechief characteristics of terroristactivities;

• recognize attack vulnerabilityfactors; and

• identify chief characteristics of thefive categories of potential terroristthreats.

THE THREAT IS REALTHE THREAT IS REAL

Terrorists have the knowledge and thecapability to strike anywhere in the world.We have seen that when properlymotivated they will do whatever they haveto do in order to achieve their goals.Recent examples of terrorist attacksinclude the World Trade Center bombing,February 1993; the Tokyo Subway nerveagent attack, March 1995; and theOklahoma City bombing, April 1995. Therehave been smaller bombing incidents, notnecessarily classed as terrorist events, atthe 1996 Olympics, at family planningclinics, and, recently, at social clubs. Thelist most likely will continue to grow.

All communities--especially those in freesocieties--are vulnerable to incidentsinvolving terrorism. Nearly all of thesecommunities contain some high-visibilitytarget. These targets usually are situatedalong routes with high transportation andaccess potential. Many may havemanufacturing and testing facilities. Otherexamples of locations that may becometargets for criminal or terrorist activityinclude

• public assembly;• public buildings;• mass transit systems;• places with high economic impact;• telecommunications facilities; and

• places with historical or symbolicsignificance.

Despite our security consciousness, ifterrorists intend to wreak havoc it will bedifficult to stop them.

An act of terrorism can occur anywhere, atany minute, when you would least expectit. No jurisdiction, urban, suburban, orrural, is totally immune.

What Is Terrorism?What Is Terrorism?

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)defines terrorism as "the unlawful use offorce against persons or property tointimidate or coerce a government, thecivilian population, or any segment thereof,in the furtherance of political or socialobjectives." This definition includes threeelements:

1. Terrorist activities are illegal andinvolve the use of force.

2. The actions intend to intimidate orcoerce.

3. The actions are committed in support ofpolitical or social objectives.

In one sense, it makes no difference to afirst responder whether the incident is aterrorist act or not. You still will respondand be among the first on the scene.Naturally, the size and the kind of terroristaction are key factors. But the importantpoint to note is that an act of terrorism isessentially different from normalemergencies. You will have to deal with anew set of circumstances far different fromthe structural fire, the auto wreck, eventhe hazardous materials incident.

What Is a Threat?What Is a Threat?

One way to look at it is to see threat asconsisting of two elements: motive andability. In one sense, determining thethreat is a law enforcement function. On a

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more practical level, emergency respondersneed to realize that any individual or groupthat has both the motive and the abilitycan perpetrate an act of terrorism. Thereare many groups that possess both themotive and the ability; the law enforcementcommunity monitors these groupsconstantly to assess the level of threat.

The criminal component is the mostimportant element separating a terroristorganization and its actions from alegitimate organization. However, anyorganization, legitimate or not, can resortto terrorist means to achieve its political orsocial agenda. We also need to rememberthat a terrorist can act alone.

What makes the terrorist event sodangerous is that it is intended to causedamage, to inflict harm, and in some casesto kill. The fire that starts in someone'shome as a result of careless smoking wasprobably not set with the intention todamage, hurt, or kill. There areexceptions, of course, as in the case ofarson, but normally most of the incidentsyou will respond to are not criminal innature. Terrorists will go to great lengthsto make sure the event has the intendedimpact, even it means destroying a wholebuilding and killing all of its occupants.

Recent bombing incidents have shown thatthere can be a sequence of events carefullytimed to inflict further harm on thosewhose job it is to respond to assist others.This shows the depth to which terroristscan descend to achieve their ends. Someadditional hazards will include

• armed resistance;

• use of weapons;• booby traps;• secondary events; and• terrorist agent preparation site.

Experts generally agree that there are fivecategories of terrorist incidents. We need totake a brief look at the five: biological,nuclear, incendiary, chemical, andexplosive. The acronym B-NICE is a simpleway to remember the five.

As we discuss these incidents, it isimportant to remember the four routes ofentry: inhalation, absorption, ingestion,and injection. As with other incidents,responders should exercise good judgmentin using personal protective equipment(PPE) and training provided to them. Theuse of protective clothing, includingpositive-pressure, self-contained breathingapparatus, will enhance your chances ofsafe and successful response especially insituations where you may face secondarycontamination.

An OverviewAn Overview

1. Biological incidents.Several biological agentscan be adapted and used asterrorist weapons. Theseinclude anthrax (sometimesfound in sheep), tularemia(or rabbit fever), cholera,

encephalitis, the plague (sometimes foundin prairie dog colonies), and botulism(found in improperly canned food).

Thinking About My Situation…Thinking About My Situation…

As one involved in emergency services, you already may have responded to a terroristincident. If you have, what were your key concerns or worries as you responded to theuncertainties of the situation?

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Thinking About My Situation… (cont'd)Thinking About My Situation… (cont'd)

In retrospect, do you think your anxiety level was higher than in the more customaryresponses such as to a house fire, a vehicle accident or even a hazardous materialsincident? Why or why not?

If you have never been associated with a terrorist incident, what would be some ofyour anxieties or concerns as an emergency services provider in dealing with asituation like this?

Biological agents pose very serious threatsgiven their fairly accessible nature, and thepotential for their rapid spread. Thepotential for devastating casualties is highin a biological incident. These agents aredisseminated in the following ways: by theuse of aerosols (spray devices), oral(contaminating food or water supplies),dermal (direct skin contact with thesubstance) exposure, or injection.

There are four common types of biologicalagents: bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, andtoxins.

Bacteria

Bacteria are single-celled organisms thatmultiply by cell division and can causedisease in humans, plants, or animals.Although true cells, rickettsia are smallerthan bacteria and live inside individualhost cells. Examples of bacteria includeanthrax (bacillus anthracis), cholera (Vibriocholerae), plague (Yersinia pestis),tularemia (Francisella tularensis); anexample of rickettsia is Q fever (coxiellaburnetii).

You may be familiar with the diseaseanthrax, associated with cattle, sheep, andhorses serving as hosts. Handling ofcontaminated hair, wool, hides, flesh, orother animal substances can lead tocontracting cutaneous (dermal) anthrax.However, the purposeful dissemination ofspores in aerosol, such as for terroristicpurposes, is another way people couldcontract it and cause a more dangerous

form of the disease. Tularemia is alsoknown as rabbit fever or deer fly fever, asthese hosts can carry the disease.

Virus

Viruses are the simplest type ofmicroorganisms. They lack a system for

their own metabolismand therefore dependupon living cells tomultiply. This meansthat a virus will not livelong outside of a host.

Rickettsia

Types of viruses that could serve asbiological agents include smallpox,Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and theviral hemorrhagic fevers such as the Ebolaand Marburg viruses, and Lassa fever.

Toxins

Toxins are toxic substances of naturalorigin produced by an animal, plant, ormicrobe. They differ from chemical agentsin that they are not manmade and typicallythey are much more complex materials.Toxins, in several cases, are easilyextracted for use as a terrorist weapon,and, by weight, usually are more toxic thanmany chemical agents.

Ebola as viewedthrough an electronmicroscope

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(Castor Bean Plant

The four common toxins thought of aspotential biological agents are botulism(botulinum), SEB (staphylococcalenterotoxin B), ricin, and mycotoxins.

Ricin is a toxin derived from the castor beanplant, available worldwide. There have been

several documented casesinvolving ricin throughout theU.S., particularly in ruralareas.

Routes of Exposure

The primary routes of exposure forbiological agents are inhalation andingestion. Skin absorption and injectionalso are potential routes of entry, but areless likely.


Suggest some consequences for emergency services responders if it were suddenlyrealized that terrorists had contaminated the public water supply.

Does your department or organization have standard operating procedures/standardoperating guidelines (SOPs/SOGs) to deal with a potential biological incident?[ ] Yes [ ] No

If not, what would you do?

2. Nuclear Incidents .There are twofundamentallydifferent threats in thearea of nuclearterrorism. One is theuse, threatened

use, or threatened detonation, of a nuclearbomb. The other is the detonation, orthreatened detonation, of a conventionalexplosive incorporating nuclear materials(radiological dispersal devices or RDD). Itis unlikely that any terrorist organizationcould acquire or build a nuclear device, oracquire and use a fully functional nuclearweapon.

The number of nations with nuclearcapability is small, and each places a highpriority on the control of its nuclear

weapons. Even if a nation supportingterrorism could develop a nuclearcapability, experts believe it would beimplausible for that nation to turn acompleted weapon over to a group thatmight use it against them. The theft of acompleted nuclear weapon also is unlikely.All nuclear nations have placed theirnuclear arsenals under the highestsecurity. All Western and former Sovietnuclear weapons are protected with aPermissible Action Link (PAL) system thatrenders the weapon harmless until theproper code is entered.

The greatest potential terrorist threat for anuclear weapon would be to use such adevice as a form of extortion. The U.S.government has plans to meet such athreatened use. Presently, there is no

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known instance of any nongovernmentalgroup close to obtaining or producing anuclear weapon.The purpose of an attack where nuclearmaterials are incorporated into aconventional explosive (RDD) would be tospread radioactive materials around thebomb site. This would disrupt normal,day-to-day activities, and would raise thelevel of concern among first respondersregarding long-term health issues. Itwould prove to be difficult to performcomplete environmental decontamination.

Another possible scenario involvingnuclear materials would be the detonationof a large device, such as a truck bomb(large vehicle with high quantities ofexplosives), in the vicinity of a nuclearpower plant or a radiological cargo intransport. Such an attack could havewidespread effects. The frequency ofshipments of radiological materials isincreasing throughout the world.

There are three main types of nuclearradiation emitted from radioactivematerials: alpha, beta, and gammaradiation.

Alpha particles are the heaviest and mosthighly charged of the nuclear particles.However, alpha particles cannot travelmore than a few inches in air and arecompletely stopped by an ordinary sheet ofpaper. The outermost layer of dead skinthat covers the body can stop even themost energetic alpha particle. However, ifingested through eating, drinking, orbreathing contaminated materials, theycan become an internal hazard.

Beta particles are smaller and travel muchfaster than alpha particles. Typical betaparticles can travel several millimetersthrough tissue, but they generally do notpenetrate far enough to reach the vitalinner organs. Exposure to beta particlesfrom outside the body

is normally thought of as a slight hazard.

However, if the skin is exposed to largeamounts of beta radiation for long periodsof time, skin burns may result. If removedfrom the skin shortly after exposure, beta-emitting materials will not cause seriousburns. Like alpha particles, beta particlesare considered to be an internal hazard iftaken into the body by eating, drinking, orbreathing contaminated materials. Beta-emitting contamination also can enter thebody through unprotected open wounds.

Gamma rays are a type of electromagneticradiation transmitted through space in theform of waves.

Gamma rays are pure energy and thereforeare the most penetrating type of radiation.They can travel great distances and canpenetrate most materials. This creates aproblem for humans, because gamma rayscan attack all tissues and organs.

Gamma radiation has very distinctive,short-term symptoms. Acute radiationsickness occurs when an individual isexposed to a large amount of radiationwithin a short period of time. Symptoms ofacute radiation sickness include skinirritation, nausea, vomiting, high fever,hair loss, and dermal burns.

ALPHAPARTICLE

BETAPARTICLE

GAMMA RAYS

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Radiation Penetration

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Thinking About My Situation…Thinking About My Situation…To whom would you turn in your community for help (such as monitoring training) inbecoming better prepared to handle a radiological threat?

Later in this course, countermeasures forthese three hazards will be discussed.

3. Incendiary incidents .An incendiary device isany mechanical,electrical, or chemicaldevice

used intentionally toinitiate combustion and start a fire. Adelay mechanism consists of chemical,electrical, or mechanical elements. Theseelements may be used singly or incombinations. Incendiary materials arematerials that burn with a hot flame for adesignated period of time. Their purpose isto set fire to other materials or structures.

Incendiary devices may be simple orelaborate and come in all shapes and sizes.The type of device is limited only by theterrorist's imagination and ingenuity. Anincendiary device can be a simple matchapplied to a piece of paper, or amatchbook-and-cigarette arrangement, ora complicated self-igniting chemical device.Normally, an incendiary device is amaterial or mixture of materials designedto produce enough heat and flame to causecombustible material to burn once itreaches its ignition temperature.

Each device consists of three basiccomponents: an igniter or fuse, acontainer or body, and an incendiarymaterial or filler. The container can beglass, metal, plastic, or paper, dependingon its desired use. A device containingchemical materials usually

will be in a metal or other nonbreakablecontainer. An incendiary device that usesa liquid accelerator usually will be in abreakable container, e.g., glass. Generally,crime scene investigators find three typesof incendiary devices: electrical,mechanical, or chemical. These may beused singularly or in combinations.

Only specially trained personnel shouldhandle incendiary devices discovered priorto ignition. Handling of such devices byinexperienced individuals can result inignition and possible injury or death. Inaddition, proper handling is critical forcrime scene preservation.

4. Chemical incidents. Chemical agentsfall into five classes:

• Nerve agents, which disruptnerve impulsetransmissions.

• Blister agents, also calledvesicants, which causesevere burns to

eyes, skin, and tissues of therespiratory tract.

• Blood agents, which interfere withthe ability of blood to transportoxygen.

• Choking agents, which severelystress respiratory system tissues.

• Irritating agents, which causerespiratory distress and tearingdesigned to incapacitate. They alsocan cause intense pain to the skin,especially in moist areas of thebody. They are often called RiotControl Agents.

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Does your department or organization have SOPs/SOGs for responding to anincendiary incident? [ ] Yes [ ] No

Has your department been trained to recognize and identify the signs of incendiaryfires?

How would your approach to this kind of incident differ from your approach to a moretypical incident (house fire or vehicle accident)?

Nerve Agents

Nerve agents are similar in nature toorganophosphate pesticides, but with a

higher degree of toxicity.All are toxic at smallconcentrations (a smalldrop could be fatal). Theagents include sarin (GB)used by terrorists againstJapanese civilians and by

the Iraqis against Iran; Soman (GD); tabun(GA); and V agent (VX). These materialsare liquids that typically are sprayed as anaerosol for dissemination. In the case ofGA, GB, and GD, the first letter "G" refersto the country (Germany) that developedthe agent, and the second letter indicatesthe order of development. In the case ofVX, the "V" stands for "venom" while the"X" represents one of the chemicals in thespecific compound.

The victims' symptoms will be an earlyoutward warning sign of the use of nerveagents. There are various genericsymptoms similar to organophosphatepoisoning. The victims will salivate,lacrimate, urinate, and deficate withoutmuch control.

Other symptoms may include

• eyes: pinpointed pupils, dimmed andblurred vision, pain aggravated bysunlight;

• skin: excessive sweating and finemuscle tremors;

• muscles: involuntary twitching andcontractions;

• respiratory system: runny nose andnasal congestion, chest pressure andcongestion, coughing and difficulty inbreathing;

• digestive system: excessive salivation,abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting,involuntary defecation and urination;and

• nervous system: giddiness, anxiety,difficulty in thinking and sleeping(nightmares).

Nerve agents resemble water or light oil inpure form and possess no odor. The mostefficient distribution is as an aerosol.Small explosions and equipment togenerate mists (spray devices) may bepresent. Nerve agents kill insect life, birds,and other animals as well as humans.Many dead animals at the scene of anincident may be another outward warningsign or detection clue.

Blister Agents

Blister agents are also referred to asmustard agents due to theircharacteristic smell. They aresimilar in nature to othercorrosive materials firstresponders encounter. Theyreadily penetrate layers ofclothing and are quickly

absorbed into the skin. Mustard (H, HD),and lewisite (L) are common blister agents.All are very toxic, although much less sothan nerve agents. A few drops on the skin

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can cause severe injury, and three gramsabsorbed through the skin can be fatal.Clinical symptoms may not appear forhours or days. The symptoms of blisteragents include

• eyes: reddening, congestion, tearing,burning, and a "gritty" feeling; in severecases, swelling of the eyelids, severepain, and spasm of the eyelids;

• skin: within 1 to 12 hours, initial milditching followed by redness,tenderness, and burning pain, followedby burns and fluid-filled blisters. Theeffects are enhanced in the warm,moist areas of the groin and armpits;

• respiratory system: within 2 to 12hours, burning sensation in the noseand throat, hoarseness, profuselyrunning nose, severe cough, andshortness of breath; and

• digestive system: within two to threehours, abdominal pain, nausea, blood-stained vomiting, and bloody diarrhea.

Blister agents are heavy, oily liquids,dispersed by aerosol or vaporization, sosmall explosions or spray equipment maybe present. In a pure state they are nearlycolorless and odorless, but slightimpurities give them a dark color and anodor suggesting mustard, garlic, or onions.Outward signs of blister agents includecomplaints of eye and respiratory irritationalong with reports of a garlic-like odor.Similar symptoms will occur among manyindividuals exposed.

Blood Agents

Blood agents interfere with the ability ofthe blood to transport oxygen, and result

in asphyxiation.Common blood agentsinclude hydrogen cyanide(AC) and cyanogenchloride (CK). Cyanideand cyanide compoundsare common industrial

chemicals with which emergencyresponders sometimes deal. CK can causetearing of the eyes and irritate the lungs.All blood agents are toxic at high

concentrations and lead to rapid death.Affected persons require removal to freshair and respiratory therapy. Clinicalsymptoms of patients affected by bloodagents include

• respiratory distress;• vomiting and diarrhea; and• vertigo and headaches.

Under pressure, blood agents are liquids.In pure form, they are gasses. Precursorchemicals are typically cyanide salts andacids. All have the aroma of bitter almondsor peach blossoms. They are commonindustrial chemicals and are readilyavailable.

