Emergence of Modern Science NS 1300 Dr. Brad Hoge Fall 2007 Chapter 25: Evolution.
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Transcript of Emergence of Modern Science NS 1300 Dr. Brad Hoge Fall 2007 Chapter 25: Evolution.
![Page 1: Emergence of Modern Science NS 1300 Dr. Brad Hoge Fall 2007 Chapter 25: Evolution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649f0e5503460f94c22c37/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Emergence of Modern Science
NS 1300
Dr. Brad Hoge
Fall 2007
Chapter 25:Evolution
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![Page 3: Emergence of Modern Science NS 1300 Dr. Brad Hoge Fall 2007 Chapter 25: Evolution.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649f0e5503460f94c22c37/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Historical Perspective
• Plato– Plato’s Ideal
• Aristotle– Scala naturae– Future Causes
• The Chain of Being
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The Long Road to Recovery• Linnaeus
– taxonomy• Hutton
– gradualism• Lamarck
– evolution• Malthus
– populations• Cuvier
– extinction• Lyell
– uniformitarianism
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Darwin
• Voyage of the Beagle
• Origin of Species
• Wallace– Natural Selection
• Mendel
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Natural Selection and Adaptation• Species Fecundity
• Stable Populations
• Environmental Resources are Limited
• Struggle for Survival
• Variation within Populations
• Differential Survivability
• Successful Traits Accumulate
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Patterns of Evolution
• Homology
• Vestigial Traits
• Biogeography
• The Fossil Record
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Modern Synthesis
• Theodosius Dobzhansky
• Sewell Wright
• Watson and Crick
• Ernst Mayr
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Population Genetics
• Population
• Gene Pool
• Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
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Microevolution
• Natural Selection
• Genetic Drift
• Bottleneck Effect
• Founder Effect
• Mutation
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Variation
• Variation Within Populations– Polymorphism– Gene diversity– Nucleotide diversity
• Variation Between Populations– Geographic variation– Sexual recombination
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Fitness
• Optima
• Relative Fitness
• Selection– Directional selection– Diversifying selection– Stabilizing selection
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Level of Selection
• Gene selection
• Species selection
• Population selection
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Sexual Selection
• Sexual dimorphism
• Mate Choice
• Competition
• The Ant and the Peacock
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Perfection
• Evolution is limited by history
• Adaptations is limited by survivability
• There are no future causes
• Chance happens
• Not all change is good
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Macroevolution
• Biological Species Concept
• Ecological Species Concept
• Pluralistic Species Concept
• Morphological Species Concept
• Genealogical Species Concept
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Genetic Isolation
• Anagenesis
• Cladogenesis
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Prezygotic Isolation
• Habitat isolation
• Behavioral isolation
• Temporal isolation
• Mechanical isolation
• Gametic isolation
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Postzygotic Isolation
• Reduced hybrid viability
• Reduced hybrid fertility
• Hybrid breakdown
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Speciation
• Allopatric Speciation
• Sympatic Speciation
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Examples of Speciation
• Ring Species
• Adaptive Radiation on Island Chains
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Rates of Speciation
• Gradualism
• Catastrophism
• Punctuated Equilibrium
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The Role of Development
• Allometric Growth
• Heterochrony
• Paedomorphosis
• Homeotic Genes
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Rates of Mutation
• Genetic Clocks
• Mitochondrial DNA
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Relatedness
• Morphology
• Genetics
• Phylogentics
• Molecular Clocks
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Cladistics• Tree• Clade
• Monophyletic Groups– Shared primitive
characteristics– Shared derived
characteristics– Outgroups
• Parsimony
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Earth History
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Mass Extinctions
• End of the Permian– Anoxia– Flood basalts– Volcanism
• K/T– Bolide impact
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Paleobiology – The History of Life
• Origin of Life
• History of Life
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Humans
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To Be Human
• Brain Size
• Jaw Shape
• Bipedal Posture
• Reduced Dimorphism
• Social Structure