5-1 Emergency Response to Terrorism TC: Hazardous Materials Unit 5:Protection.
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Transcript of 5-1 Emergency Response to Terrorism TC: Hazardous Materials Unit 5:Protection.
5-1
Emergency Response to Terrorism TC: Hazardous Materials
Unit 5: Protection
5-2
Terminal Objective
Given an exercise, students will select appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) based on the chemical and physical properties of the agent.
5-3
Enabling Objectives
The students will: Identify the types and importance of
respiratory protection relative to a terrorist event.
Identify the advantages and risks involved with using conventional PPE in a terrorist response.
5-4
Introduction
Standard versus terrorism response
Different organizations may respond to same incident with different levels of protection
Get enough knowledge of incident and agent to select the appropriate level
5-5
Respiratory Considerations
Major route of exposure for chemical agents is respiratory. Vapor pressures for many of the agents is low. Terrorist incident may require unconventional protection
methods.
5-6
Some or None? The Dilemma
Given the choice in a terrorist incident which would you choose?
No respiratory protection Air-purifying respirator
5-7
Categories of Respiratory Hazards
Airborne contaminants or aerosols Inhalation of gases or vapors Oxygen-deficient atmosphere
Overview
5-8
Airborne/Aerosol Contaminants
Dusts Mists Fumes Fiber Irritating smoke
5-9
Inhalation of Gases
Gases Can be expanded indefinitely Mix easily with other gases Occupy most containers completely and
uniformly Expand or contract with temperature and
pressure Vapors are similar, except are solids or liquids at
room temperature and standard pressure
5-10
Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres
O2 normally 20.9 percent of air. Less than 19.5 percent is considered IDLH. More than 23.5 percent is also considered
IDLH.
5-11
Respiratory Protection
Three types:
APR's Air-purifying respirators SCBA Self-contained breathing
apparatus SAR's Supplied-air respirators
Overview
5-12
Air Purifying Respirators
Filter out airborne contaminants through filtration, absorption, or chemical reaction.
Conditions may exclude use of APR's. Components of APR's. Advantages and limitations. Types of filtering devices and color codes.
Overview
5-13
APR Filters Explained
Filter out airborne contaminants through filtration, absorption, or chemical reaction
Basis for military respiratory chemical protection
Filters include Particulate, cartridge or canister, or combination
5-14
Conditions That May Exclude the Use of APR's
O2 deficiency IDLH concentrations of specific chemicals Entry into an unventilated or confined area
where the exposure conditions have not been characterized
Presence or potential of unidentified agents
5-15
Conditions That May Exclude the Use of APR's (cont'd)
Contaminant concentrations unknown or exceed designated maximum use concentration(s)
Identified gases or vapors that have inadequate warning properties, when absorbent’s service life is not known and unit has no ESLI
High relative humidity
5-16
APR Components
Full or partial facepiece Filter--absorbent cartridges Exhalation valve
5-17
APR Advantages
Lightweight Inexpensive Disposable Useful for support operations
5-18
APR Limitations
Become saturated Don’t supply O2
Must have at least 19.5 percent O2 to use Can’t be used with chemicals with poor
warning properties and in IDLH atmospheres
5-19
APR: Three Types of Filtering Devices
Particulate filters Cartridges or canisters containing
absorbents for specific gases and vapors Combination devices
5-20
APR: Color Coding for Cartridges
Contaminants Color Assigned
Acid gases White
Hydrocyanic acid gas White w/ 1/2 green stripe
Chlorine gas White w/ 1/2 yellow stripe
Organic vapors Black
Ammonia gas Green
Acid gases & ammonia gas Green w/ 1/2 white stripe
Carbon monoxide Blue
5-21
APR: Color Coding for Cartridges (cont'd)
Contaminants Color Assigned
Acid gases & organic vapors Yellow
Hydrocyanic acid gas & chloropicrin vapor
Yellow w/ 1/2 blue stripe
Acid gases, organic vapors & ammonia gas
Brown
Radioactive (except tritium & noble gases)
Purple (magenta)
Particulates w/ any of above Canister color w/ gray stripe
All of the above atmospheric contaminants
Red w/ gray stripe
5-22
APR
Most have expiration date. Appropriate device should only be used if
chemicals have “adequate warning properties” (are detectable by the senses at levels < REL).