Choking Agents

Choking agents stress the respiratory tract.Severe distress causes edema (fluid in thelungs), which can result in asphyxiation

resembling drowning.Chlorine and phosgene,common industrial chemicals,are choking agents. Clinicalsymptoms include severe eyeirritation and respiratorydistress (coughing and

choking). Most people recognize the odorof chlorine. Phosgene has the odor ofnewly cut hay. As both are gases, theymust be stored and transported in bottlesor cylinders.

Irritating Agents

Irritating agents, also known as riot controlagents or tear gas, are designed toincapacitate. Generally, they arenonlethal; however, they can result inasphyxiation under certain circumstances.Common irritating agents includechloropicrin, MACE (CN), tear gas (CS),

capsicum/pepper spray, anddibenzoxazepine (CR).Clinical symptoms include

• eyes and throat: burningor irritation; tearing of theeyes;

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• respiratory system: respiratorydistress, coughing, choking, anddifficulty breathing; and

• digestive system: high concentrationsmay lead to nausea and vomiting.

These agents can cause pain, sometimessevere, on the skin, especially in moistareas. Most exposed

persons report the odor of pepper or of teargas. Outward warning signs include theodor of these agents and the presence ofdispensing devices. Many are availableover the counter.

The primary routes of exposure forchemical agents are inhalation, ingestion,and skin absorbtion/contact. Injection is apotential source of entry, but is less likely.With the exception of blister agents,inhalation is the primary route of exposurefor chemical agents. However, skinabsorbtion/contact with irritant nerveagents and blister agents also is a highlypossible route of exposure.


Does your department or organization have SOPs/SOGs for responding to a chemicalincident? [ ] Yes [ ] No

What would be your specific role if you had to respond to a chemical threat?

How would your approach to this incident and your approach to a more typicalincident differ?

The last category of potential terroristincidents we need to examine briefly is theexplosive incident.

5. Explosive incidents . The U.S.Department ofTransportation (DOT)defines an explosive as asubstance fitting into oneof these two categories:

• any substance or article, including adevice, designed to function byexplosion (e.g., an extremely rapidrelease of gas and heat); or

• any substance or article, including adevice, which, by chemical reactionwithin itself, can function in a similarmanner even if not designed to functionby explosion, unless the substance orarticle is otherwise classified.

It is estimated that 70 percent of allterrorist attacksworldwide involveexplosives. It isapparent that bombs arethe current weapon ofchoice amongst terroristgroups. The FBI reports

that of 3,163 bombing incidents in the U.S.in 1994, 77 percent were due to explosives.

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In these situations 78 percent of all bombsdetonated or ignited. Another 22 percentfailed to function as designed; only 4percent were preceded by a warning orthreat.

The FBI also noted three other interestingfacts:

• When public safety agencies know ofthe presence of a device, they have onlya 20 percent chance of finding it.

• Hundreds more "hoax" bomb incidentsare reported each year.

• Residential properties are the mostcommon targets for bombers.

The conclusion is that improvisedexplosive and incendiary devices aredesigned and assembled to explode andcause fires. Explosions rapidly release gasand heat, affecting both structures andpeople. Bombings are the types of terroristattacks most likely to be encountered.Bombs nearly always work as designed.An important point to remember is thatexplosions can cause fires, and fires cancause explosions. First responders shouldalways be aware of the potential forsecondary devices.

The five types of incidents previouslydiscussed are similar, in some respects, toroutine emergencies. Responders still canprotect themselves using sound

judgment and the basic equipment theyare trained to use.

SUMMARYSUMMARY

Today, emergency responders and othersin emergency services who support themface new challenges that seriously imperilnot only the public but those very personswhose job it is to protect and help thepublic. The risks faced in today's worldpose threats for which the averageemergency responder may not be prepared.These threats go far beyond the usual onesassociated with residential fires, vehicularaccidents, or even hazardous materialsincidents.

It is critical that emergency respondersunderstand the implications of thesemodern threats and know proper responseprocedures and the limits of safe andprudent response. This knowledge willhelp prevent further fatalities. Respondersneed to translate this knowledge intoSOPs/SOGs written to make safety theparamount consideration. Injured orincapacitated responders are no help toanyone.

The emergency services community hastremendous knowledge and resourcesavailable from the Federal government,military, public health, and lawenforcement agencies, to name some of themore obvious. These resources can be agreat help in writing prudent and safeSOPs/SOGs.


What are some Federal and State agencies in your area to which you might turn forassistance in preparing SOPs/SOGs for the events discussed in this module?

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Thinking About My Situation…Thinking About My Situation… (cont'd) (cont'd)

How different would these SOPs/SOGs be from existing ones for the more usual andcustomary emergencies?

If any one of the incidents discussed in this module happened tomorrow, are you andyour emergency services colleagues sufficiently prepared to deal with it? [ ] Yes [ ]No

What are some of the implications of your state of readiness?

What I Will Do As Followup To This Module…What I Will Do As Followup To This Module…

Describe one or two practical, achievable steps you will take as a result of studyingthis module to help you to be better prepared to deal with one of the incidentsdescribed here.

Step One:

Step Two:

How I will accomplish Step One

How I will accomplish Step Two

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LEARNING CHECKLEARNING CHECK

True or False : Circle either T or F.

1. T F The Federal Bureau of Investigation defines terrorism as "the unlawful useof force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government,the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in the furtherance ofpolitical or social objectives."

2. T F Nerve agents are similar in nature to organophosphate pesticides.

3. T F The criminal component is the least important element separating a terroristorganization and its actions from a legitimate organization.

4. T F Experts generally agree that there are five categories of terrorist incidents.

5. T F Alpha radiation is the most penetrating kind.

Multiple Choice : Circle your answer.

6. Of the following traits, the chief characteristics of terrorist activities are

a. activities are illegal.b. activities use force.c. activities intend to intimidate or coerce.d. activities are random, targetless acts of violence.

7. Of the following targets, which one would probably be the least appealing to a terroristgroup plotting an attack?

a. An urban complex of Federal facilities.b. A major urban seaport serviced by two interstate highways.c. An urban area in need of rehabilitation.d. An urban family planning clinic.

8. Currently the most common terrorist threat is

a. a biological agent.b. an explosive device.c. a chemical agent.d. a nuclear device.

9. Which of the following would be identified as part of a biological incident?

a. Radiation.b. Irritants.c. Toxins.d. Blood agents.

10. It is estimated that the percentage of terrorist activities involving explosives is about

a. 80 percent.b. 70 percent.c. 60 percent.d. 50 percent.

Answers are provided at the end of this Guide on page 105.

Module 2:Incidents and Indicators

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• recognize the chief indicators of acrime scene;

• identify appropriate responderactivities and considerations at acrime scene;

• differentiate between the purposesof threat assessment and riskassessment; and

• identify outward warning signs andindicators of the five generic agents.

ASSURING A SAFEASSURING A SAFERESPONSE TO ARESPONSE TO APOTENTIAL CRIMEPOTENTIAL CRIMESCENESCENE

There are many similarities betweenterrorism scene responses and the morecommon crime scenes to which publicsafety agencies respond. While lawenforcement officers are well versed incrime scene investigations, the majority offire, EMS, and emergency managementpersonnel are not. It is critical that youunderstand the special demands placedupon you and your activities whenresponding to crime scenes.

Any response to an incident other than anatural disaster may be a response to acrime scene. Firefighters may be firstresponders to arson scenes. EMSpersonnel may be called upon toadminister aid to victims of a violent crime.Hazardous materials teams frequentlyrespond to sites of clandestine dumping orintentional releases of chemicals. At aterrorism crime scene, you will need tocoordinate closely with other first-responding fire, EMS, and law enforcementpersonnel to ensure that you and the otherresponders do not destroy important

evidence. Remember that even when theemergency phase of the incident is over,the incident itself has not ended. Theincident ends only when there issuccessful prosecution of the guiltyperson(s).

As a first responder, you should be awareof warning signs that indicate criminalactivity, because some incidents willinvolve criminal acts.

Avoid Impeding theAvoid Impeding theInvestigationInvestigation

Be sure to coordinate your actions with lawenforcement operations. Basically, thereare three ways to help solve a crime: theconfession of the perpetrator, statementsprovided by witnesses or victims, andincriminating information obtainedthrough physical evidence. Of these, onlyphysical evidence provides incontestable,impartial facts. Only physical evidence canovercome the conflicting and confusingstatements of witnesses who, observing thesame incident at essentially the same time,nonetheless have different perceptions ofwhat took place.

Physical evidence may be crucial toconnect the perpetrator to the scene. Therecognition, collection, and preservation ofphysical evidence may be the only meansto identify, and successfully prosecute,those responsible. Keep this in mind whenarriving at any potential crime scene.

If you are involved with a terrorist incidentas a first responder, you essentiallybecome part of the crime scene. As they dowith any material witness, law enforcementpersonnel likely will interview you at somepoint. You may be required to testify incourt as to what you saw, did, and did notdo. Sometimes doing somethinginappropriate is more detrimental tosolving the crime than doing nothing at all.Keep in mind that cases have been lost incourt due to the imprudent actions of first

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responders, whether fire, police, oremergency medical responders.

Scene ConsiderationsScene Considerations

Your response to the scene of a potentialterrorist attack could involve entry into ahazardous area. Deadly chemical andbiological agents already may havecontaminated the atmosphere around thescene. The presence of fires or collapsedbuilding sections may intensify thermaland mechanical risk. You can hope tosurvive only by entering this area verycarefully: by moving cautiously and bywearing the appropriate personal protectiveequipment (PPE).

Delaying Entry May Be WisestDelaying Entry May Be Wisest

When you suspect hazardous substancesor conditions, use only qualified personnelto secure the scene. Hazardous materialsteams may have sufficient detection andmonitoring equipment to define the hazard.Otherwise, it may be necessary for you toawait the arrival of additional resourcesbefore you can attempt entry into thehazardous area.

Any appropriate response to the site of adetermined mass biological, chemical, orradiological attack may requiredecontamination of equipment, entrypersonnel, survivors, and casualties. Theemergency decontamination process maybe the single most important task that thepublic safety community can performduring a terrorist incident, but it willcertainly tax the abilities of any locality orstate. Therefore it makes sense for allcommunities to preplan for massdecontamination.


Does your department have SOPs/SOGs for incidents involving massdecontamination? [ ] Yes [ ] No

Does the jurisdiction's emergency operations plan have such SOPs/SOGs?[ ] Yes [ ] No

How would you find out?

Your response to large-scale explosionsand fires requires that you pay just asmuch attention to hazardous conditions asyou would at a potential chemical orbiological incident. Be aware of thepossible presence of a secondary device

intended to injure or kill you and otherfirst responders. Often, these secondarydevices are referred to as "sucker punch"devices. Bombs produce large-scaletrauma due to shock waves, projectiles,and structural collapse. When arriving on

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the scene of a highly damaged structure,be aware of the structural conditionscausing unsafe buildings to collapse, thetypes of injuries resulting from theseincidents, and the specialized precautionsyou need to take.

Whatever type of threat you respond to, thedescription that you provide toinvestigators reconstructing the earlyminutes of activity at the incident scenecan be the key to successful prosecution ofthe case. At the scene, be aware ofpersons coming or going on foot or byvehicle. Jot down the license platenumbers, and brief descriptions of thosepresent in order to refresh your memory.Encourage witnesses and bystanders toremain at the scene until investigatorshave interviewed them. Note any otherunusual circumstances.

Your documentation of the incident willprove invaluable in prosecuting the case.Whenever possible, provide photographsand videotape to show the "big picture" ofthe scene. Include as many details aspossible. Use rough sketches to pinpointthe location of victims and their wounds,as well as the locations of potentialevidence. Take notes on what you see andorganize them, and provide them toinvestigators as soon as possible after theresponse.

Leave Things As You FindLeave Things As You FindThemThem

At a potential crime scene, it is critical thatyou disturb the scene as little as possible.If you absolutely must move something,make sure you remember where it wasoriginally, its orientation and condition,and anything else notable about itsposition and natural state. If possible,photograph the object before you move it.Take notes on any holes, breaks, orscratches that you caused, and pass thisinformation on to the crime sceneinvestigators. Law enforcement officersmust be able to differentiate between the

results of the crime and what respondersmight have done to those results.

Following your response, you may have towrite an after-action report summarizingyour activities and observations during theincident. Be sure to document the reportthoroughly using your notes. Rememberthat your report can be used in court, bothin your favor and against you.

Locating the PotentialLocating the PotentialTerrorist--Threat and RiskTerrorist--Threat and RiskTarget AssessmentTarget Assessment

In order to determine potential terroristgroups active in your jurisdiction, someoneneeds to conduct a threat analysis incooperation with local, regional, State, andFederal law enforcement officials to identifygroups that may pose a threat to yourcommunity. This person may be the

emergency managementcoordinator or director, orsomeone else in thecommunity associated withemergency response.

Terrorist groups mayinclude, but are not limited to, thefollowing:

• ethnic separatist and emigre groups;• left-wing radical organizations;• right-wing racist, anti-authority,

survivalist groups;• foreign terrorist organizations; and• issue-oriented groups (including

animal rights groups, extremistenvironmental groups, extremistreligious groups, anti-authority, anti-abortionists, etc.).

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Obtain a copy of your community's emergency response plan and check that section ofthe plan dealing with hazard or vulnerability assessment. Do you find anything in theplan that identifies potentially threatening groups? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, what are some of the groups named?

If none are named, what steps can you take to identify them?

Once such groups are known (threatassessment) the next step is to identifypotential facilities or activities that maybecome targets of terrorist acts. Thesefacilities may include the following:

• civilian or military governmentinstallations;

• industries that are part of the "military-industrial complex," manufactureenvironmentally sensitive products,operate in politically sensitivecountries, or generally representcapitalist endeavors;

• financial institutions that support theabove;

• infrastructure components (i.e.,transportation, communications,utilities, or energy systems on whichthe above depend);

• explosive magazine storage facilities(construction sites, quarries, etc.);

• sports arenas, parks (theme andothers);

• schools, hospitals, shopping centers;and

• venues for special events.

Identifying these potential targets is part ofrisk assessment.


Identify six different facilities in your jurisdiction that might be targets of terrorist activities.1. 4.2. 5.3. 6.

Do you think the occupants of those facilities really think they are at risk? Why or why not?

For each of the facilities you named, use a scale of 1 to 10 to indicate your level ofpreparedness to respond to a terrorist incident at that facility (1 = low; 10 = high).

Facility 1 Facility 2 Facility 3 Facility 4 Facility 5 Facility 6

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Outward Warning Signs andOutward Warning Signs andIndicatorsIndicators

At the scene, initial responders need to beon the lookout for the following commonwarning signs indicating the presence oflethal agents from the five threatcategories.

Biological Indicators

Biological incidents will presentthemselves in two ways.The first could be acommunity publichealth emergency, whilethe second could be afocused response to anincident, such as that

involving a toxin.

In the case of a biological incident, theonset of some symptoms may take days toweeks, and typically there will be nocharacteristic signatures, becausebiological agents are usually odorless andcolorless. Because of the delayed onset ofsymptoms, the number of victims and theareas affected may be greater due to themigration of infected individuals. On theother hand, some effects may be very rapid(as short as four to six hours).

Exact indicators of a biological event mayinclude any of the following:

• unusual numbers of sick or dyingpeople or animals;

• dissemination of unscheduled andunusual sprays, especially outdoorsand/or at night; and

• abandoned spray devices with nodistinct odors.

Any number of symptoms may occur. As afirst responder, you should consider callinglocal hospitals to see if they have admittedadditional casualties with similarsymptoms. Casualties may occur withinminutes or hours, or may not occur untilmany days or weeks after an incident hasoccurred. The agent used determines thetime during which the symptoms appear.

Nuclear Indicators

Short of an actual detonation or obviousaccident involving radiological materials,there are a couple of ways to be certainthat radiation is present. One is to observe

the Department ofTransportation (DOT) placardsand labels. The other is to usethe monitoring devices thatmost fire departmenthazardous materials teams

now carry routinely. If the fire departmentdoes not have ready access to theseinstruments, the local or State office ofemergency management should be able toprovide them.

Incendiary Indicators

Multiple fires may indicate the use ofaccelerants such as gasoline, rags, or otherincendiary devices. Remains of incendiarydevice components, odors of accelerants,unusually heavy burning, or fire volumealso are key indicators.

ChemicalIndicators

Once released, a nerve agent'soutward warning signs are easy to spot.Within minutes, the most significant signwill be rapid onset of similar symptoms in a

large group of people.Dermal exposure (clammyskin) and pinpoint pupils(miosis) are the bestsymptomatic indications ofnerve agent use. Becausenerve agents are so lethal,mass fatalities without othersigns of trauma are common.

Other outward signs of nerve agent releaseinclude

• hazardous materials or lab equipmentthat is not relevant to the occupancy;

• exposed individuals reporting unusualodors or tastes;

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• explosions dispersing liquids, mists, orgases;

• explosions seeming only to destroy apackage or bomb device;

• unscheduled dissemination of anunusual spray;

• abandoned spray devices;• numerous dead animals, fish, and

birds;• absence of insect life in a warm climate;• mass casualties without obvious

trauma;• distinct pattern of casualties and

common symptoms; and• civilian panic in potential target areas,

i.e., government buildings, publicassemblies, subway systems, etc.

Explosive Indicators

Signs of explosive incidents may beobvious, such as large-scale damage to a

building, or may bedifficult to detect initially.Blown-out windows andwidely scattered debrisalso serve as indicators.

Victims may exhibit effects of the blast,such as obvious shrapnel-induced trauma,appearance of shock-like symptoms,and/or damage to their eardrums.

