Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
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Transcript of Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
CHAPTER 24CHAPTER 24 Diagnostic Tests and Diagnostic Tests and Specimen CollectionSpecimen Collection
CHAPTER 24CHAPTER 24 Diagnostic Tests and Diagnostic Tests and Specimen CollectionSpecimen Collection
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
CHAPTER 24 THEORY CHAPTER 24 THEORY OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES CORRECTLY USE THE TERMS LISTED FOR THIS CHAPTER.CORRECTLY USE THE TERMS LISTED FOR THIS CHAPTER. DESCRIBE EACH OF THE SEVEN CATEGORIES OF TESTS DESCRIBE EACH OF THE SEVEN CATEGORIES OF TESTS
THAT ARE COMMONLY PERFORMED.THAT ARE COMMONLY PERFORMED. DISCUSS APPROPRIATE PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE & DISCUSS APPROPRIATE PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE &
TEACHING FOR PATIENTS UNDERGOING DIAGNOSTIC TEACHING FOR PATIENTS UNDERGOING DIAGNOSTIC TESTS OR PROCEDURES.TESTS OR PROCEDURES.
EXPLAIN FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN AN OLDER EXPLAIN FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN AN OLDER ADULT IS TO UNDERGO DIAGNOSTIC TESTING.ADULT IS TO UNDERGO DIAGNOSTIC TESTING.
PREPARE TO PERFORM A CAPILLARY BLOOD GLUCOSE PREPARE TO PERFORM A CAPILLARY BLOOD GLUCOSE TEST, A VENIPUNCTURE, A THROAT CULTURE, A URINE TEST, A VENIPUNCTURE, A THROAT CULTURE, A URINE DIPSTICK AND STOOL FOR OCCULT BLOOD TEST.DIPSTICK AND STOOL FOR OCCULT BLOOD TEST.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Diagnostic Testing Diagnostic Testing and the Nursing Processand the Nursing ProcessDiagnostic Testing Diagnostic Testing and the Nursing Processand the Nursing Process
• When diagnostic tests are ordered, the nurse should: Assess the patient and establish the patient’s
knowledge levels. Determine any nursing procedures required to protect
the safety of the patient. Assess for patient allergies to iodine
• Nursing diagnosis will relate to Knowledge, Deficient, related to: …
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Diagnostic Testing Diagnostic Testing and the Nursing Processand the Nursing ProcessDiagnostic Testing Diagnostic Testing and the Nursing Processand the Nursing Process
(…Cont’d)
Planning• Verify that items needed for preparation are on
hand.• Check to see that pretest medications are on the
unit or available.• Prepare to do patient teaching. • Prepare for preprocedure treatments such as
enemas or IV starts.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Diagnostic TestsDiagnostic TestsDiagnostic TestsDiagnostic Tests
• Provide information about chemical reactions affecting physiologic functioning of the body
• Enable examination of blood, urine, and other body fluids, which provides clues about the functioning of various organs, body systems, and mechanisms
• Used to confirm diagnosis and guide treatment• Provide information concerning changes in a
patient’s condition
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Laboratory TestsLaboratory TestsLaboratory TestsLaboratory Tests
Hematology Tests• Complete blood count (CBC)
Information about the state of health or presence of illness
Number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) Type and number of white blood cells (differential) Platelet count, PT, PTT, INR
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Laboratory TestsLaboratory TestsLaboratory TestsLaboratory Tests
(…Cont’d)
• During infection, the number and type of white blood cells increase.
• Neutrophil counts can be significant.• In severe infections, bone marrow releases more
granulocytes.• Immature polymorphonuclear neutrophils are released
(called bands).• The result is a shift to the left (more bands).
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Laboratory TestsLaboratory TestsLaboratory TestsLaboratory Tests
(…Cont’d)
• Drug therapy may cause leukopenia (a decrease in leukocytes).
• Hemoglobin shows the capacity of the blood to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
• A normal platelet count is essential to clotting.• Coumadin therapy is guided by prothrombin time (reported
in INR numbers).• The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) gives clues
about inflammatory conditions.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Chemistry TestsChemistry TestsChemistry TestsChemistry Tests
Chemistry tests are performed on:• Whole blood, plasma, and serum• Body fluids such as:
Urine, spinal fluid, gastric contents
• Chemistry tests provide information about biochemical reactions such as electrolyte balances and organ function.
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Chemistry TestsChemistry TestsChemistry TestsChemistry Tests
(…Cont’d)
• Some institutions use automated computerized blood chemistry testing.
