Emergency Medicine for Mhsw
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Transcript of Emergency Medicine for Mhsw
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EMERGENCY MEDICINE
PEMERIKSAAN RADIOLOGI
Dr.Haryadi ,Sp.Rad
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TRAUMA WAJAH /
MUKA
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Fraktur wajah / muka
1. fraktur tl hidung ( os nasale )
2. zygoma & arkus zygoma
3.maxilla ( mid facial )
4.orbita
5.mandibula
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TRAUMA TULANG MUKA / WAJAH
- Fraktur ?yg sebabkan ganguan fisiologis
normal sinus ,mulut ,dasar hidung & orbita
- Informasi utk : . Ahli bedah
. Dokter Gigi
. Bedah mulut
. THT
. Mata
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Fraktur tulang muka
1.Dapat terjadi pd.satu tulang
2.Beberapa tulang ( fraktur komplex)
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Fraktur
1.Tulang nasal
2.Tulang frontal ,sinus frontalis
3. Arkus zygomatikus
4. Sinus ethmoidalis ,maxillaris
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Pemeriksaan Radiologi
- Kepala posisi AP / Lat
- Waters
- Ct Scan
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FRONTAL
TEMPORAL
MASTOID
PARIETAL
S.FRONTALIS
OCCIPITAL
SELLA TURCICA
S.SPHENOID
SUTURALAMBDOIDEA
SUTURA CORONARIA
S.MAXILLARIS
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ORBITA
S.MAXILLARIS
S.FRONTALIS
SUTURACORONARIA
ZYGOMATICUS
MANDIBULA
MASTOIDEA
RAMUS MANDIBULA
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AP
WATERS
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Fraktur komplex
A. Fraktur naso orbita
B. Fraktur Trimalar ( tripod )
C. Fraktur Maxilla Le Fort
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Fraktur Trimalar ( tripod )
- mengenai tulang Zygomatikus
- Waters
- Ct Scan
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Fraktur Le Fort
- fraktur komplex mengenai tulang wajah
- Le Fort 1 ( Transversal ) - Le Fort 2 ( Piramidal )
- Le Fort 3 ( Disfungsi Kranio fasial )
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Pemeriksaan :
- kepala AP Lat
- CT Scan
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Fraktur tulang orbita
Fraktur fraktur maxilla
Klinis : 1.exoftalmus , enoftalmus
2.diplopia
3.asimetris muka
4.gangguan saraf sensoris
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WATERS
S.MAXILLARIS
S.FRONTALIS
ARKUS ZYGOMA
TIKUS
ORBITA
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Fraktur mandibula
-otot elevator
- depressor
protrusor - klinis :
-bengkak , nyeri,anaesthesi
- maloklusi
- dll
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Gejala dan Simtom
Nyeri
Deformitas wajah
Maloklusi
Laserasi dan Perdarahan
Trismus
Mobilitas yang abnormal
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- cranium AP-Lat
- Mandibula
- TMJ ( temporo mandibula joint open & close mouth )
- Eissler ( angulus mandibula )
- Ct scan
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Radiologi
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Fraktur tulang hidung /
nasale
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Fraktur zygoma & arkus
zygoma - waters
- ct scan
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WATERS
S.MAXILLARIS
S.FRONTALIS
ARKUS ZYGOMA
TIKUS
ORBITA
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TRAUMA THORAX
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Trauma thorax
1. fraktur costa :
tunggal atau multiple
2. Pneumothorax tension pneumothorax >>> Empisema
subkutis
3. Hematothorax
4.Kontusio pulmo
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THORAX PA
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Interpretasi foto thorax
- radiologi anatomi
- cara interpretasi
- positioning : AP PA
Lat
RLD /LLD
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Pneumothorax
- Ok. Hubungan terbuka antara rongga
dada & dunia luar melalui luka didinding
dada yg menembus pleura parietal. - paru menguncup / kollap
- tension pneumothorax >> Empisema
subkutis
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PNEUMOTHORAX
Adalah udarayg terkumpul didalam cavumpleurasehingga memisahkan pleura visceralis &parietalis
Pneumothorax lokal dan generalized Bisa terjadi bersama-sama
darah,cairan,adhesive fibrous band
Menurut terjadinya :
1. pneumothorax spontan
2. pneumothorax traumatik
3. pneumothorax artificial
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Gambaran radiologi
Bayangan hyperluscent lokal ataugeneral
Pada daerah hyperluscent tsb tidak tampak
jaringan paru & vascular ( hyperluscentavascular )
Bila hebat sebabkan collapse paru
disekitarnya Collapse kearah medial
Bila hebat mendorongjantung &mediastinum kesisi yang berlawanan
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PNEUMOTHORAX
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Hydropneumothorax
Kausa
1. secresi pleura masuk ke pneumothorax
2. abses yg ruptur 3. pleural effusion yg ruptur
GAMBARAN RONTGEN :
Pada posisi tegak tampak Air fluid leveldgn bayangan Hyperluscentavasculardiatasnya.