SUMMARYSUMMARY

The responsibility of the first respondertrained to the awareness level is relativelylimited when dealing with the incidentsbeing discussed in this course. A basicconsideration is always to help assure thepreservation of evidence at the crime sceneso as not to impede the investigation orprejudice ensuing litigation. The wisestcourse of action, although not the easiest,might be to delay entry and await thearrival of more highly trained personnel.

Responders in the habit of making quickresponses will need to exercise a great dealof self-control in these situations,especially if human life is at stake.Specific steps that can be taken by the firstresponder at the awareness level are toisolate the scene, deny entry, notifyadditional resources, and recognize keyindicators of a potential terrorist incident.


Refer to your jurisdiction's SOPs/SOGs. Do they contain annexes dealing withhazardous materials incidents, specifically B-NICE?

Do you see any serious gaps in the plans? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, identify two practical and achievable steps you might take to help correct thedeficiencies you noted.

Step One:

Step Two:

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True or False: Circle either T or F.

1. T F At a potential crime scene, it is critical that you disturb the scene as little aspossible.

2. T F In responding to an incident other than a natural disaster, first responderscould possibly be dealing with a potential crime scene.

3. T F At a potential crime scene, protection of physical evidence is not a concern tofirst responders.

4. T F The actions of initial responders could in some situations jeopardize thesuccessful prosecution of a crime.

5. T F At a potential crime scene, specific steps that can be taken by the firstresponder at the awareness level are to isolate the scene, deny entry, andnotify additional resources.


6. Of the following incidents involving first responders, the least likely to be a crime scene is

a. the fourth of six fires in a four-block area in one night.b. emergency responders respond to a structural collapse immediately following an

earthquake.c. EMS personnel administering first aid to burn victims resulting from a Molotov

Cocktail.d. emergency responders are faced with large numbers of patients exhibiting

symptoms of pesticide poisoning.

7. A first responder at an explosion that damaged the foundation of a tall office building in afinancial district should be primarily concerned about

a. a secondary explosion.b. a chemical incident.c. mass decontamination.d. numerous fatalities.

8. A terrorism incident ends when

a. you leave the scene.b. there is successful prosecution of the terrorist(s).c. you finish the incident report.d. you have communicated with law enforcement officials.

9. Hazard assessment includes

a. threat assessment and risk assessment.b. threat assessment and damage assessment.

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10. A rapid onset of similar symptoms within a large group of people should besufficient warning that responders are dealing with a potential

a. incendiary incident.b. radiological incident.c. chemical incident.d. explosives incident.


Module 3:Self-Protection

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Objectives


• identify characteristics of the sixcommon types of harm;

• contrast the value of different self-protective measures in dealing withthe six common types of harm;

• differentiate among the hazards thatcan occur at various incidents; and

• relate the protective measures oftime, distance, and shielding tovarious incidents.

SELF-PROTECTIONSELF-PROTECTION

As already mentioned in the course,your self-protection as an initialresponder is critical so that you can doyour job effectively and not become avictim. Your exercise of soundjudgment and use of your personalprotective equipment (PPE) according todesign specifications are your initialsteps to protecting yourself. However,there are various protectivecountermeasures for the six commontypes of hazards. In this module youwill learn how these countermeasures,depending on the type of incident, areuseful allies of the first responder.

RECOGNIZING HAZARDS ANDRECOGNIZING HAZARDS ANDTHEIR PHYSICAL EFFECTSTHEIR PHYSICAL EFFECTS

You could arrive at a potential terroristincident and not really know whatyou're up against. Your first concernmust be self-protection. You mustrecognize the various hazards that maybe present at any kind of incident:biological, nuclear, incendiary,chemical, or explosive. You need toremember, too, that a single incidentcan present a variety of hazards, andexposure can be fatal.

One commonly accepted classificationidentifies six types of harm you canencounter at an incident: thermal,radiological, asphyxiative, chemical,etiological, and mechanical. Theacronym, TRACEM, is an easy way toremember them. Since each hasdifferent harmful effects, let's take abrief look at each.

ThermalThermal

Thermal harm is the result of exposureto the extremes of heat and cold. Herewe will examine only heat, but cold canbe equally harmful.

As you have learned elsewhere, heattravels by one of four methods:conduction, convection, radiation, anddirect flame contact.

RadiologicalRadiological

Radiation, as used in this section, refersto nuclear radiation, not radiation as atype of heat transfer. There are threetypes of nuclear radiation that the firstresponder should be familiar with:alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha andbeta radiation are found as particles,while gamma radiation is found in theform of rays.

Alpha radiation is the least penetratingof the three, and is not considereddangerous unless alpha-contaminatedparticles enter the body. Once insidethe body, alpha radiation will damageinternal organs.

Beta radiation is more penetrating thanalpha radiation. Beta-contaminatedparticles can damage skin tissue, andcan harm internal organs if they enterthe body.

The use of PPE including SCBA willgreatly enhance the emergencyresponder's safety when dealing withalpha or beta radiation.

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Gamma radiation has great penetratingpower. Gamma rays are high-energy,ionizing radiation that travel at thespeed of light. They can cause skin

burns, severely injure internal organs,and have long-term, physiologicaleffects.


If your department or jurisdiction is within the evacuation zones of a nucleargenerating plant, no doubt there are plans for dealing with a radiological event. Youmay have received training on how to respond.

You might want to check to see how current the plans are, how recently yourjurisdiction has had an exercise, what equipment you have, etc.

Specifically, try to answer these questions.

What standard operating procedures/standard operating guidelines (SOPs/SOGs)exist to protect the responders from radiation in case of an accident?

Does the facility transport its spent nuclear fuels through the jurisdiction? How?

Has the jurisdiction ever had a joint exercise with the facility? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If so, what were some of the lessons learned?

AsphyxiativeAsphyxiative

Asphyxiants interfere with oxygen flowduring normal breathing. There are twotypes of asphyxiants: simple andchemical.

Simple asphyxiants generally are inertgases that displace the oxygennecessary for breathing, and dilute theoxygen concentration below the levelthat is useful to the human body.

Chemical asphyxiants are far moreserious. Referred to as blood poisons,

they are compounds that interrupt theflow of oxygen in the blood or to thetissues. The asphyxiants preventproper oxygen distribution and starvethe body's cells of oxygen.

In all cases, the cells of the body arestarved for oxygen. The asphyxiantsprevent proper oxygen distribution.

Examples of chemical asphyxiantsinclude hydrogen cyanide (AC),cyanogen chloride (CR), phosgene,carbon monoxide (CO), aniline, andhydrogen sulfide.

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List some asphyxiants you have encountered in your experiences as a first responder.

______________________ ______________________ _____________________________________________ ______________________ _______________________

Did you or any of your colleagues suffer harmful effects? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, why?

ChemicalChemical

There are two broad types of chemicalsused that can cause harm: toxic andcorrosive materials. Both of these canexist as solids, liquids, or gases.

Toxic materials produce harmfuleffects depending on the concentrationof the materials and the length ofexposure to them. An individual canhave chronic or acute exposures to toxicmaterials. Nerve agents are examples oftoxic materials.

Corrosive materials are liquids orsolids causing visible destruction orirreversible alterations in human skintissue at the site of contact. They may

be liquids that have a severe corrosionrate on steel or aluminum. Sulfuricacid is an example of a corrosivematerial.

Of all the hazards that fall under theumbrella of hazardous materials,chemical hazards are probably the onesyou most frequently deal with becausethey are so common.

EtiologicalEtiological

This type of harm involves exposure to aliving microorganism, or its toxin, whichcauses, or may cause, human disease.Biological agents are the most obviousexamples of etiological agents.


Once again, refer to your department's or jurisdiction's emergency response plan.

Is there any provision for dealing with an etiological hazard? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If there is a plan, what provisions are there for contacting the numerous health andbiological services available through the State and Federal governments?

If there is no plan, what are some possible implications for you as an emergencyresponder?

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MechanicalMechanical

This most common type of harm causestrauma from contact with mechanical orphysical hazards. One form ofmechanical injury can result from anexplosive device, in the form of shrapnelor antipersonnel materials, such asnails, contained in the explosion.Advanced planning and forethought arerequired to avoid this type of harm.Other examples of mechanical harminclude routine slip, trip, and fallhazards that are common to emergencyresponse.

Time, Distance, and ShieldingTime, Distance, and Shielding(TDS)--The Keys to Self-(TDS)--The Keys to Self-protectionprotection

Much of the traditional training inhazardous materials response builds onthese three methods, even though oftenthe explicit link is not made.

Time

You should spend the shortest amountof time possible in the hazard area and

minimize the time ofexposure to the hazard.Time is an ally when thehazard can be expected tobecome gradually lesshazardous. Use time toprotect yourself at a crime

scene. Use techniques such as rapidentries to execute reconnaissance orrescue. Minimizing time spent in theaffected area also will reduce the chanceof contaminating the crime scene.

Distance

Whenever you can distance yourselffrom the hazard, youshould. It should be anabsolute rule always tomaintain a safe distancefrom the hazard area orprojected hazard area.

Use of the Table of Initial Isolation andProtective Action Distances as found inthe North American EmergencyResponse Guidebook (NAERG) isadvisable. Remember that the greaterthe distance from the source of harm,the less the exposure. Finally, it isadvisable to be upwind and uphill of thesource, if at all possible.

Shielding

As it makes good sense foryou to let time and distancework in your favor,maintaining significantphysical barriers betweenyou and the hazard makesequally good sense.Shielding can take variousforms: vehicles, buildings,walls, personal protectiveequipment (PPE), etc. Useof PPE, including SCBA,

will greatly increase your chances of asafe and successful response.

However, you need to remember that nomatter how much shielding is availableand how safe you think it is, alwaystake full advantage of time anddistance.

Implementing the ProtectiveImplementing the ProtectiveMeasures of Time, Distance,Measures of Time, Distance,and Shieldingand Shielding

What is the appropriate course of actionfor you to avoid the range of potentialhazards at terrorist incidents? Thefollowing matrix may be helpful as aguide. It will give you idea of theoptions you have.

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IncidentIncident CharacteristicsCharacteristics TRACEM HazardsTRACEM Hazards TDS MeasuresTDS MeasuresBiological Community public

health emergencies,such as a choleraoutbreak or ananthrax threat.

Focused response,such as in thediscovery of abiological agent or itsrelease.

Etiologic Time: Minimum contact time.Some agents can be fatal veryquickly and in small amounts(ricin).

Distance: Maximum whenunprotected, includingdistance from thosecontaminated or exposedcasualties.

Shielding: Maximumappropriate to the agent,including respiratoryprotection and splashprotection.

Nuclear Potential for aradiological dispersaldevice (RDD).Unlikely to experiencea fission device.

Primarily radiological.May include thermal,chemical, andmechanical.

Time: Minimum to reduceexposure.

Distance: Maximum fromhazard.Shielding: Dependant on typeof radiation.

Incendiary Multiple fires,unusual fire volumefor structure,evidence of arson.

Primarily thermal,but may includeasphyxiative,chemical, andmechanical.

Time: Minimum exposure.Distance: Maximum withoutPPE.Shielding: Appropriate PPE;avoid potential collapse areas.

Chemical May includehazardous materialsabsorbed, inhaled,ingested, or injected.

May includeindustrial (ammonia,chlorine, gasoline),chemical, or militaryagents.

Primarily chemical,but may includethermal,asphyxiative, andmechanical.

Time: Minimum exposuretime and contact withproduct.Distance: Maximum fromactual chemical remaining;uphill and upwind; away fromcontaminated areas andcasualties, unless properlyprotected.Shielding: Maximumshielding appropriate to theagent, including appropriatePPE.

Explosive Multiple hazards arepossible with veryunique situations.

Primarily mechanical,but may includethermal, chemical,etiological, or evenradiological.

Time: Shortest interval,explosions take place inhundredths of seconds.Distance: Maximum. ConsultNAERG.Shielding: Maximum. Avoidline of sight and rememberpotential for secondarydevices. Beware of structuralcollapse.

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Recognizing PsychologicalRecognizing PsychologicalEffectsEffects

As with any mass casualty/fatalityincident, the psychological effect on firstresponders is an issue that must beaddressed. Some individuals may beunable to deal with the trauma involvedin the incident. In such a case,appropriate psychological assistance,debriefing, and alternate workassignments can be helpful in handlingindividual needs.

SUMMARYSUMMARY

When dealing with a potential terroristincident, you are facing somethingunusual, something that, perhaps, younever have faced before. This couldprove fatal, given the potentialcomplexity of hazards and thespecialized response skills needed. Thesituation may require atypicalresponses.

Before making any kind of response,you should evaluate the types ofhazards involved and match to them themost appropriate response methodsavailable to you.


Describe one or two practical, achievable steps you will take as a result of studying thismodule to help you to be better prepared to deal with one of the incidents describedhere.

Step One:

Step Two:



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1. T F The harmful effects of etiologic hazards usually result frominterference with oxygen flow during normal breathing.

2. T F Gamma radiation is an asphyxiative hazard.

3. T F Whenever you can distance yourself from a hazard you should.

4. T F Asphyxiants are liquids or solids that usually cause visibledestruction or irreversible alterations in human skin tissue at the siteof contact.


5. Hazard causing first responders the most injury.

a. Thermal.b. Chemical.c. Biological.d. Mechanical.

6. When in a hazardous area, responders should avoid

a. rushing.b. wearing PPE.c. shielding.d. self-protection.

7. When determining a safe distance from a projected hazard area, respondersshould refer to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protection Action Distances asfound in the

a. SOP.b. SOG.c. NAERG.d. ERT:SS.

8. PPE provides critical shielding during

a. situations involving radioactive materials only.b. all hazard situations.c. situations involving toxic materials only.d. most hazard situations.

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9. The responder's safest position at an incident scene is

a. upwind and uphill.b. upwind and downhill.c. crosswind and uphill.d. downwind and downhill.

10. Which of the following is an example of inappropriate shielding?

a. Vehicles.b. Wire fencing.c. Walls.d. Buildings.


Module 4:Scene Control

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Objectives


• explain the need for an IncidentCommand System (ICS);

• list the steps or processestraditionally associated withresponding to an emergency; and

• name and explain the ninecommon steps of the planningprocess.

INCIDENT COMMANDINCIDENT COMMAND

Experience has shown that those incidentsmanaged in a systematic way are the mostsuccessful at achieving the intended goals.Incident command deals with the IncidentCommander (IC) and his/her staff makingoperational decisions, some strategic,others tactical in nature, and carefullyallocating resources to implement them.As a first responder you need tounderstand the role of the IC as theultimate decisionmaker responsible for theoutcome of the incident.

The ICS is the framework necessary tomanage the resources, personnel,apparatus, and equipment, used tomitigate the incident. Strategic

decisions identify the overall approach tothe incident, and operational decisionsspell out the best use of those resources.

During routine emergencies, mostfirefighters follow a standard approach:performing sizeup, choosing a strategy,implementing various tactics, andconducting ongoing evaluation.

In recent years with an increased emphasison nonroutine incidents such ashazardous materials, and now terroristevents, other methods have beendeveloped to address new aspects relatedto nonroutine situations. In thesesituations it is especially critical to knowexactly what steps to take and thesequence in which they must occurbecause of the presence of hazards otherthan those traditionally encountered. Forexample, during a bombing you may find itdifficult to determine an appropriate courseof action due to the nature or themagnitude of the incident. Furthermore,you may feel extreme pressure to act.

Regardless of the specific process used,responders go through a number of similarsteps in dealing with their response. Fivecommon steps include conducting sizeup,evaluating the situation, setting incidentpriorities, estimating potential incidentcourse and harm, and choosing strategicgoals and tactical objectives.


Have you ever been in a situation where you were, even for a short time, the IC?[ ] Yes [ ] No

If so, did you consciously handle the incident using an ICS or did you operatewithout one?

What are the risks of operating without an ICS?

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Conducting Sizeup

Sizeup, the rapid mental evaluation of thefactors that influence an incident, is thefirst step in determining a course of action.For many responders it begins even beforethe incident in the form of preplanning.The more information you have prior to theincident, the greater the chances of havinga safe and successful response.

Evaluating the Situation

Incident factors are dynamic and must beevaluated continually. Therefore, in asense, sizeup continues throughout theincident. In the same way that the

military studies its enemy prior to battleand constantly evaluates its battle plans,so should you.

Incident situation refers to the type, thecause, and the status of the incident.

The type of incident refers to whether it isone of the five types of incidents discussedin Module 1 (a chemical attack, anexplosion, a fire, etc.). The cause of theincident refers to whether it is an accident,such as a system failure, or somethingintentional, such as a bombing. Theincident status refers to whether theincident is in a somewhat controlled state(static) or is still uncontrolled (dynamic orexpanding).


Do you agree with this statement? "Evaluating the situation is not something aresponder does consciously. By virtue of training, the responder is constantlyevaluating." [ ] Yes [ ] No

Do you think injury and fatalities could result from a lack of proper evaluation? Doyou know of any instances where this may have occurred?

What might have prevented the injuries?

Setting Incident Priorities

Incident priorities include life safety (forthe responders as well as the public);protecting critical systems (such as theinfrastructure, including transportation,public services, and communicationnetworks); and incident stabilization.

Estimating Potential IncidentCourse and Harm

Potential incident course and harmincludes a series of predictions based uponthe incident situation and availableinformation. The responders estimate theprobable course that the incident will takeand the probable harm or damage that islikely to occur. For example, if faced withan explosion, you should be concernedabout the possible presence of a secondarydevice that may cause harm to personnelor create additional property damage.

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Choosing Strategic Goals andTactical Objectives

Strategic goals are broad, generalstatements of the desired outcome. Anexample of a strategic goal would be "toprevent loss of life for both civilians andresponders."