5-23
SCBA
Maximum protection against most types and levels of airborne contaminants
Two types Open circuit Closed circuit
5-24
Supplied-Air Respirator (SAR)
Supply air, never oxygen, to a facepiece via a supply line from a stationary source
Available in positive and negative pressure modes
Enable longer work periods than the SCBA's and are less bulky
5-25
Conventional andMilitary PPE
Levels of protection Level A Level B Level C Level D Military PPE
Overview
5-26
Conventional PPE--Level A
Highest level of chemical protection SCBA or SAR Fully encapsulated suit Double layer of gloves Chemical-resistant boots Airtight seals Hard hat and communications
5-27
Conventional PPE--Level B
Minimum protection for unknown Splash protection SCBA Chemical-resistant suit in various styles Double layer of gloves Chemical-resistant boots Hard hat and communications
5-28
Conventional PPE--Level C
Designed for known agents and when proper respiratory protection is available
Full-face APR Chemical-resistant garment in various
styles Chemical-resistant gloves Chemical-resistant boots
5-29
Conventional PPE--Level D
Common work clothes Provides no respiratory or skin protection Insufficient for hazardous environments
5-30
Military PPE
Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) Overgarment Mask Hood Overboots Gloves
5-31
Military PPE (cont'd)
Other issued equipment (as needed) Individual decon kits (M256 kit) M-8 paper Antidotes
5-32
Protective Ensemble
Varies among foreign military groups Depends on protection required Usually falls into two types
Impermeable Permeable
5-33
Protective Ensemble (cont'd)
Impermeable Butyl rubber
EOD Decon
Permeable Most common
Apron--Toxicological Added Protection--(TAP)
5-34
Battle Dress Overgarment (BDO)
Two-piece overgarment Outer layer of nylon/cotton Inner layer of charcoal-impregnated
polyurethane foam Overboots and gloves Older-style PPE
5-35
BDO Protection Capabilities
Military warfare chemical agent vapor Liquid droplets Biological agents Toxins Radioactives: alpha, beta
5-36
BDO Protection Capabilities (cont'd)
Protects for 24 hours after exposure Not designed to be decontaminated for
reuse
5-37
Chemical Protective Overgarments (CPOG's)
Commonly called Saratoga design Two-piece ensemble Outer layer of nylon Inner layer of charcoal-impregnated
polyurethane foam Gloves and overboots
5-38
CPOG Protection Capabilities
Military warfare chemical agent vapor Liquid droplets Biological agents Toxins Radioactives: alpha, beta
5-39
MOPP Levels of Protection
MOPP 0--carrying equipment MOPP 1--wearing overgarment MOPP 2--overgarment and overboots MOPP 3--overgarment, overboots, mask
(M40A1 field protective mask) MOPP 4--overgarment, overboots, mask,
gloves
5-40
CPC Selection Criteria
Have you identified the agent involved and determined its physical, chemical and toxic properties?
Does the product have a high vapor pressure? At expected concentration, is there a skin
hazard?
5-41
CPC Selection Criteria (cont'd)
Select the material that provides least permeation and degradation
Determine whether fully encapsulated is required based on: Signs and symptoms Risk-based response--science, not fear
Chemical and physical properties Detection and monitoring
5-42
Cues for Encapsulating
Visible emission of gases, vapors, dust, or smoke
Indications of airborne hazards on direct-read instruments
Configurations of containers or vehicles that indicate they contain pressurized liquids or gases
5-43
Cues for Encapsulating (cont'd)
Enclosed, poorly ventilated areas where toxic vapors, gases, and other airborne substances could accumulate
Work functions required that might expose workers to high concentrations of skin toxins
Use judgment as to whether maximum protection is necessary
5-44
Heat Stress
Nonencapsulating clothing generally causes less heat stress
However, less area of the body is exposed by wearing gloves and hoods, and taping hoods
Little difference in the heat buildup that occurs with either style
5-45
Agent-Specific PPE
Biological agents Enter through the respiratory tract, digestive
tract, and breaks in the skin. HEPA filter accompanied by Level C clothing
provides adequate protection against all biological threats.
5-46
Agent-Specific PPE (cont'd)
Radiological agents Enter through respiratory tract, digestive tract,
breaks in skin, or through the skin. HEPA filter accompanied by Level C clothing
provides adequate protection against alpha and beta radiation exposure hazards.
5-47
Agent-Specific PPE (cont'd)
Nerve agents Respiratory and dermal hazard
Blister agents Respiratory and dermal hazard
5-48
Agent-Specific PPE (cont'd)
Choking agents Mainly respiratory hazard Protection level can be lowered when levels are
below IDLH APR can be used if proven against specific agent
involved
5-49
Agent-Specific PPE (cont'd)
Blood agents Enter through respiratory tract and mucous
membranes Cyanides may present a skin hazard APR can be used if known to be effective against
specific agents
5-50
Summary
Determining the right level of PPE will resolve many issues.
Fit level of protection to agent(s) present.
Know strengths and weaknesses of types of respiratory protection and CPC.
Know which CPC is best to address a particular agent.
5-51
Activity 5.1
Selecting PPE