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HYDRO PNEUMOTHORAX
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PLEURAL EFFUSION
Yaitu cairan dalam cavum pleura Dapat berupa cairan bebas yg generalizedatau
setempat (circumscribed)dan encapsulated(terbungkus kapsul )
Kausa : 1.kelainan paru : . Infeksi tbc & non tbc ( bakteri,virus & jamur ) . Tumor paru,mediastinum . Metastase
2. hambatan aliran getah bening . Hipoproteinemia (gagal jantung ,hati & ginjal ) 3. TRAUMA 4. idiophatic
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Macam macam cairan pleura
1. Transudat ( bening )
- gagal jantung ,ginjal , hati
- pemberian infus berlebihan
- fibroma ovarii ( meigs syndrome ) 2. Eksudat ( keruh )
- Tbc
- empyema ( nanah )
- penyakit kolagen 3. Darah
- trauma, infark paru,karsinoma( keganasan )
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Gambaran radiologi
1.bila cairan kurang 200 ccpada foto tegakbelum terlihat ok cairan berada dibelakang diaphragma>> sinus costophrenico tumpul
Foto lateral decubitus >> penebalan dinding pleuralateral
2. bila cairan > 300 cc : - perselubungan radioopaque pada sinus ( sinus costo phrenico terisi lebih dulu ) -permukaan atas cairan berbentuk concave (cekung )
dari lateral kemedial - bila banyakmendorong jantung ,mediastinum /trachea kesisi yang sehat ( kontra lateral )
. 3 Loculated / encapsulated . Cairan terkumpul lokal ( pd empyema dgn perlekatan )
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PLEURAL EFFUSION
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TRAUMA SUSUNAN SYARAF PUSAT
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TRAUMA :
1.KEPALA ( CRANIUM / SCHEDEL /
SKULL )
2.TULANG BELAKANG ( COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS)
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PEMERIKSAAN RADIOLOGI
1. KONVENSIONAL :
- RONTGEN
A. Kepala :
- Posisi AP dan lateral ,Oblique
- Waters dll
B. Vertebra :
Posisi AP ,Lateral & oblique
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2.CANGGIH :
A. CT SCAN ( Computerized Tomografi
Scanner )
B. MRI ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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ANATOMI
- KEPALA
- VERTEBRA
- Positioning / proyeksi
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KELAINAN PATOLOGI
RONTGEN KEPALA :
- FRAKTUR : - LINIER
- DEPRESSI - DIASTASE SUTURA
- PATOLOGI LAINNYA
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RONTGEN COLUMNA VERTEBRA
1. FRAKTUR KOMPRESSI
2. SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
Difisit neurologi
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ANATOMI
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TRAUMA KEPALA
BIO MEKANIKAKERUSAKAN PADA TRAUMA KEPALA DAPAT DIAKIBATKAN :
- GAYA ASELERASI
- GAYA DESELARASI
- ROTASI- LUKA TEMBAK / TEMBUS
- CEDERA : SCALP
TULANG
JARINGAN OTAK
VASKULAR
- BILA ENERJI TRAUMA SANGAT BESAR DAPAT TIMBULKAN EFFEKCOUNTRECOUP
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KLASIFIKASI CEDERA KEPALA
1. FRAKTUR TULANG KEPALAA. FRAKTUR :- LINIER
- DEPRESSI- DIASTATIK
B. FRAKTUR BASIS KRANIIC. FRAKTUR MAKSILLO FASIALD. CEDERA EXTRA AXIAL :
2. CEDERA EKSTRA AXIAL- HEMATOMA SUBDURAL
- HEMATOMA EPIDURAL- HEMATOMA SUBARACHNOID
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E. CEDERA INTRA AXIAL:
. Hematoma Intra serebral
. Kontusio serebri / kortikal . Diffuse Axonal injury ( DAI )
. Cedera Gray matter Subkortikal
. Cedera batang otak primer
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F. CEDERA SEKUNDER