Tactical objectives are specific operationsor functions to meet the goal. For example,to meet the strategic goal of preventing lossof life, you should "isolate the hazard areaand deny entry into that area."

Tactics are the specific steps and actionstaken by the assigned personnel to meetthe determined objectives. For example, toaccomplish the tactical objective ofisolation, you could "position apparatus insuch a fashion as to block the area, andcordon off the area with banner tape."Notice that at each level there are morespecifics involved. In the case of thetactical methods, using the apparatus andcordoning off the area are only two possibleapproaches.

Influence of HazardousInfluence of HazardousMaterialsMaterials

In recent years the Federal government hasenacted laws and developed regulationsthat require emergency services personnelto receive proper training. This legislationgrew out of the realization that hazardousmaterials incidents differ from the moretraditional incidents that historically havebeen the "bread and butter" of the fireservice. This training is organized aroundfive levels: Awareness, Operations,Technician, Specialist, and IncidentManager.

In implementing its training programs, theNational Fire Academy (NFA) has followedthese classifications. Furthermore, theNFA has adopted for its hazardousmaterials curriculum an incident analysisprocess called GEDAPER (developed by

David M. Lesak). In doing so, the NFA issaying that the seven steps of GEDAPERprovide the responders the neededprocesses for analyzing and handling ahazardous materials incident safely andprudently. It also is the view of the NFAthat this same tool, although not the onlyone available, can be very helpful indealing with the range of potentialincidents that are the focus of this course.

GEDAPER

There are seven steps to this process:

1. Gathering information.2. Estimating course and harm.3. Determining strategic goals.4. Assessing tactical options and

resources.5. Planning and implementing actions.6. Evaluating.7. Reviewing.

Gathering InformationGathering Information

As a first responder, you need to gather asmuch information about the incident aspossible (a first responder in PPE,including positive pressure SCBA, couldonly use sight and hearing) throughobservation, using the senses. Given thelikelihood of the presence of hazardousmaterials at a terrorist incident, it would bein your best interest to observe from adistance, using only the senses of sightand hearing. The use of touch, taste, orsmell could result in exposure.

Your education, training, and experiencewill help you evaluate this informationbefore going any further. Today, there arenumerous information resources availablein hard copy or electronic format. If youcannot access this information at thescene, contact those who can access it foryou.

For instance when the term "mass casualtyincident" is used to describe an incidentscene, you can relate to the situationautomatically. The term triggers a mental

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assessment based on education, training,and experience. This is unavoidable. Ontop of this there are other layers--perhapsmany--of technical information (data)provided by other sources, commonlyincluding texts, computers, preplans, floorplans, etc. For example, if responding toan incident involving hazardous materials(B-NICE), the first responder may consultthe North American Emergency ResponseGuidebook for recommendations on initialisolation and protective action distances.

There are other types of information thatwill assist you as first responder:

• information received from yourdispatcher, such as type of incident,incident location, number of reportedcasualties, etc., that could indicate apossible terrorist incident;

• information obtained during yoursizeup, such as unusual signs andsymptoms, presence of dead animals orpeople, unexplained odors, unusualmetal debris, placards or labels, etc.(outward warning signs and detectionclues); and

• environmental information, such astime of day or night, location (address,neighborhood, and occupancy),weather (temperature, wind direction,relative humidity), topography (lay ofthe land, hills, bodies of water), andexposures (people, property,environment).

Regardless of the incident, the first step isto collect all the information possible asquickly as you can before you go anyfurther. Then, once you have made someinitial decisions, you need to continue tocollect information and reassess it.


Recall a recent incident that you have participated in as a first responder, preferablya hazardous materials incident. List a few specific steps of information gatheringthat you took.

Did you consult any printed sources? If so, name two or three.

Did you refer to any other resources that were not at the scene for additionalinformation using a radio, telephone, or other electronic device? If you did, howhelpful was this?

Estimating Course and HarmEstimating Course and Harm

Estimating the course of an incidentinvolves using the information you havegathered to make a series of predictions

and to assess the potential harm. Thisinvolves damage assessment, hazardidentification, vulnerability assessment,and risk determination. Damageassessment involves figuring the damagethat has already occurred. Hazard

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identification means determining whatproduct is involved, where it is, what it cando, how much there is, etc. Vulnerabilityassessment is figuring out who and what isat risk, in other words, all persons andthings the hazard may affect. Riskdetermination involves estimating theprobability that the situation might getworse before it is controlled. Initially,strategic goals and tactical options shouldbe based on the most likely situationoutcome.

Determining Strategic GoalsDetermining Strategic Goals

Strategic goals are broad, generalstatements of intent. Always to beincluded in determining strategic goals arethe incident priorities of life safety(responder and civilian), protection ofcritical systems (anything that is in placefor the betterment of the community, suchas public utilities and transportation,hospitals, etc.), and incident stabilization.

Assessing Tactical OptionsAssessing Tactical Optionsand Resourcesand Resources

In order to meet the strategic goals, youneed to select appropriate tacticalobjectives and methods. For instance, ifthe strategic goal is isolation, then thetactical objectives must includeestablishing perimeters and operationalzones, denying entry into the "hot zone,"

and removing the public and emergencypersonnel far from the "hot zone."

Perimeters and zones represent a safetyfactor, or buffer, against the hazardspresented by the incident. Theestablishment of zones, or perimeters, iscritical to protect both first responders andcivilians. Denial of entry includes the useof physical barriers, such as tape, rope,barricades, etc. These tasks are within thescope of responsibilities of a first respondertrained to the awareness level.

Public protection involves establishing anarea of safe refuge for those who arecontaminated, thus reducing the chancesof secondary contamination. It alsoinvolves assisting those individuals whoare in harm’s way to safety. Doing so willset the stage for decontamination andsubsequent medical treatment.

All of these objectives require the use ofresources, including personnel andequipment. The level of effort required,coupled with the amount of resourcesavailable, will determine if the goals andobjectives can be attained. If the resourcesare adequate, or if other assistance isavailable, then the next step, planning andimplementing actions, becomes possible.

Withdrawal is an option where thesituation is too dangerous or too large forintervention. The best course of actionmay be to evacuate the area, deny entry,and allow the incident to run its course.


Do your local SOPs/SOGs address issues such as establishing operational zonesand perimeters (public protection)? If so, what specific issues are addressed thatinvolve the efforts of first responders?

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Planning and ImplementingPlanning and ImplementingActionsActions

The plan of action is a written documentthat consolidates all of the operationalactions to be taken by various personnel inorder to stabilize the incident. It isimportant for you to appreciate thepurposes of the written plan. It helpspinpoint the exact actions planned.

Standard operating procedures/ standardoperating guidelines (SOPs/ SOGs) arelinked to the plan of action. They spell outthe functions, roles, and responsibilities ofpersonnel on the incident scene. Theyshould be agreed upon long before theincident, and the staff must be trained inimplementing them. The plan of actionreferences SOPs/SOGs, it does not createthem.

Another important planning step is tocreate a "site safety and health plan." Ifthe incident involves hazardous materials,which most terrorist incidents will, Federalregulations (OSHA 1910.120) require thatyou to create one. A site safety and healthplan is a series of checklists used tomanage an incident and to assure thesafety of all involved. Like SOPs/SOGs,the checklists are developed before theincident and are implemented during theincident.

The site safety and health plan identifiesthe health and safety hazards faced at theincident scene. It further identifiesappropriate PPE, decontaminationconsiderations, EMS concerns, and similarsafety issues. When the incident involveschemical or biological hazards it assists infulfilling employee right-to-knowrequirement.

The site safety and health plan helps todocument the specific actions and safetyprocedures used. It will assist indocumenting whether the chosen plan ofaction and the specific procedures arefollowed. In addition, the site safety andhealth plan tracks activities andperformances and assures that personnelsafely perform those tasks for which theyreceived appropriate training. Someonetrained only to the Awareness Level shouldnot perform tasks specific to theOperations or Technician Levels, forexample.

Included in the site safety and health planare the location and the extent of zones,the nature of the hazards found on thescene, the types of personal protectiveequipment (PPE) worn by personnel, andthe type(s) of decontamination proceduresfollowed. Your local or State hazardousmaterials responders should haveexamples of existing site safety and healthplans that can be adjusted to fit a terroristscenario.


To which level are you trained?

Have you ever operated beyond your level of training either of your own volition orbecause an officer told you to? [ ] Yes [ ] No

Apart from the legal implications, what are the safety implications?

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EvaluatingEvaluating

The goal of the evaluation process is todetermine whether the plan of action isworking as intended. Evaluation will helpidentify possible errors and allow theresponders to correct them. You shouldmonitor and evaluate all incident scenes,terrorist or not. If your plan is failingrapidly, you will need an alternate plan ofaction that can be implemented quicklyand, depending on the available resources,used to solve the problem. It is foolish tostick with a plan that is not working.

ReviewingReviewing

The review process involves revisiting andconfirming the GEDAPER process. Reviewoccurs either when strategic goals areaccomplished or when there is

an extended response period and it is notwise to wait until the entire operation hasconcluded. If the entire process ismanaged effectively from the start, thereshould be no problems with the plan ofaction. Specifically, if the informationgathered initially is thorough,comprehensive, and well managed, theestimate of course and harm should beaccurate and the strategic goals andtactical objectives chosen also should beappropriate.

If problems are discovered with the plan,then the existing plan should be modifiedto reflect the appropriate changes, or a newplan should be developed to replace theflawed one. In summary, the plan tellswhat should be, the evaluation tells whatis not, and the review makes thecorrections. Ongoing evaluation assuresthat the plan is working or alerts you thatthe plan is failing.


How often have you been involved in reviewing the incident action plans?

What were some of the benefits of this review process?

Did it make a difference on the final outcome?

SUMSUMMMARYARY

While you may not be faced with being theIC, it should be obvious that your role as afirst responder is critical to themanagement of the incident. Rememberthat the actions you take and the decisionsyou make early in the incident will have adramatic effect on the outcome of theevent. One of the first concerns youshould address is your safety.

Dependent upon the situation you findupon your arrival, coupled with prearrivalinformation such as the incident locationand situation as dispatched, you will needto make early decisions that will affect theincident. Always keep in mind the outwardwarning signs and detection cluesmentioned in Module 2. Onsceneconsiderations should be similar to yourexisting response guidelines dealing withhazardous materials. While it would be

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easy to become overwhelmed, keep in mindthe following key points:

• Your safety and that of your fellowpersonnel is paramount; otherwise youcannot possibly mitigate the incident.

• The initial steps of gaining control ofthe scene will greatly affect incidentmanagement. Simple procedures, suchas staging apparatus uphill andupwind, performing isolation, andestablishing perimeters, will helpimmensely. This may be all you can doprior to the arrival of additionalresources, but do not minimize itsimportance.

• You need to be proactive, not reactive.In other words, try to stay a few stepsahead of the current situation to bebetter prepared for what may occurnext.

• Remember also that you are onlyhuman and that you can do only alimited number of taskssimultaneously. Although you may beoverwhelmed initially, eventually youractions should overcome the seeminglychaotic situation and the incident willbe under control.

• Plan to be a part of the solution, notpart of the problem.

• Do not hesitate to seek additionalassistance.


Describe one or two practical, achievable steps you will take as a result of studyingthis module to help you to be better prepared to deal with one of the incidentsdescribed here.

Step One:

Step Two:



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1. T F As a first responder, your initial concern should be the safety ofothers, not yourself.

2. T F All emergency operations must be organized to be successful.

3. T F A system is a collection of unrelated, independent parts designedwith no particular purpose.

4. T F Improper emergency scene management can result in loss of scenecontrol, but not greater loss of life or injury.

5. T F Strategic goals are broad general statements of the desired outcome.


6. This plan documents specific actions and safety procedures used. Tracksactivities and performances, and assures that personnel safely perform thosetasks for which they received appropriate training.

a. Plan of action.b. SOP/SOG.c. Site safety plan.d. Employers Emergency Response Plan.

7. During the review step in the GEDAPER process, you should

a. determine the location and extent of zones, the nature of hazards foundon the scene, and the types of PPE required.

b. develop a site safety and operational plan.c. revisit and confirm the proceeding steps in the GEDAPER process.d. establish the cause and status of the incident.

8. When estimating course and harm during the GEDAPER process, you would

a. assess damage.b. establish perimeters.c. determine life safety priorities.d. assess resources.

9. When gathering information during the GEDAPER process, you would

a. develop SOPs.b. establish the number of casualties.c. develop SOGs.d. select appropriate tactical objectives and methods.

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10. If an incident involves hazardous materials, which most terrorist incidents will,Federal regulations require you to create

a. an evaluation tool.b. a site safety plan.c. a risk determination.d. none of the above.


Module 5:

Notification and Coordination

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• identify responsibilities stated in anemergency operations plan (EOP),and differentiate between the rolesdefined in a local and State EOP;

• identify functions included in aFederal Response Plan (FRP);

• differentiate between crisismanagement and consequencemanagement presented inPresidential Decision Directive 39(PDD-39); and

• identify correct procedures to becompleted under the Robert T.Stafford Act.

ACTIVATING RESOURCESACTIVATING RESOURCES

The first responder at the local level plays acritical role in the communication link. Itis vitally important that you are able torealize the need for additional resources,and make the appropriate notifications toyour communication center. Your localityshould have an emergency operations plan(EOP) in place to deal with incidents ofsuch magnitude. In jurisdictions that usea functional planning approach, hazard-specific appendices can be developed todescribe the unique provisions andprocedures associated with performingresponse functions (e.g., direction andcontrol; communications; alert,notification, and warning; emergencypublic information; evacuation andmovement; mass care; health and medical;and resource management, among others)in a situation involving terrorism.

Occasionally, a natural or manmadedisaster occurs which overwhelmsresources and capabilities at the locallevel. When such a disaster occurs, itbecomes the State's responsibility toprovide assistance to the affectedjurisdiction(s). If the State's resources and

capabilities are not adequate to mitigatethe incident, Federal assistance would berequested through the governor. The firststep in explaining this process involvesyour understanding of local, county, State,and Federal planning.

What is an What is an EOP?EOP?

An EOP is a document that:

• assigns responsibility to organizationsand individuals for carrying out specificactions at projected times and places inan emergency that exceeds thecapability or routine responsibility ofany one agency, e.g., the firedepartment;

• sets forth lines of authority andorganizational relationships, and showshow all actions will be coordinated;

• describes how people and property willbe protected in emergencies anddisasters;

• identifies personnel, equipment,facilities, supplies, and other resourcesavailable—within the jurisdiction or byagreement with other jurisdictions—foruse during response and recoveryoperations; and

• identifies steps to address mitigationconcerns during response and recoveryactivities.

Local EOPs

In our country's system of emergencymanagement, local government must actfirst to attend to the public's emergencyneeds. (Realistically, first responders acton behalf of the local government atincident scenes.) Depending on the natureand size of the emergency, State andFederal assistance may be provided to thelocal jurisdiction. The local EOP focuseson essential measures for protecting thepublic. These include warning, emergencypublic information, evacuation, andshelter. Included in your local EOP shouldbe a mechanism for emergency responders

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and managers to notify and activate Stateresources.

State EOPs

States play three roles: (1) they assistlocal jurisdictions whose capabilities areoverwhelmed by an emergency; (2) they

themselves respond first to certainemergencies; and (3) they work with theFederal government when Federalassistance is necessary. The State EOP isthe framework within which local EOPs arecreated and through which the Federalgovernment becomes involved. As such,the State EOP ensures that all levels ofgovernment are able to mobilize as aunified emergency organization tosafeguard the well-being of the State'scitizens.


State whether you agree or disagree with the following statement, and why.

As a first responder trained to the awareness level, it is unlikely I would be involvedin a major emergency operation requiring State resources. However, as a member ofthe local emergency management community, there still is some value in my beingfamiliar with the State Emergency Operations Plan.

Linking Federal and StateResponse

The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief andEmergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93-288, as amended, authorizes the Federalgovernment to respond to disasters andemergencies in order to help State andlocal governments save lives, and to protectpublic health, safety, and property. TheFederal Response Plan (FRP) wasdeveloped to help expedite Federal supportto disasters. Generally, the FRP isimplemented when the State's resources

are not sufficient to cope with a disaster,and the governor has requested Federalassistance.

The FRP details what the Federalgovernment will do to provide emergencyassistance to a State and its localgovernments affected by a large-scaledisaster. It also describes anorganizational structure for providing thisassistance. It is built on the principle offunctionality, in that 12 emergency supportfunctions (ESFs) are arranged with a leadFederal agency to coordinate operationswithin each area. This is shown below.

ESFESF FunctionFunction Lead AgencyLead Agency1 Transportation U.S. Department Of Transportation2 Communications National Communication System3 Public works and engineering U.S. Department of Defense, Army Corps of Engineers4 Firefighting U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service5 Information and planning Federal Emergency Management Agency6 Mass care American Red Cross

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ESFESF FunctionFunction Lead AgencyLead Agency7 Resource support General Services Administration8 Health and medical services U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public

Health Service9 Urban search and rescue Federal Emergency Management Agency10 Hazardous materials Environmental Protection Agency11 Food U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition

Service12 Energy U.S. Department of Energy

Presidential Decision Directive 39(PDD-39)

In June 1995, the White House issuedPresidential Decision Directive 39 (PDD-39), United States Policy onCounterterrorism. PDD-39 directed anumber of measures to reduce the Nation'svulnerability to terrorism, to deter andrespond to terrorist acts, and to strengthencapabilities to prevent and manage theconsequences of terrorist use of nuclear,biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons,including weapons of mass destruction(WMD). PDD-39 discusses crisismanagement and consequencemanagement.

Crisis management is the law-enforcement response, and focuses on thecriminal aspects of the incident. Specificcomponents of crisis management includeactivities to anticipate, prevent, and/orresolve a threat or incident; identify, locate,and apprehend the perpetrators; and

investigate and gather evidence to supportprosecution. Crisis management involveslocal, State, and Federal law-enforcementagencies, with the Federal Bureau ofInvestigation (FBI) having the lead role.

Consequence management is theresponse to the disaster, and focuses onalleviating damage, loss, hardship, orsuffering. Specific components ofconsequence management includeactivities to protect public health andsafety; restore essential governmentservices; and provide emergency assistanceto affected governments, businesses, andindividuals. Consequence managementincludes Federal, State, and local volunteerand private agencies. The FederalEmergency Management Agency (FEMA)has the lead role in consequencemanagement. The laws of the UnitedStates assign primary authority to theStates to respond to the consequencesof terrorism; the Federal governmentprovides assistance as required.


Contrast the roles you would play as a first responder in crisis management andconsequence management. In which area do you think you would have a bigger roleas a first responder?

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Federal Response Plan: TerrorismIncident Annex

In the event that Federal assistance isneeded at a terrorist incident, FEMA woulduse the newly developed TerrorismIncident Annex of the Federal ResponsePlan. This describes the Federal concept ofoperations to implement PDD-39 whennecessary to respond to terrorist incidentswithin the U.S. Included in the Appendixare copies of PDD-39 and the FRP:Terrorism Incident Annex.

Chain of Events

If a terrorist incident that exceededavailable resources and capabilities were tooccur within your locality, your jurisdictionwould notify your appropriate Stateemergency management agency. In theevent that State resources and capabilitieswere exceeded, the governor would placethe call to FEMA for Federal assistance.Under the Robert T. Stafford Act, once aPresidential Declaration of Disaster ismade, the following actions would betaken, many concurrently, in response to aterrorist incident:

• FEMA would use its emergencyauthorities to notify the Federalagencies, activate the FRP, begincoordinating the delivery of Federalassistance, and establish liaisonoperations with the FBI.

• The FEMA Director would consult withthe governor of the affected State todetermine the scope and extent of theincident.

• An emergency response team, made upof representatives from each of theprimary Federal agencies, would beassembled and deployed to the field toestablish a Disaster Field Office andinitiate operations.

SUMMARYSUMMARY

The first responder must understand whathappens when an incident, natural ormanmade, overwhelms local and Statecapabilities and becomes a Federalresponse. Your role in the notificationprocess is the first link in thecommunications chain. As soon aspossible after you suspect criminal activityor a potential act of terrorism, you shouldnotify the appropriate authorities. Formost of you, however, this does not extendbeyond your dispatch or communicationscenter. This will assist in activatingavailable response resources, and increasethe likelihood of success.

Given the likely increase in terrorism-related incidents in the U.S., yourfamiliarity with local, State, and Federalplans will enable you and your agency torespond more effectively in the event thatterrorism strikes in your jurisdiction.

What I Will Do As What I Will Do As Followup To This Module…Followup To This Module…

Refer to your local and State EOPs. List resources identified in the plan that couldhelp you in a B-NICE incident.

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1. An EOP

a. covers specific actions occurring at projected times and places duringan emergency. It does not assign responsibilities to organizations andindividuals for implementing these actions.

b. designates responsibility for setting lines of authority and organizationalrelationships to any first responder assigned to an incident.

c. describes alternative approaches for apprehending and convictingwould-be terrorists.

d. identifies personnel, equipment, facilities, supplies, and other resourcesavailable for use during response and recovery operations.

2. Crisis management includes activities to

a. protect public health and safety.b. restore essential government services.c. provide emergency assistance to affected governments, businesses, and

individuals.d. anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or incident.

3. Consequence management

a. includes activities to identify, locate, and apprehend the perpetrators.b. includes Federal, state, and local volunteer and private agencies.c. involves local, state, and Federal law enforcement agencies.d. focuses on criminal aspects of the incident.

4. When a Presidential Declaration of Disaster is announced, which of thefollowing occurs?

a. FEMA suspends FRP activities.b. An emergency response team is deployed to establish a Disaster Field

Office and initiate operations.c. The President confers directly with first responders to determine the

scope and extent of the incident.d. FEMA assumes command of the incident scene.

5. The authorizes the Federal Government to respond to disastersand emergencies in order to provide State and local governments withassistance.

a. Federal Response Planb. Robert T. Stafford Actc. State EOPd. SARA Title III

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6. T F The first responder plays a critical role in the communications link.

7. T F In our country’s system of emergency management, localgovernment (first responders) must act first to attend to the public’semergency needs.

8. T F According to PDD-39, FEMA is given the lead role in crisismanagement.

9. T F As soon as you suspect criminal activity as a potential act ofterrorism, you should notify the appropriate authorities.

10. T F A first responder does not need to be familiar with local emergencyoperations plans.


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GLOSSARY

Acute Exposure An exposure, often intense, over a relatively short period oftime.

Alpha Radiation The least penetrating type of nuclear radiation; notconsidered dangerous unless alpha-contaminated particlesenter the body.

Asphyxiation One of the six types of harm (see TRACEM) that can beencountered at a terrorist incident. Asphyxiants interferewith oxygen flow during normal breathing. There are twotypes of asphyxiants: simple and chemical.

B-NICE The acronym for identifying the five categories of terroristincidents: Biological, Nuclear, Incendiary, Chemical, andExplosives.

Bacteria Single-celled organisms that multiply by cell division and cancause disease in humans, plants, or animals. Examplesinclude anthrax, cholera, plague, tularemia, and Q fever.

Beta Radiation A type of nuclear radiation that is more penetrating thanalpha radiation and can damage skin tissue and harminternal organs.

Biological Agent Living organisms, or the materials derived from them, thatcause disease in, or harm, humans, animals, or plants, orcause deterioration of material. Biological agents may befound as liquid droplets, aerosols, or dry powders. Abiological agent can be adapted and used as a terroristweapon, such as anthrax, tularemia, cholera, encephalitis,plague, and botulism. There are three different types ofbiological agents: bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

Biological Incident An event in which a biological agent is used as a terroristweapon.

Blister Agent A chemical agent, also called a vesicant, which causes severeblistering and burns to eyes, skin, and tissues of therespiratory tract. Exposure is through liquid or vaporcontact. Also referred to as mustard agents; examplesinclude mustard and lewisite.

Blood Agent A chemical agent that interferes with the ability of blood totransport oxygen and causes asphyxiation. Thesesubstances injure a person by interfering with cell respiration(the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between bloodand tissues). Common examples are hydrogen cyanide andcyanogen chloride.


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Chemical Agent There are five classes of chemical agents, all of whichproduce incapacitation, serious injury, or death: (1) nerveagents, (2) blister agents, (3) blood agents, (4) choking agents,and (5) irritating agents. A chemical substance used inmilitary operations is intended to kill, seriously injure, orincapacitate people through its physiological effects.

Chemical Harm One of the six types of harm (see TRACEM) that can beencountered at a terrorist incident. There are two broadtypes of chemical agents that can cause harm: toxic andcorrosive materials.

Chemical Incident An event in which a chemical agent is used as a terroristweapon.

ChemicalAsphyxiant

Referred to as blood poisons, these are compounds thatinterrupt the flow of oxygen in the blood or the tissues inthree ways: (1) They react more readily than oxygen with theblood. Carbon monoxide is the best-known example. (2)They liberate the hemoglobin from red blood cells, resultingin a lack of transport for oxygen. Hydrazine is one suchasphyxiant. (3) They cause a malfunction in the oxygen-carrying ability of the red blood cells. Benzene and tolueneare two of these.

Choking Agent A chemical agent that causes physical injury to the lungs. Inextreme cases, membranes swell and lungs become filledwith liquid, which can result in asphyxiation resemblingdrowning. Death results from lack of oxygen; hence, thevictim is "choked." Common examples are chlorine andphosgene.

Chronic An exposure, often mild, over a long period of time.

ConsequenceManagement

As described in PDD-39, consequence management is theresponse to the disaster, and focuses on alleviating damage,loss, hardship, or suffering. The Federal EmergencyManagement Agency (FEMA) has the lead in consequencemanagement.

Corrosive Materials One type of chemical agent that can cause chemical harm atan incident scene. They are liquids or solids causing visibledestruction or irreversible alterations in human skin tissueat the site of contact.

Crisis Management As described in PDD-39, crisis management is the lawenforcement response, and focuses on the criminal aspects ofthe incident. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) hasthe lead in crisis management.

Distance One of the three components of the time, distance, andshielding (TDS) response; refers to the recommendation thatone maintain distance from a hazard if at all possible. Referto the North American Emergency Response Guide (NAERG) asan appropriate resource.


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EmergencyOperations Plan(EOP)

An EOP is a document that (1) assigns responsibility toorganizations and individuals for carrying out specific actionsat projected times and places in an emergency that exceedsthe capability or routine responsibility of any one agency; (2)sets forth lines of authority and organizational relationships,and shows how all actions will be coordinated; (3) describeshow people and property will be protected in emergencies anddisasters; (4) identifies personnel, equipment, facilities,supplies, and other recourses available for use duringresponse and recovery operations; and (5) identifies steps toaddress mitigation concerns during response and recoveryactivities.

EmergencySupport Functions(ESF)

The Federal Response Plan (FRP) details 12 ESFs in place tocoordinate operations during Federal involvement in anincident: transportation, communications, public works andengineering, firefighting, information and planning, masscare, resource support, health and medical services, urbansearch and rescue, hazardous materials, food, and energy.

Etiological Harm One of the six types of harm (see TRACEM) that can beencountered at a terrorist incident. Involves exposure to aliving microorganism, or its toxins, which causes, or maycause, human disease. Biological agents are the mostobvious examples of etiological agents.

Explosive As defined by the U.S. Department of Transportation, "asubstance fitting into one of these two categories: (1) anysubstance or article, including a device, designed to functionby explosion; or (2) any substance or article, including adevice, which, by chemical reaction within itself, can functionin a similar manner even if not designed to function byexplosion.

Explosive Incident An event in which an explosives device is used as a terroristweapon.

Federal ResponsePlan (FRP)

Developed to help expedite Federal support to disasters.Generally, the FRP is activated when the State's resourcesare not sufficient to cope with a disaster, and the governorhas requested Federal assistance.

GEDAPER An acronym used to describe an incident analysis process.The steps include (1) Gathering information, (2) Estimatingcourse and harm, (3) Determining strategic goals, (4)Assessing tactical options and resources, (5) Planning andimplementing actions, (6) Evaluating, and (7) Reviewing.

Gamma Radiation Gamma rays are high-energy, ionizing radiation that travel atthe speed of light and have great penetrating power. Theycan cause skin burns, severely injure internal organs, andhave long-term, physiological effects.


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Incendiary Device Any mechanical, electrical, or chemical device usedintentionally to initiate combustion and start a fire.

IncendiaryIncident

An event in which an incendiary device is used as a terroristweapon.

Irritating Agent A chemical agent, also known as riot control agents or teargas, which causes respiratory distress and tearing designedto incapacitate. Common examples include chloropicrin,MACE, tear gas, pepper spray, and dibenzoxazepine.

Local EOP The local EOP focuses on essential measures for protectingthe public, to include warning, emergency public information,evacuation, and shelter. To be included in a local EOPshould be a mechanism for emergency responders andmanagers to notify and activate State resources.

Mechanical Harm One of the six types of harm (see TRACEM) that can beencountered at a terrorist incident. Causes trauma fromcontact with mechanical or physical hazards. One form ofmechanical injury can result from an explosive device. Othertypes include routine slip, trip, and fall hazards.

NAERG The North American Emergency Response Guidebook.

Nerve Agent A substance that interferes with the central nervous system.Exposure is primarily through contact with the liquid (skinand eyes) and secondarily through inhalation of the vapor.Three distinct symptoms associated with nerve agents arepinpoint pupils, an extreme headache, and severe tightnessin the chest. Examples of nerve agents are sarin, Soman,tabun, and VX agent.

Nuclear Incident An event in which a nuclear agent is used as a terroristweapon. There are two fundamentally different threats in thearea of nuclear terrorism: (1) the use, or threatened use, of anuclear bomb; and (2) the detonation of a conventionalexplosive incorporating nuclear materials.

PPE Personal protective equipment.

Plan of Action A written document that consolidates all of the operationalactions to be taken by various personnel in order to stabilizethe incident.

PresidentialDecision Directive39 (PDD-39)

Issued in June 1995, PDD-39, United States Policy onCounterterrorism, directed a number of measures to reducethe Nation's vulnerability to terrorism, to deter and respondto terrorist acts, and to strengthen capabilities to prevent andmanage the consequences of terrorist use of nuclear,biological, and chemical weapons. Please see Appendix B fora copy of this document.


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RadiologicalDispersal Devices(RDD)

A conventional explosive incorporating nuclear materials.

Radiation In this self-study program, refers to nuclear radiation, notradiation as a type of heat transfer. There are three types ofnuclear radiation: (1) alpha, (2) beta, and (3) gamma.Radiation is the cause of one of the six types of harm (seeTRACEM) that can be encountered at a terrorist incident.

Robert T. StaffordDisaster Relief andEmergencyAssistance Act,Public Law 93-288

Authorizes the Federal government to respond to disastersand emergencies in order to help State and local governmentssave lives, and to protect public health, safety, and property.

Shielding One of the three components of TDS; refers to maintainingsignificant physical barriers between you and the hazard.Examples include vehicles, buildings, walls, and PPE.

Simple Asphyxiant Generally, an inert gas that displaces the oxygen necessaryfor breathing, and dilutes the oxygen concentration below thelevel that is useful for the human body.

Sizeup The rapid mental evaluation of the factors that influence anincident. Sizeup is the first step in determining a course ofaction.

Stafford Act See Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and EmergencyAssistance Act.

State EOP The State EOP is the framework within which local EOPs arecreated and through which the Federal government becomesinvolved. The States play three roles: (1) they assist localjurisdictions whose capabilities are overwhelmed by anemergency; (2) they themselves respond first to certainemergencies; and (3) they work with the Federal governmentwhen Federal assistance is necessary.

Strategic Goals Strategic goals are broad, general statements of intent.

TRACEM The acronym used to identify the six types of harm one mayencounter at a terrorist incident: Thermal, Radioactive,Asphyxiation, Chemical, Etiological, and Mechanical.

Terrorism As defined by the FBI, "the unlawful use of force againstpersons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, thecivilian population, or any segment thereof, in thefurtherance of political or social objectives." This definitionincludes three elements: (1) Terrorist activities are illegal andinvolve the use of force. (2) The actions are intended tointimidate or coerce. (3) The actions are committed insupport of political or social objectives.


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Terrorism IncidentAnnex

The annex to the FRP that describes the Federal concept ofoperations to implement PDD-39 when necessary to respondto terrorist incidents within the U.S. Please see Appendix Afor a copy of the annex.

Thermal Harm One of the six types of harm (see TRACEM) that can beencountered at a terrorist incident. Thermal harm is theresult of exposure to the extremes of heat and cold.

Time One of the three components of TDS; refers to the amount oftime a responder should be exposed to an incident. It isrecommended that one spend the shortest amount of timepossible in the hazard area.

Time, Distance,and Shielding(TDS)

Three types of protective measures commonly associated withhazardous materials training.

Toxic Materials A type of chemical that can cause chemical harm at anincident scene. They produce harmful effects depending onthe concentration of the materials and the length of exposureto them. An individual can have chronic or acute exposuresto toxic materials.

Toxins Toxic substances of natural origin produced by an animal,plant, or microbe. They differ from chemical substances inthat they are not manmade. Toxins may include botulism,ricin, and mycotoxins.

Vesicants Chemical agents, also called blister agents, which causesevere burns to eyes, skin, and tissues of the respiratorytract. Also referred to as mustard agents, examples includemustard and lewisite.

Virus The simplest type of microorganisms, lacking a system fortheir own metabolism. They depend on living cells tomultiply and cannot live long outside of a host. Types ofviruses are smallpox, Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa fever.


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BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

Burdick, Brett A., ed. Hazardous Materials Training Public Safety Response toTerrorism. Student Manual. Richmond, VA: Virginia Department of EmergencyServices, 1997.

Emergency Management Institute. Radiological Emergency Management IndependentStudy Course. Emmitsburg, MD: author, 1994.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. The Federal Response Plan for Public Law 93-288. Washington, DC: author, as amended, 1992.

. The Federal Response Plan for Public Law 93-288: Terrorism Incident Annex.Washington, DC: author, 1996.

Medici, John and Steve Patrick. Emergency Response to Incidents Involving Chemical &Biological Warfare Agents. Richmond, VA: Virginia Dept. of EmergencyServices, 1996.

National Fire Academy. Command and Control of Fire Department Major Operations.Student Manual. Emmitsburg, MD: author, 1988.

. Initial Response to Hazardous Materials Incidents: Concept Implementation.Student Manual. Emmitsburg, MD: author, 1992.

. Terrorism Training Needs Assessment Meeting Report. Emmitsburg, MD:author, 1996.

Preparedness, Training, and Exercises Directorate. Guide for All-Hazard EmergencyOperations Planning. Washington, DC: Federal Emergency ManagementAgency, 1996.

U.S. Army. Material Safety Data Sheets for: GA, GB, VX, GD, CS, Lewisite, and HD. U.S.Army Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center.

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. Medical Management ofChemical Casualties Handbook, 2nd ed. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S.Army, 1995.