A. SINDROMA HERNIASI
B. HIDROSEFALUS
C. PERDARAHAN OTAK TENGAH DURET
D. CEDERA VASKULAR
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KELAINAN PATOLOGIS AKIBAT
TRAUMA KEPALA
G. JARINGAN LUNAK KEPALA ( SCALP )
HEMATOM SUBGALEAL : PERDARAHAN
JARINGAN LUNAK DIATAS TABULA
EXTERNA2. FRAKTUR TULANG KEPALA
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Evaluasi pemeriksaan Ct Scan
- bandingkan kedua hemisphere
- pergeseran garis tengah
- area perubahan densitas yg terlokalisir - lesi massa
Perdarahan baru : berwarna putihCairan cerebro spinal : berwarna hitam
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3. STRUKTUR INTRA KRANIAL
PERDARAHAN EXTRA AXIAL
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HEMATOM SUBDURAL
- OK : Robekan vena didaerah kortex
serebri atau bridging vena
- CT SCAN : . Lesi Hiperdens tipis ,semilunar ( bulan
sabit ) diantara tabula & parenkim otak
. Akut & kronik
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EPIDURAL HEMATOMA ( EDH )
AKIBAT LASERASI / ROBEKNYA ARTERI MENINGEAL
MEDIA ( 90 % )
KUMPULAN DARAH DI EPIDURAL SPACE ( ANTARA
TABULA INTERNA & LAPISAN DURA TERLUAR /PERIOST
TIDAK MELEWATI SUTURA
LESI HIPERDENS LENTIKULER / BIKONVEX
LOKASI DIDAERAH TRAUMA / COUP SIDE
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HYGROMA SUBDURAL
AKIBAT ROBEKNYA MEMBRANARACHNOID DGN MEKANISME VENTILTERJADI ALIRAN CSF DARI SUBARACHNOID
KE SUBDURAL SPACE
LESI BERDENSITAS RENDAH MIRIP CSF
KADANG SULIT DIBEDAKAN DGN SDH
KRONIS
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HEMATOM SUBARACHNOID ( SAH )
TRAUMA LANGSUNG PEMBULUH DARAHLEPTOMENINGEAL ,PERDARAHAN KONTUSIO DISERTAIKOMUNIKASI KE SUBARACHNOID SPACE.
LESI HIPERDENS PADA SULCI ,FISSUREINTERHEMISPHERE ,SISTERNA BASALIS
PADA FISSURE INTERHEMISPHERE KADANG SULITDIBEDAKAN DGN PENEBALAN FALX SEREBRI
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PERDARAHAN INTRA AXIAL
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EDEMA SEREBRI
PEMBENGKAKAN SEREBRI OK
1. SEREBRAL HIPERAEMI
2. CAIRAN INTRA SEREBRAL
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KONTUSIO SEREBRI
AKIBAT PERDARAHAN KECIL 2 ( PETECHIE / PATCHY ) OKKERUSAKAN PEMBULUH DARAH KAPILER & TERJADIEXTRA VASASI SEL & PLASMA DARAH
LESI AGAK HIPERDENS DGN FOKAL EDEMA SEPERTI SALTAND PEPPER BATAS TAK TEGAS
.BILA PERDARAHAN BERTAMBAH DGN FOKAL EDEMA
DISEKITARNYA DISEBUT HEMATOMA INTRA SEREBRAL
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HEMATOM INTRA CEREBRAL
MEKANISME PERDARAHAN SEPERTIKONTUSIO
KUMPULAN PERDARAHAN YG LEBIHBANYAK INTRA PARENCHYMAL
CEDERA VASKULAR / KAPILER LEBIHBANYAK
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PERDARAHAN INTRA VENTRIKULKAR
LESI INI BIASANYA DISERTAI PERDARAHANINTRA PARENCHYMAL ATAU KONTUSIO
KOMPLIKASI BIASANYA HIDROSEFALUS
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TRAUMATIC PNEUMOENCEPHALUS
UDARA INTRA CRANIAL
KAUSA :
- FRAKTUR SINUSPARANASALES,MASTOID,
- LASERASI DURA ( DURA TEAR ). LOKASI : EPIDURAL , SUBDURAL, SUBARACHNOID
INTRA CEREBRAL ATAU
INTRAVENTRIKULAR
. KOMPLIKASI INFEKSI SEKUNDER
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LUKA TEMBAK
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HERNIASI CEREBRAL
PERDARAHAN DAPAT MENIMBULKAN EFFEK
MASSA
EFFEK MASSA YANG BERLEBIHAN SEBABKAN
HERNIASI MACAM 2 :
HERNIASI SUBFACIAL
HERNIASI UNKUS
HERNIASI DESCENDENS TRANSTENTORIAL
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KESIMPULAN
CT SCAN MEMPUNYAI PERANAN YANGPENTING DALAM MENGEVALUASI CEDERA
AKIBAT TRAUMA KEPALA :
JARINGAN LUNAK ,TULANG, JARINGANOTAK