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. Medical Management ofBiological Casualties Handbook, 2nd ed. Frederick, MD: U.S. Army, 1996.

U.S. Department of Transportation. North American Emergency Response Guidebook.Washington, DC: author, 1996.

White House. Presidential Decision Directive 39. United States Policy onCounterterrorism. Washington, DC: author, 1995.


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APPENDIX AAPPENDIX ATERRORISM INCIDENT ANNEXTERRORISM INCIDENT ANNEXTO THE FEDERAL RESPONSETO THE FEDERAL RESPONSE

PLANPLAN


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Date: Number: Subject: —

February 7, 1997 FEMA 229, 11 Terrorism

1. Purpose. This notice of change adds a Terrorism Incident Annex to the Federal Response Plan which will be used to implement Presidential Decision Directive 39

2. Background. defines policies regarding the Federal response to threats or acts ofterrorism involving nuclear, biological, and/or chemical material, and/or weapons of massdestruction directs the undersigned departments and agencies to performspecific responsibilities that may affect the performance of their responsibilities under the FRP.

3. Supersession. None.

4. Action Required. Insert pages through after page CR-22.

5. Distribution. All Federal departments and agencies with FRP responsibilities.

6. Additional Copies. Maybe obtained by contacting FEMA Printing and Publications at 646-3484.

TERRORISM INCIDENT ANNEX TO THE FEDERAL RESPONSE PLAN

I. INTRODUCTION

In June 1995, the White House issued Presidential Decision Directive 39 (PDD-39),“United States Policy on PDD-39 directed a number of measures to reducethe Nation’s vulnerability to terrorism, to deter and respond to terrorist acts, and to strengthencapabilities to prevent and manage the consequences of terrorist use of nuclear, biological, andchemical (NBC) weapons including weapons of mass destruction PDD-39 discussescrisis management and consequence management.

Crisis management includes measures to identify, acquire, and plan the use of resourcesneeded to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism. The laws of the UnitedStates assign primary authority to the Federal Government to prevent and respond to acts ofterrorism; State and local governments provide assistance as required. Crisis management is -

predominantly a law enforcement response. Based on the situation, a Federal crisis managementresponse may be supported by technical operations, and by Federal consequence management,which may operate concurrently (see Figure 1).

Consequence management includes measures to protect public health and safety, restoreessential government services, and provide emergency relief to governments, businesses andindividuals affected by the consequences of terrorism. The laws of the United States assignprimary authority to the States to respond to the consequences of terrorism; the FederalGovernment provides assistance as required.

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FEDERAL RESPONSE PLAN

AND CONSULTATION

TECHNICAL SUPPORT

TO SUPPORT THE RESPONSE TOCONSEQUENCES ON LIVES AND PROPERTY

source:Figure l -Relationship between Crisis and Consequence Management -

A. Purpose

The purpose of this Terrorism Incident Annex, hereafter referred to as the Annex,is to describe the Federal concept of operations to implement PDD-39, when necessary, torespond to terrorist incidents within the United States. The Annex:

1. Describes crisis management. Guidance is provided in other Federal plans.

2. Defines the policies and structures to coordinate crisis management withconsequence management.

3. Defines consequence management, which uses Federal Response Planstructures, supplemented as necessary by structures that are normally activated through otherFederal plans.

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Terrorism Incident

B. Scope

1. The Annex applies to all threats or acts of terrorism within the United Statesthat the White House determines require a Federal response.

—

2. The Annex applies to all Federal departments and agencies that maybedirected to respond to a threat or act of terrorism within the United States.

3. The Annex builds upon FRP concepts and procedures by addressing uniquepolicies, assumptions, structures, responsibilities, and actions that will be applied forconsequence management as necessary.

POLICIES

A. Lead Responsibilities. PDD-39 validates and reaffirms existing FederalLead Agency responsibilities for which are assigned to the Department ofJustice, as delegated to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), for threats or acts of terrorismwithin the United States. It is FBI policy that crisis management will involve only those Federal -

agencies requested by the FBI to provide expert guidance and/or assistance, as described in thePDD-39 Domestic Guidelines (classified) and FBI Incident Contingency Plans (classified).

B. Consequence Management. that the Federal EmergencyManagement Agency shall ensure that the FRP is adequate to respond to theconsequences of terrorism. FEMA, with the support of all agencies in the FRP, shall act insupport of the FBI in Washington, DC, and on the scene of the crisis, until such time as theAttorney General shall transfer the Lead Agency role to FEMA (see Figure 2). FEMA retainsresponsibility for consequence management throughout the Federal response, and acts in supportof the FBI as appropriate, until the Attorney General, in consultation with the FBI Director andthe FEMA Director, determines that such support is no longer required. It is FEMA policy to useFRP structures to coordinate all Federal assistance to State and local governments forconsequence management.

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Figure 2- Relationship Among Federal Agencies Under

c. Costs. PDD-39 states that Federal agencies directed to participate in theresolution of terrorist incidents or conduct of operations shall bear the costs oftheir own participation, unless otherwise directed by the President.

A. Conditions

1. A general concern or actual threat of an act of terrorism occurring at or during aspecial event within the United States may cause the President to direct Federal agencies toimplement precautionary measures which may include some of the consequence managementactions described in this Annex. When directed, FEMA will coordinate with the FBI and theaffected State to identify potential consequence management requirements and with Federalconsequence management agencies to implement increased readiness operations.

2. A significant threat or act of terrorism may cause the FBI to respond and toimplement a crisis management response as described in this Annex. FBI requests for assistancefrom other Federal agencies will be coordinated through the Attorney General and the Presidentwith coordination of NSC groups as warranted. During the course of a crisis managementresponse, consequences may become imminent or occur that cause the President to direct FEMAto implement a consequence management response as described in this Annex.

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Terrorism Incident

3. The occurrence of an incident without warning that produces majorconsequences involving NBC/WMD may cause the President to direct FEMA to implement aconsequence management response as described in this Amex. —.

B. Planning Assumptions

1. No single agency at the local, State, Federal or private level possesses the

2. An act of terrorism, particularly an act directed against a large populationcenter within the United States involving may produce major consequences thatwould overwhelm the capabilities of many and State governments almost immediately.Major consequences involving may overwhelm existing Federal capabilities as well.

3. Local, State, and Federal responders may define working perimeters -- thatmay overlap to some degree. Perimeters may be used to control access to the area, target public .information messages, assign operational sectors among responding organizations, and assesspotential effects on the population and the environment. Control of these perimeters maybeenforced by different authorities, which may impede the overall response if adequatecoordination is not established.

4. If protective capabilities are not available, responders cannot be required toput their own lives at risk in order to enter a perimeter contaminated with NBC material. It ispossible that the perimeter will be closed until the effects of the NBC material have degraded tolevels that are safe for first responders.

5. This Annex maybe implemented in situations involving major consequencesin a single State or multiple States. The FBI will establish coordination relationships among FBIField Offices and with Federal agencies supporting crisis management, including FEMA, basedon the locations

6. This Annex maybe implemented in situations that also involve consequencesin neighboring nations.

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A. Crisis Management(FBI, National Security Division, Domestic Terrorism/ Counterterrorism Planning Section) - -

PDD-39 reaffirms the FBI’s Federal lead responsibility for crisis managementresponse to threats or acts of terrorism that take within United States territory or ininternational waters and do not involve the flag of a foreign country. The FBI provides agraduated flexible response to a range of incidents, including:

A credible threat, which maybe presented in verbal, written, based or other form.

An act of terrorism which exceeds the local FBI field division capability toresolve.

The confirmed presence of an explosive device or WMD capable of causing asignificant destructive event, prior to actual injury or property loss (e.g., a -

“significant threat”).

The detonation of an explosive device, utilization of a WMD, or otherdestructive event, with or without warning, that results in limited injury ordeath (e.g., “limited consequences /State and local consequencemanagement response").

The detonation of an explosive device, utilization of a WMD, or otherdestructive event, with or without warning, that results in substantial injury ordeath (e.g., “major consequences /Federal consequence managementresponse ").

In response to a credible threat involving NBC/WMD, the FBI initiates a threatassessment process that involves close coordination with Federal agencies with technicalexpertise, in order to determine the viability of the threat from a technical, as well as tactical andbehavioral standpoint.

The FBI provides the initial notification to law enforcement authorities within theaffected State of a threat or occurrence that the FBI confirms as an act of terrorism. If warranted,the FBI implements an FBI response and simultaneously advises the Attorney General, whonotifies the President and NSC groups as warranted, that a Federal crisis management response is

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Terrorism Incident

required. If Federal crisis management response is authorized, the FBI activates multi-agencycrisis management structures at FBI Headquarters, the responsible FBI Field Office, and at theincident site (see FBI provides guidance on the crisis management response inthe FBI Nuclear Incident Contingency Plan (classified) and the Chemical/BiologicalIncident Contingency Plan (classified).

Figure 3- Multi-Agency Crisis Management Structures

If the threat involves NBC/WMD, the FBI Director may recommend to theAttorney General, who notifies the President and NSC groups as warranted, to deploy aDomestic Emergency Support Team The mission of the DEST is to provide expertadvice and assistance to the FBI On-Scene Commander related to the capabilities of theDEST agencies and to coordinate follow-on response assets. When deployed, the DEST mergesinto the existing Joint Operations Center structure. (Authorization and coordinationprocedures and the interagency organizational structure for the DEST are outlined in the PDD-39 Domestic Guidelines (classified)).

During crisis management, the FBI coordinates closely with local lawenforcement authorities to provide a successful law enforcement resolution to the incident. TheFBI also coordinates with other Federal authorities, including FEMA. The FBI Field Officeresponsible for the incident site modifies its Command Post to function as a JOC. JOC


structure includes the following standard groups: Command, Operations, Support, andConsequence Management. Representation within the JOC includes some Federal, State, andlocal agencies with roles in consequence management. FEMA notifies Federal, State and localconsequence management agencies selected by the FBI OSC to request that they deployrepresentatives to the JOC. Selected Federal, State and local consequence management agenciesmay be requested to serve in the JOC Command Group, the JOC Support Group/Mediacomponent, and the JOC Consequence Management Group (see Figure shaded boxes).

I I

Investigations Intelligence

Tactical Negotiations

1

I

Figure 4- FBI Joint Operations Center Structure

A FEMA representative coordinates the actions of the JOC ConsequenceManagement Group, expedites activation of a Federal consequence management response shouldit become necessary, and works with an FBI representative who serves as the liaison between theConsequence Management Group and the FBI OSC. The JOC Consequence Management Group .monitors the crisis management response in order to advise on decisions that may have “

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Terrorism Incident

implications for consequence management, and to provide continuity should a Federalconsequence management response become necessary.

B. Consequence Management

1.

The FBI may notify Federal agencies, including FEMA, of a significantthreat of an act of terrorism. Federal agencies requested by the FBI, including FEMA, willdeploy a representative(s) to the FBI Headquarters Strategic Information Operations Center

Based on the circumstances, FEMA Headquarters and the responsible FEMA Region(s)may implement a standard procedure to involved FEMA officials and Federal agenciessupporting consequence management. FEMA and other Federal agencies requested by the FBIOSC will deploy representatives to the being established by the responsible FBI Field

Representatives may include a senior official to serve in the Command Group,in order to assist the OSC and to provide continuity in leadership should a Federalconsequence management response be required.

Issues arising from the response that affect multiple agency authorities andareas of expertise will be discussed by the FBI OSC and the other members of the JOCCommand Group, who are all working in consultation with other local, State and Federalrepresentatives. While the FBI OSC retains authority to make Federal crisis managementdecisions at all times, operational decisions are made cooperatively to the greatest extentpossible. The FBI OSC and the senior FEMA official will provide, or obtain from higherauthority, an immediate resolution of conflicts in priorities for allocation of critical Federalresources (such as airlift or technical operations assets) between the crisis management and theconsequence management response.

The JOC Command Group plays an important role in ensuringcoordination of Federal crisis management and consequence management actions. Coordinationwill also be achieved through the exchange of operational reports on the incident. Because reportsprepared by the FBI are “law enforcement sensitive,” FEMA representatives with access to thereports will review them, according to standard procedure, in order to identify and forwardinformation to Emergency Support Function #5 that may affect operational priorities andaction plans for consequence management.

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Figure 5- Consequence Management

As a situation progresses, consequences may become imminent. FEMAwill consult immediately with the White House and the Governor’s office in order to determine ifFEMA is directed to use authorities of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and EmergencyAssistance (Stafford) Act to mission-assign Federal consequence management agencies to deploy assets, in order to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe. These actions will involveappropriate notification’ and coordination with the FBI, as the overall Federal Lead Agency forcounterterrorism. FEMA Headquarters may activate an Emergency Support Team (EST), mayconvene an executive-level meeting of the Catastrophic Disaster Response Group andmay place an Emergency Response Team - National on When FEMA activatesthe EST, FEMA will notify FBI Headquarters to request a liaison. The responsible FEMARegion(s) may activate a Regional Operations Center and deploy a representative(s) tothe affected State(s) (see Figure 5). When the responsible FEMA Region(s) activate a ROC, theRegion(s) will notify the responsible FBI Field Office(s) to request a liaison.

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Terrorism Incident

2.

(Situations involving a transition from a threat to an act of terrorism).

If consequences become imminent or occur that cause the President todirect FEMA to implement a Federal consequence management response, then FEMA willinitiate procedures to activate additional FRP structures (the EST, the CDRG, the ROC, and aDisaster Field Office if necessary). Federal, State and local consequence managementagencies will begin to disengage from the JOC (see Figure 6). The senior FEMA official andliaisons will remain at the JOC until the FBI and FEMA agree that a liaison presence is no longerrequired. FEMA will establish Joint Information Centers in the field and Washington,DC, to serve as the primary Federal information centers on the consequence managementresponse for the media, members of Congress, foreign governments. FEMA JICS willestablish coordination with the FBI Media component in the field and the FBI HeadquartersNational Press Office, which serve as the primary Federal information centers on the crisismanagement response.

command

coordination

Figure 6- Consequence Management


3. Post-Incident

(Situations without warning).

If an incident occurs without warning that produces major consequencesand appears to be caused by an act of terrorism, then FEMA and the FBI will initiateconsequence management and crisis management actions concurrently. FEMA will consultimmediately with the White House and the Governor’s office to determine if a Federalconsequence management response is required. If the President directs FEMA to implement aFederal consequence management response, then FEMA will implement portions of this Annexand other FRP annexes as required. FEMA will support the FBI as required and will lead aconcurrent Federal consequence management response.

During the consequence management response, the FBI provides a liaisonto either the ROC Director or the Federal Coordinating Officer in the field, and a liaisonto the EST Director at FEMA Headquarters (see Figure Issues arising from the response thataffect multiple agency authorities and areas of expertise will be discussed by the ROC Directoror FCO, in consultation with the FBI liaison, the on-scene decisionmakers of the Federalagencies supporting the technical operation, and the ESF Leaders, who are all working inconsultation with local, State and other Federal representatives. While the ROC Director or FCOretains authority to make Federal consequence management decisions at all times, operationaldecisions are made cooperatively to the greatest extent possible. Meetings will continue to bescheduled until the FBI and FEMA agree that coordination is no longer required. Operationalreports will continue to be exchanged, as described in the phase. The liaisonswill remain at the EST and the ROC or DFO until FEMA and the FBI agree that a liaisonpresence is no longer required.

Terrorism Incident

II

Figure 7- Post-Incident Consequence Management

4. Disengagement

If an act of terrorism does not occur, then the consequence managementresponse disengages when the FEMA Director, in consultation with the FBI Director, directsFEMA Headquarters and the responsible Region(s) to issue a cancellation notification bystandard procedure to appropriate FEMA officials and FRP agencies. FRP agencies disengageaccording to standard procedure.

If an act of terrorism occurs that results in major consequences, then eachFRP structure (the EST, the CDRG, the ROC, and the DFO if necessary) disengages at theappropriate time according to standard procedures. Following FRP disengagement, operationsby individual Federal agencies or by multiple Federal agencies under other Federal plans may


●

●

●

●

●

●

●

Appoint an FBI OSC to provide leadership and direction to the Federal crisismanagement response. The FBI OSC will convene meetings withdecisionmakers representing FEMA, the Federal agencies involved intechnical operations, and the State (as appropriate). These meetings will beheld in order to formulate incident action plans, define priorities, reviewstatus, resolve conflicts, identify issues that require decisions from higherauthorities, and evaluate the need for additional resources.

Issue and track the status of crisis management actions assigned to Federalagencies. A common system should be used by the FBI and FEMA, in orderto provide a capability to control, prioritize, and taskings to Federalagencies, several of which support crisis management and consequencemanagement.

Establish the primary Federal operations centers for crisis management in thefield and Washington, DC.

Establish the primary Federal centers for information on the crisismanagement response for the media, members of Congress, and foreigngovernments in the field and Washington, DC.

Designate appropriate liaison and advisory personnel to support FEMA.

Determine when a threat of an act of terrorism warrants consultation with theWhite House.

Advise the White House, through the Attorney General, when the FBI requiresassistance for a Federal crisis management response, in accordance with thePDD-39 Domestic Guidelines.


Terrorism Incident

. Coordinate the Federal crisis management response with the lead State andlocal crisis management agencies.

B. FEMA

PDD-39 clarifies and expands upon the responsibilities of FEMA as the FederalLead Agency for consequence management. FEMA will:

Appoint a ROC Director or FCO to provide leadership and direction to theFederal consequence management response. The ROC Director or FCO willconvene meetings with decisionmakers representing the FBI, the Federalagencies involved in technical operations, and the State (as appropriate).These meetings will be held in order to formulate incident action plans, definepriorities, review status, resolve conflicts, identify issues that require decisionsfrom higher authorities, and evaluate the need for additional resources.

Issue and track the status of consequence management actions assigned toFederal agencies. A common system be used by the FBI and FEMA, -

in order to provide a capability to control, prioritize, and appropriate) audit and reimburse to Federal agencies, several ofwhich support crisis management and consequence management.

Establish the primary Federal operations centers for consequence managementin the field and Washington, DC.

Establish the primary Federal centers for information on the consequencemanagement response for the media, members of Congress, and foreigngovernments in the field and Washington, DC.

Designate appropriate liaison and advisory personnel to support the FBI.

Determine when consequences are imminent that warrant consultation withthe White House and the Governor’s office.

Consult with the White House and the Governor’s office to determine if aFederal consequence management response is required and if FEMA isdirected to use Stafford Act authorities. This process will involve appropriatenotification and coordination with the FBI.


. Coordinate the Federal consequence management response with the lead Stateand local consequence management agencies.

C. Federal Agencies Supporting Technical Operations .

Department of Defense

As directed in PDD-39, the Department of Defense (DOD) will activatetechnical operations capabilities to support the Federal response to threats or acts ofterrorism. As required under the Constitution and laws of the United States, DOD will coordinatemilitary operations within the United States with the appropriate civilian lead for thetechnical operations.

2. Department of Energy

As directed in PDD-39, the Department of Energy (DOE) will activatenuclear response capabilities to support the Federal response to threats or acts of terrorism. DOE may coordinate with individual agencies identified in the FRERP to use the -

structures, relationships, and capabilities described in the to support response operations.The FRERP does not require formal implementation. Under the FRERP:

. The Federal OSC under the will coordinate the responsewith the FEMA official (either the senior FEMA official at the JOC, theROC Director or the who is responsible under PDD-39 for scene coordination of all Federal support to State and local governments(see Figure 8).

. The FRERP response may include onsite management, radiologicalmonitoring and assessment, development of Federal protective actionrecommendations, and provision of information on the radiologicalresponse to the public, the White House and Members of Congress, andforeign governments. The Lead Federal Agency of the will serve as the primary Federal source of information regarding onsiteradiological conditions and offsite radiological effects.

● The will issue that draw upon tiding from theresponding FRERP agencies.


Terrorism Incident

3. Department of Health and Human Services

As directed in PDD-39, the Department of Health and Human Services(DHHS) will activate health and medical response capabilities to support the Federal response tothreats or acts of terrorism. DHHS may coordinate with individual agenciesidentified in the Health and Medical Services Support Plan for the Federal Response toActs of Chemical/Biological Terrorism, to use the structures, relationships, and capabilitiesdescribed in the DHHS plan to support response operations. the DHHS plan is formallyimplemented:

● The DHHS on-scene representative will coordinate, through the ESF #8Leader, the DHHS plan response with the FEMA official (either thesenior FEMA official at the JOC, the ROC Director or the who isresponsible under PDD-39 for on-scene coordination of all Federalsupport to State and local governments (see Figure 8).

. The DHHS plan response may include threat assessment, consultation,agent identification, investigation, hazard detection and -

reduction, decontamination, public health support, medical support, andpharmaceutical support operations.

. DHHS will issue taskings that draw upon tiding from the respondingDHHS plan agencies.

4. Environmental Protection Agency

As directed in PDD-39, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) willactivate environmental response capabilities to support the Federal response to acts of

terrorism. EPA may coordinate with individual agencies identified in the NationalOil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency to use the structures,relationships, and capabilities of the National Response System as described in the NCP tosupport response operations. If the NCP is implemented:

. The On-Scene Coordinator under the NCP will coordinate, through theESF #1 O Leader, the NCP response with the FEMA official (either thesenior FEMA official at the JOC, the ROC Director or the who isresponsible under PDD-39 for on-scene coordination of all Federalsupport to State and local governments (see Figure 8).

TI-17



LEAD AGENCY FOR

RESPONSIBLE FORCONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENT

Figure 8- Relationships Among Federal Plans Implement

FUNDING GUIDELINES

As stated in PDD-39, Federal agencies directed to participate in the resolution of terroristincidents or conduct of counterterrorist operations bear the costs of their own participation,unless otherwise directed by the President. This does not preclude Federal agencies fromreallocating funds from current agency operating budgets, accepting reimbursable work ordersoffered by other Federal agencies, and/or submitting requests for supplemental appropriation tothe Office of Management and Budget for consideration, .

If the President directs FEMA to use Stafford Act authorities, FEMA will issue missionassignments through the FRP to support consequence management. FEMA provides thefollowing finding guidance to the FRP agencies:


Terrorism Incident

A. Special Events and the Stafford Act

Commitments by individual agencies to take precautionary measures in anticipationof special events will not be reimbursed under the Stafford Act, unless mission-assigned by FEMAto support consequence management.

Crisis Management /Law Enforcement and the Stafford Act

Stafford Act authorities do not pertain to law enforcement functions. Lawenforcement or crisis management actions will not be mission-assigned for reimbursement underthe Stafford Act.5

A. Presidential Decision Directive 39 (classified). An unclassified extract maybeobtained from FEMA.

B. Chemical/Biological Incident Contingency Plan (classified). An unclassifiedversion may be obtained from the FBI.

c. FBI Nuclear Incident Contingency Plan (classified). An unclassified version maybe obtained from the FBI.

D. Domestic Guidelines (classified).

E. DHHS Health and Medical Services Support Plan for the Federal Response to Actsof Chemical/Biological Terrorism.

VIII. PRIMARY POINT OF CONTACT


FEMA will incorporate language into the FRP Basic Plan concerning the incident commandsystem and command structures.

2 FEMA incorporate language into an FRP procedure and internal procedures forbackup operations concerning support to multiple terrorism operations within a single State or inmultiple States.

3 FEMA Headquarters will develop planning guidance for the FEMA Regions to incorporatelanguage into the Regional Response Plans to explain that the senior FEMA official at the JOChas the authority to expedite activation of a Federal consequence management response.Following a Stafford Act declaration, Federal consequence management operations willtransition from the JOC Consequence Management Group, supported by the ROC, to a DFO.

4 FEMA will incorporate language into the FRP Basic Plan concerning the Emergency ResponseTeam - National.

5 FEMA will review and update language concerning Stafford Act declarations and missionassignments in the FRP Basic Plan, as follows:

FEMA can use limited authorities in advance of a Stafford Act declaration to“lessen avert the threat of a catastrophe”, only if the President expresses intent to go forwardwith a declaration (Section 201). This authority is further interpreted by Congressional intent, tothe effect that the President must determine that assistance under existing Federal programs isinadequate to meet the crisis before FEMA may directly intervene under the Stafford Act.

The Stafford Act authorizes the President to issue “emergency” and “major disaster” declarations(Section 501). Emergency declarations may be issued in response to a Governor’s request, or inresponse to those rare emergencies, including some acts of terrorism, for which the FederalGovernment is assigned in the laws of the United States the exclusive or preeminentresponsibility and authority to respond. Major disaster declarations may be issued in response toa Governor’s request for any natural catastrophe or, regardless of cause, any fire, flood orexplosion which has caused damage of sufficient severity and magnitude, as determined by thePresident, to warrant major disaster assistance under the Act.

TI-20


Terrorism Incident

If a Stafford Act declaration is provided, finding for consequence management may continue tobe allocated from responding department and agency operating budgets, the Disaster Relief _Fund, and supplemental appropriations.

Mission assignments are reimbursable work orders issued by FEMA to Federal agenciesdirecting completion of a specific task. While the Stafford Act states that “Federal agencies may(emphasis added) reimbursed for expenditures under the Act” from the Disaster Relief Fund(Section 304), it is FEMA policy to reimburse Federal agencies for work performed undermission assignments. Mission assignments issued to support consequence management will

FEMA’s “Standard Operating Procedures for the Management of Mission Assignments(May 1994)” or applicable superseding documentation.

FEMA will update FRP Appendix A. The following acronyms and abbreviations used in theAnnex will be incorporated:

Domestic Emergency Support TeamFBI On-Scene CommanderJoint Operations CenterNuclear, Biological, and ChemicalNational Security CouncilPresidential Decision Directive 39Strategic Information Operations CenterWeapons of Mass Destruction

7 FEMA will incorporate these terms and definitions into the FRP Appendix B:

Biological agents are microorganisms or toxins from living organisms that have infectious ornon-infectious properties which produce or serious effects in plants and animals.

2. Chemical agents are solids, liquids, or gases that have chemical properties that produce lethalor serious effects in plants and animals. (FBI)

3. Limited consequences are within State and local capabilities.

4. Major consequences exceed State and local capabilities, requiring a Federal response.



Nuclear weapons release nuclear energy in an explosive manner as the result of nuclearchain reactions involving fission and/or fusion of atomic (DOE)


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APPENDIX BAPPENDIX BPRESIDENTIAL DECISIONPRESIDENTIAL DECISION

DIRECTIVE 39 (UNCLASSIFIED)DIRECTIVE 39 (UNCLASSIFIED)

The following is a copy of an unclassified* abstrct derived from Presidential Decision Directive 39(PDD-39), United States Policy on Counterterrorism, dated June 21, 1995. This abstract hasbeen reviewed and approved by the National Secutreity Council (NSC) for distribution to Federal,State, and local emergency response and consequence management personnel to assist them inresponding to terrorist emergencies.

*The full text of PDD-39 is a CLASSIFIED document. State and local officals, however, shouldunderstand that PDD-39 essentially gives the responsibility of response to terrorist attacks tothe FBI for "crisis management" and FEMA for "consequence managmenent." State and localagencies and assets will be expected to support the Federal efforts.


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UNITED STATES POLICY ON COUNTERTERRORISMUNITED STATES POLICY ON COUNTERTERRORISM

1. General. Terrorism is both a threat to our national security as well as a criminalact. The Administration has stated that it is the policy of the United States to use allappropriate means to deter, defeat and respond to all terrorist attacks on our territoryand resources, both people and facilities, wherever they occur. In support of theseefforts, the United States will:

• Employ efforts to deter, preempt, apprehend and prosecute terrorists.

• Work closely with other governments to carry out our counterterrorismpolicy and combat terrorist threats against them.

• Identify sponsors of terrorists, isolate them, and ensure they pay fortheir actions.

• Make no concessions to terrorists.

2. Measures to Combat Terrorism. To ensure that the United States is prepared tocombat terrorism in all its forms, a number of measures have been directed. Theseinclude reducing vulnerabilities to terrorism, deterring and responding to terroristacts, and having capabilities to prevent and manage the consequences of terrorist useof nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons, including those of massdestruction.

a. Reduce Vulnerabilities. In order to reduce our vulnerabilities toterrorism, both at home and abroad, all department/agency heads have been directedto ensure that their personnel and facilities are fully protected against terrorism.Specific efforts that will be conducted to ensure our security against terrorist actsinclude the following:

• Review the vulnerability of government facilities and criticalnational infrastructure.

• Expand the program of counterterrorism.

• Reduce vulnerabilities affecting civilian personnel/facilitiesabroad and military personnel/facilities.

• Reduce vulnerabilities affecting U.S. airports,aircraft/passengers and shipping, and provide appropriatesecurity measures for other modes of transportation.

• Exclude/deport persons who pose a terrorist threat.

• Prevent unlawful traffic in firearms and explosives, and protectthe President and other officials against terrorist attack.

• Reduce U.S. vulnerabilities to international terrorism throughintelligence collection/analysis, counterintelligence and covertaction.


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b. Deter. To deter terrorism, it is necessary to provide a clear publicposition that our policies will not be affected by terrorist acts and we will vigorouslydeal with terrorist/sponsors to reduce terrorist capabilities and support. In thisregard, we must make it clear that we will not allow terrorism to succeed and that thepursuit, arrest, and prosecution of terrorists is of the highest priority. Our goalsinclude the disruption of terrorist-sponsored activity including termination of financialsupport, arrest and punishment of terrorists as criminals, application of U.S. laws andnew legislation to prevent terrorist groups from operating in the United States, andapplication of extraterritorial statutes to counter acts of terrorism and apprehendterrorists outside of the United States. Return of terrorists overseas, who are wantedfor violation of U.S. law, is of the highest priority and a central issue in bilateralrelations with any state that harbors or assists them.

c. Respond. To respond to terrorism, we must have a rapid and decisivecapability to protect Americans, defeat or arrest terrorists, respond against terroristsponsors, and provide relief to the victims of terrorists. The goal during the immediateresponse phase of an incident is to terminate terrorist attacks so that the terrorists donot accomplish their objectives or maintain their freedom, while seeking to minimizedamage and loss of life and provide emergency assistance. After an incident hasoccurred, a rapidly deployable interagency Emergency Support Team (EST) will providerequired capabilities on scene: a Foreign Emergency Support Team (FEST) for foreignincidents and a Domestic Emergency Support Team (DEST) for domestic incidents.DEST membership will be limited to those agencies required to respond to the specificincident. Both teams will include elements for specific types of incidents such asnuclear, biological or chemical threats.

The Director, FEMA, will ensure that the Federal Response Plan isadequate for consequence management activities in response to terrorist attacksagainst large U.S. populations, including those where weapons of mass destruction areinvolved. FEMA will also ensure that State response plans and capabilities areadequate and tested. FEMA, supported by all Federal Response Plan signatories, willassume the Lead Agency role for consequence management in Washington, DC, andon scene. If large scale casualties and infrastructure damage occur, the President mayappoint a Personal Representative for consequence management as the on sceneFederal authority during recovery. A roster of senior and former government officialswilling to perform these functions will be created and the rostered individuals will beprovided training and information necessary to allow them to be called upon on shortnotice.

Agencies will bear the costs of their participation in terrorist incidentsand counterterrorist operations, unless otherwise directed.

d. NBC Consequence Management. The development of effectivecapabilities for preventing and managing the consequences of terrorist use of nuclear,biological or chemical (NBC) materials or weapons is of the highest priority. Terroristacquisition of weapons of mass destruction is not acceptable and there is no higherpriority than preventing the acquisition of such materials/weapons or removing thiscapability from terrorist groups. FEMA will review the Federal Response Plan on anurgent basis, in coordination with supporting agencies, to determine its adequacy inresponding to an NBC-related terrorist incident; identify and remedy any shortfalls instockpiles, capabilities or training; and report on the status of these efforts in 180days.


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APPENDIX CAPPENDIX CRELATED COURSE LISTRELATED COURSE LIST


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The following National Fire Academy (NFA) and Emergency Management Institute(EMI) courses can assist fire and emergency services personnel in preparing forconsequence management of terrorism incidents. Readiness for such occurrences is alogical extension of normal major incident preparation. These courses havecomponents or modules that contribute to the development of skills, knowledge, andabilities of those who must be ready to respond to terrorist incidents.

Part I—National Fire Academy (NFA) CoursesPart I—National Fire Academy (NFA) Courses

Hazardous MaterialsHazardous Materials

O234 Chemistry of Hazardous MaterialsA two-week course that focuses on the basic knowledge required to evaluatethe potential hazards and behaviors of materials considered to be hazardous.

R243 Hazardous Materials Incident ManagementA six-day course that focuses on the duties and responsibilities of theemergency response personnel who will assume the Incident Commander (IC)role in hazardous materials emergencies.

R229 Hazardous Materials Operating Site PracticesA two-week course that focuses on the strategies and safe procedures foralleviating the danger at hazardous materials incidents.

F809 Initial Response to Hazardous Materials Incidents: Basic ConceptsA two-day course that gives students an understanding of the basic conceptsand techniques of first response to hazardous materials incidents.

F808 Initial Response to Hazar dous Materials Incidents: Concept ImplementationA two-day course that expands upon the above course. New concepts andmore detail are provided on procedures, usage, and related considerationsfollowing the basic chronology of a hazardous materials incident.

Emergency Medical ServicesEmergency Medical Services

R151 Advanced Leadership Issues in Emergency Medical ServiceA two-week course designed for upper-management personnel who haveorganizational responsibility for emergency medical operations in their agency.Situational, scenario-based instruction is the foundation for this course.

R150 Management of Emergency Medical ServicesA two-week course that focuses on current and emerging managementpractices as they relate to EMS in the fire service.

Emergency Medical Services/Hazardous MaterialsEmergency Medical Services/Hazardous Materials

R247 Advanced Life Support Response to Hazardous Materials IncidentsA two-week course that focuses on indepth chemistry, toxicology, and themedical management of victims for paramedic personnel.


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F246 Basic Life Support and Hazard ous Materials ResponseA two-day course that focuses on critical concerns for emergency medicalresponders at hazardous materials incidents.

SafetySafety

F719 Incident Safety OfficerA two-day course that focuses on the Safety Officer's role at emergencyresponses, specifically on the Safety Officer role within the Incident CommandSystem (ICS). Response to all-hazard types of situations is emphasized.

F720 Health and Safety OfficerA two-day course that focuses on the Health and Safety Officer's role inidentifying, evaluating, and implementing policy and procedures that affecthealth and safety aspects for first responders.

Command and ControlCommand and Control

R306 Executive Analysis of Fire Service Operations in Emergency ManagementA two-week course that is designed to prepare senior staff officers in theadministrative functions necessary to manage the operational component of afire and rescue department.

R304 Command and Control of Fire Department Operations at Multi-AlarmIncidentsA two-week course, using intensive simulation, that focuses on the commandofficer's responsibility while conducting major operations involving multialarmunits.

R308 Command and Control of Fire Department Operations at Natural and Man-Made DisastersA two-week course that focuses on fire and rescue department operations atnatural and manmade disasters that may require interagency or inter-jurisdictional coordination.

R314 Command and Control of Fire Department Operations at Target HazardsA six-day course designed to introduce command officers to the complexitiesinvolved in commanding incidents at high-risk areas.

R801 Fire Command OperationsA six-day course where volunteer fire officers are introduced to incidentcommand and study proper fire command techniques for control andextinguishment of fires ranging from small, residential structures tomultioccupancy, commercial complexes.

Managing Company Tactical OperationsA series of four two-day courses that focus on fire and rescue practices dealingwith confinement, extinguishment, water supply, salvage, and offensive anddefensive firefighting operations. Courses are divided into Preparation (F375),Decisionmaking (F450), Tactics (F451), and Simulation (no course numberassigned).


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Command and Control/Emergency Medical ServicesCommand and Control/Emergency Medical Services

F160 Incident Command System for Emergency Medical ServicesA two-day course that focuses on the concepts of EMS-specific incidentcommand using lecture, role play, simulation, case studies, and graphics.

ArsonArson

R205 Fire/Arson InvestigationA two-week course that addresses the basic skills needed to conduct fireinvestigations. Students will be equipped to identify the origin and cause offires, to conduct a technically and legally sound investigation, and to pursuethe case through the judicial system.

R811 Fire Cause Determination for Company OfficersA six-day course that addresses the skills needed to conduct initial fire causedeterminations.

R207 Management for Arson Prevention and ControlA two-week course that focuses on innovative concepts and practical skills formanaging a synergistic response to arson prevention and control.

R216 Initial Fire InvestigationA six-day course that focuses on the needs of personnel whose duties includedetermining origin and cause, and responsibility for fires and explosions basedprimarily on examination of the incident scene.

Emergency Response to TerrorismEmergency Response to Terrorism

Emergency Response to Terrorism: Self Study (ERT:SS)Emergency Response to Terrorism: Self Study (ERT:SS)

Course Description:

This home study course is a self-study, self-paced, paper-based document and isdesigned to provide the basic awareness training that first responders need to increasethe chances for successful and safe response to incidents involving terrorism.

The target audience for ERT:SS includes fire, emergency medical, haz mat, incidentcommand, and law enforcement responders. At present the intent is to produce100,000 copies of the ERT:SS document. This would provide, initially, one for everyfire department in the U.S. (approximately 35,000).

ERT:SS will provide a basic overview of the following:

• definition and historical background of terrorism;• recognizing suspicious circumstances and identifying key indicators (outward

warning signs or cues);• implementing self-protective measures (time, distance, and shielding);• initial scene control; and


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• making appropriate notification (activating response resources based onlocal/State emergency plans).

Emergency Response to Terrorism: Basic Concepts (ERT:BC)

Course Description:

The intent of this two-day course is to prepare first responders for terrorist-relatedincidents primarily at the operations level. The key learning objectives focus on lifesafety and self-preservation.

The target audience for ERT:BC includes fire, emergency medical, haz mat, incidentcommand, and law enforcement responders.

ERT:BC will provide a basic overview of the following:

• understanding and recognizing terrorism;• implementing self-protective measures;• scene control;• tactical considerations; and• incident management overview.

Content will include information on detection and monitoring for various hazards

Proposed Future Developments

Two additional classes are being proposed:

Emergency Response to Terrorism: Tactical Considerations (ERT:TC)

This course will be a six-day NFA resident course dealing with emergency medical,hazardous materials, and incident command issues. This course will be designedprimarily for technician- and specialist-level personnel who will be directly involvedwith advanced tactical operations. Proposed content for this course will be

• emergency medical issues;• tactical operations (detection and monitoring, suit selection); and• incident command.

Emergency Response to Terrorism: Incident Management (ERT:IM)

This course will be a six-day NFA resident course designed for Incident Commanderswho would be responsible for managing terrorism incidents. Proposed content for thiscourse will be

• Incident Command (unified command, mass casualty issues);• Federal Response Plan (PDD-39);• activating Federal resources; and• planning (all-hazard approach, threat/capability assessment).

In addition, a job aid (reference guide) is proposed for development. The intent of thisdocument would be as a small reference document that could be used on-scene byemergency responders to assist them with mitigating the incident.


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Degrees at a DistanceDegrees at a Distance

Disaster and Fire Defense PlanningA course offered through the NFA's Degrees at a Distance Program that focuseson the concepts and principles of community fire risk assessment, as related togroup fires and disasters (no course number assigned).

Managerial Issues in Hazardous MaterialsA course offered through the NFA's Degrees at a Distance Program that focuseson the issues that confront hazardous materials program managers, fromplanning to postincident phases (no course number assigned).

Part II--Emergency Management Institute (EMI) CoursesPart II--Emergency Management Institute (EMI) Courses

E417 Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Train-the-Trainer CourseA two-and-a-half-day course conducted in residence at EMI preparesparticipants to institute a CERT program in their communities. Topics includefire suppression, disaster medical operations, light search and rescue, andteam organization and management.

G357 Emergency Response to Criminal and Terrorist IncidentsA six-hour workshop course that sensitizes responders to the special issuesinvolved in responding to an event that may involve a crime. Topics such aspreservation of evidence are covered in detail.

G120 Exercise Design CourseA two-day course designed to enable participants to conduct communityemergency management exercises to test the communities' emergencyoperations plans and to rehearse key response personnel.

G130 Exercise Evaluation CourseA two-day course that enables participants to manage exercise evaluationactivities before, during, and following an exercise.

G191 Incident Command System (ICS)/Emergency Operations Center (EOC)InterfaceA one-and-a-half-day field course designed for delivery to ICS and EOCpersonnel in a community. Course provides an opportunity to develop aworking interface between the IC and the EOC. The course reviews ICS andEOC concepts and uses exercises to demonstrate key points.

G190 Incident Command System (ICS) for Law Enforcement PersonnelA 12-hour field course introduces police and other law enforcement personnelto ICS and provides opportunities for exercising the concepts learned.

G192 Incident Command System (ICS) for Public Works OfficialsA one-and-a-half-day field course that introduces public works personnel toICS and provides opportunities for exercising the concepts learned.


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S105 Integrated Emergency Management Course (IEMC): Consequences ofTerrorismA five-day exercise-based course that focuses on preparing for, responding to,and recovering from the emergency consequences of a terrorist act. Specialattention is placed on the response among agencies when the disaster area isalso a crime scene.

Joint Information Center (JIC)/Joint Information System (JIS) CourseA 16 to 24-hour course that introduces participants to the JIC/JIS concept anddetails the functions to be performed in establishing a single location for thedissemination of coordinated emergency information.

G386 Mass Fatalities Incident CourseA one-week field course designed to prepare local and State response personneland other involved personnel to manage incidents involving large numbers offatalities effectively.

For More Information…For More Information…

For more information on any of these courses, please contact the National EmergencyTraining Center at (800) 238-3358, or (301) 447-1000.


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ANSWERS TO LEARNING CHECKSANSWERS TO LEARNING CHECKS

MODULE 1:MODULE 1:TERRORISM INTERRORISM INPERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE

1. True (p. 7)

2. True (p. 13)

3. False (p. 8)

4. True (p. 8)

5. False (p. 11)

6. d. (p. 7)

7. c. (p. 7)

8. b. (p. 15)

9. b. (p. 9)

10. b. (p. 15)

MODULE 2:MODULE 2:INCIDENTS ANDINCIDENTS ANDINDICATORSINDICATORS

1. True (p. 23)

2. True (p. 21)

3. False (p. 21)

4. True (p. 22)

5. True

6. b. (p. 25-26)

7. a. (p. 22)

8. b. (p. 21)

9. a. (p. 23-24)

10. c. (p. 25)

MODULE 3: SELF-MODULE 3: SELF-PROTECTIONPROTECTION

1. False (p. 32)

2. False (p. 32)

3. True (p. 34)

4. False (p. 32)

5. d. (p. 34)

6. a.

7. c. (p. 34)

8. d. (p. 34)

9. a. (p. 34)

10. b. (p. 34)

MODULE 4: SCENEMODULE 4: SCENECONTROLCONTROL

1. False

2. True

3. False

4. False

5. True (p. 43)

6. c. (p. 46)

7. c. (p. 47)

8. a. (p. 45)

9. b. (p. 45)

10. b. (p. 46)

MODULE 5:MODULE 5:NOTIFICATION ANDNOTIFICATION ANDCOORDINATIONCOORDINATION

1. d. (p. 53)

2. d. (p. 55)

3. b. (p. 55)

4. b. (p. 56)

5. b. (p. 54)

6. True (p. 53)

7. True (p. 53)

8. False (p. 55)

9. True

10. False (p. 53)

EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: SELF-STUDYEMERGENCY RESPONSE TO TERRORISM: SELF-STUDYFEMA/USFA/NFA-EX

August 1997FINAL EXAMFINAL EXAM

Multiple Choice : Please fill in the correct answer using the corresponding number onthe following answer sheet (at bottom of application form).

1. Nerve agents are similar in nature to organophosphate pesticides.

a. Trueb. False

2. At a potential crime scene, protection of physical evidence is not a concern tofirst responders.

a. Trueb. False

3. Examples of shielding are vehicles, buildings, walls, and personal protectiveequipment.

a. Trueb. False

4. Improper scene management is likely to result in loss of scene control andincrease the potential for greater loss of life and injuries.

a. Trueb. False

5. In our country’s system of emergency management, local government (firstresponders) must act first to attend to the public’s emergency needs.

a. Trueb. False

6. Any community--whether urban, suburban, or rural--is vulnerable to a terroristincident.

a. Trueb. False

7. Any response to an incident other than a natural disaster may be a response toa crime scene.

a. Trueb. False

8. TRACEM refers to the following types of harm: Thermal, Radiation,Asphyxiation, Chemical, Etiological, and Mechanical.

a. Trueb. False

9. Incident factors are typically static and do not need to be evaluated.

a. Trueb. False


10. The Federal Response Plan details what the Federal government will do toprovide emergency assistance to a State and its local governments affected by alarge-scale disaster.

a. Trueb. False

11. It is estimated that the percentage of terrorist activities involving explosives isabout

a. 80 percent.b. 70 percent.c. 60 percent.d. 50 percent.

12. The primary concern of the first responder at a bombing incident should be

a. a secondary event such as an explosion.b. establishing scene control.c. mass decontamination.d. mass fatalities.

13. If an incident involves hazardous materials, which most terrorist incidents will,Federal regulations require the creation of a(n)

a. evaluation tool.b. site safety plan.c. risk determination.d. hazard plan.

14. Crisis management includes activities to

a. protect public health and safety.b. restore essential government services.c. provide emergency assistance to affected governments, businesses, and

individuals.d. anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or incident.

15. Consequence management

a. includes activities to identify, locate, and apprehend the perpetrators.b. includes Federal, State, and local volunteer and private agencies.c. involves Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies.d. focuses on criminal aspects of the incident.

16. Which of the following statements is false?

a. Viruses are the simplest type of microorganisms.b. Viruses lack a system for their own metabolism.c. Viruses depend on living cells to multiply.d. Viruses will live long outside of a host.


17. Which of the following steps exceed the awareness level of training?

a. Isolate the scene.b. Enter the hot zone.c. Deny entry.d. Notify additional resources.

18. In using time, distance, and shielding as methods of self-protection, it isadvisable to

a. be downwind of the source.b. not be concerned with the amount of time spent in the hazard area.c. distance yourself from the hazard.d. limit the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

19. During the determining strategic goals step in the GEDAPER process, which ofthe following would not be included?

a. Protection of critical systems.b. Extinguishment.c. Incident stabilization.d. Life safety.

20. Of the following types of radiation, which is the most penetrating?

a. Alpha particles.b. Gamma rays.c. Beta particles.

FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCYEmergency Response to Terrorism: Self-Study

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11. CHECK THE BOX(ES) THAT BEST DESCRIBE YOUR ORGANIZATION:

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3. COMBINATION

12. CURRENT STATUS 1. PAID FULL TIME 2. PAID PART TIME 3. VOLUNTEER

13. SIGNATURE OF APPLICANT DATE:

14. I hereby certify, as chief officer or supervisor of the above individual, that he/she is a member of the named department/agency, and has completed theERT:SS course and examination according to instructions.

FINAL EXAM ANSWER SHEET: PLEASE COMPLETELY FILL IN YOUR ANSWER CHOICE:

a b c d a b c d1. 11.2. 12.3. 13.4. 14.5. 15.6. 16.7. 17.8. 18.9. 19.10. 20.

PR

IVA

CY

AC

T S

TA

TE

ME

NT

(P

ublic

Law

93-

579)

1.A

UT

HO

RIT

Y:

The

aut

hori

ty f

or c

olle

ctio

n of

the

info

rmat

ion

is 5

U.S

.C. 3

01;4

4 U

.S.C

. 310

1; 5

0 U

.S.C

. 225

3, 2

281

and

E.O

. 939

7.

2.P

RIN

CIP

AL

PU

RP

OS

E(S

): T

his

info

rmat

ion

is c

olle

cted

for

the

purp

ose

of p

rovi

ding

sel

f-di

rect

ed s

tudy

cou

rses

to c

itiz

ens

who

cann

ot a

tten

d re

gula

r cl

assr

oom

cou

rses

and

cer

tify

app

lica

nts

who

succ

essf

ully

com

plet

e th

e co

urse

s.

3.R

OU

TIN

E U

SE

S:

Info

rmat

ion

may

be

prov

ided

to th

e F

EM

AS

elf-

Dir

ecte

d S

tudy

Pro

gram

Con

trac

tor

to e

nter

app

lica

nt in

to th

ese

lf-d

irec

ted

stud

y pr

ogra

m a

nd to

rel

ease

sel

f-di

rect

ed s

tudy

mat

eria

ls to

app

lica

nts

and

to f

orw

ard

cert

ific

ates

to a

ppli

cant

sw

ho s

ucce

ssfu

lly

com

plet

e a

cour

se;

to F

EM

A C

ompu

ter

Cen

ter

inO

lney

, Mar

ylan

d, to

est

abli

sh a

pri

ntou

t inc

ludi

ng n

ame,

addr

ess,

stu

dent

num

ber,

num

eric

al g

rade

for

eac

h co

urse

uni

t, da

teof

com

plet

ion

of e

ach

cour

se u

nit,

fina

l gra

de a

nd d

ate

of c

ours

eco

mpl

etio

n fo

r su

bmis

sion

to th

e co

ntra

ctor

and

to F

EM

A T

rain

ing

and

Edu

cati

on; t

o F

EM

A T

rain

ing

and

Edu

cati

on to

res

pond

tost

uden

t inq

uiri

es r

elat

ing

to c

ompl

etio

n da

tes,

req

uest

s fo

r m

ilit

ary

rese

rve

cred

its

and

requ

ests

for

cer

tifi

cate

s of

com

plet

ion

that

wer

eaw

arde

d bu

t did

not

arr

ive

for

the

stud

ent;

to F

EM

A R

egio

nal

Off

icer

s to

mea

sure

trai

ning

pro

gres

s in

the

regi

on; t

o S

tate

Em

erge

ncy

Man

agem

ent O

ffic

es to

sch

edul

e m

ore

adva

nced

trai

ning

for

stu

dent

s w

ho h

ave

com

plet

ed b

asic

em

erge

ncy

man

agem

ent i

nstr

ucti

on th

roug

h se

lf-d

irec

ted

stud

y co

urse

s. I

nso

me

case

s, in

form

atio

n co

ntai

ned

in th

e se

lf-d

irec

ted

stud

y co

urse

prog

ram

is u

sed

to u

pdat

e in

divi

dual

stu

dent

rec

ords

mai

ntai

ned

byth

e F

EM

A S

elf-

Dir

ecte

d S

tudy

pro

gram

.

4.M

AN

DA

TO

RY

OR

VO

LU

NT

AR

Y D

ISC

LO

SU

RE

AN

DE

FF

EC

T O

N I

ND

IVID

UA

L N

OT

PR

OV

IDIN

GIN

FO

RM

AT

ION

: T

he d

iscl

osur

e of

this

info

rmat

ion

is v

olun

tary

,ho

wev

er, o

mis

sion

of

the

nam

e an

d ad

dres

s w

ould

res

ult i

n ou

rin

abili

ty to

for

war

d yo

u co

pies

of

the

self

-dir

ecte

d st

udy

cour

sean

d ce

rtif

icat

es o

f co

mpl

etio

n of

cou

rses

.Inf

orm

atio

n R

egar

ding

Dis

clos

ure

of Y

our

Soc

ial S

ecur

ity

Num

ber

Und

er P

ubli

c L

aw 9

3-57

9 S

ecti

on 7

(b).

The

col

lect

ion

of y

our

soci

al s

ecur

ity

num

ber

isau

thor

ized

by

E.O

. 939

7 of

Nov

embe

r 22

, 194

3. T

he d

iscl

osur

e of

your

soc

ial s

ecur

ity

num

ber

is v

olun

tary

. Y

ou m

ay ta

ke th

e se

lf-

dire

cted

stu

dy c

ours

es e

ven

if y

ou d

o no

t pro

vide

the

soci

alse

curi

ty n

umbe

r; h

owev

er, f

ailu

re to

pro

vide

suc

h in

form

atio

n m

ayre

sult

in li

mit

ed s

ervi

ce w

hich

we

wil

l be

able

to p

rovi

de to

you

rega

rdin

g su

cces

sful

com

plet

ion

of c

ours

es a

nd c

erti

fica

tion

s.

*U.S

. GP

O:1

989-

622-

341/

1006

3

fold here

Please PlaceStamp Here

Emergency Response to Terrorism: Self-StudyAdministrative Office—SCSC

Building H16825 South Seton Ave.

Emmitsburg, MD 21727

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