• Examples of tests available are: Serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
aspartate aminotransferase (AST) Total bilirubin, serum calcium, cholesterol, glucose,
LDH, phosphate, total protein, BUN, uric acid
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Blood GlucoseBlood GlucoseBlood GlucoseBlood Glucose
• Blood glucose is a test commonly performed at the bedside or in the physician’s office by the nurse.
• Guides insulin therapy for diabetics• Guidelines for performing test depend on
manufacturer of testing equipment• Requires a finger stick to obtain capillary blood• Review Skill 24-2
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Serology TestsSerology TestsSerology TestsSerology Tests
• Based on analysis of serum• Used to diagnose both viral and bacterial diseases or
determine antibody levels for: Dysentery, rheumatic fever, typhoid, influenza,
rubella, and syphilis
• Can also be used to determine titers in response to vaccines
• May use radionuclides such as iodine-125 and iodine-131
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Serology TestsSerology TestsSerology TestsSerology Tests
(…Cont’d)
• Examples of serology tests ordered• Agglutination test for specific organisms• Antistreptolysin-O titer• Blood typing: ABO groups and Rh• Carcinoembryonic antigen assay (CEA)• Coombs’ test• C-reactive protein antiserum• Heterophil antibody titer• Tests for syphillis
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
UrinalysisUrinalysisUrinalysisUrinalysis
• Provides information about kidney function or other body functions and diseases
• Single, catheterized, or random specimens can be collected anytime, with no special preparation. First voided specimen is preferred.
• Urine deteriorates quickly and should be tested soon after collection.
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
UrinalysisUrinalysisUrinalysisUrinalysis
(…Cont’d)
Midstream collections• External genitalia are cleansed• A small amount of urine is passed.• Urine is collected from midvoiding in a sterile
container.• Used for cultures when a bladder infection is
suspected
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
UrinalysisUrinalysisUrinalysisUrinalysis
(…Cont’d)
Timed, long-period specimens• Collected over 12- or 24-hour period• Container may be kept on ice and has some form
of preservative.• Used to determine kidney function and possible
glomerulonephritis or acute tubular necrosis
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Other Laboratory TestsOther Laboratory TestsOther Laboratory TestsOther Laboratory Tests
• Bacteriology• Histology• Cytology• Ova and parasites• Cultures from specimens of feces, blood, urine,
wound drainage, or samples of body tissue or fluids
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UltrasonographyUltrasonographyUltrasonographyUltrasonography
• Records the reflection of sound wave directed into the tissues
• Used to diagnose pathologic conditions of Uterus, ovaries, prostate, heart, liver, kidneys,
pancreas, gallbladder, lymph nodes, thyroid, eyes, and peripheral blood vessels
• Often used in conjunction with nuclear medicine scans
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Radiology ProceduresRadiology ProceduresRadiology ProceduresRadiology Procedures
• Most common test is radiation by x-ray• Produces images in varying densities on film after it
passes through the body• Commonly performed radiology procedures:
Chest x-ray Barium swallow and upper GI series KUB (kidneys, ureters, and bladder) Gallbladder series
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Radiology ProceduresRadiology ProceduresRadiology ProceduresRadiology Procedures
(…Cont’d)
• IVP (intravenous pyelogram)• X-ray of bony skeleton• Arthrogram• Myelogram• Radionuclide scan• Computed tomography (CT) scan
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Magnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance Imaging
• Noninvasive method of differentiating body tissue (commonly used for brain, knee joint, spine and spinal cord, and abdominal organs)
• Requires that all metal be removed from the patient• Contraindicated in patients with hip prostheses,
implanted pacemakers or defibrillators, artificial cardiac valves, or vascular clips or staples from recent surgery
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Magnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance ImagingMagnetic Resonance Imaging
(…Cont’d)
• Patient teaching is very important before this procedure; patient needs to know the duration of the test and that it requires being in a noisy environment.
• Patient may become claustrophobic during test.• Patient needs to know deep-breathing and
relaxation techniques.
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Cardiopulmonary StudiesCardiopulmonary StudiesCardiopulmonary StudiesCardiopulmonary Studies
EKG/ECG • Diagnoses heart rhythms and heart disease; measures
electrical activity of the heartCardiac catheterization• An invasive procedure used to determine function of heart
valves, coronary artery blood flow, and oxygenation at different points in the heart and to diagnose coronary artery disease Abnormal blood in cardiac vessels can be detected as can
valvular dysfunction.
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Cardiopulmonary StudiesCardiopulmonary StudiesCardiopulmonary StudiesCardiopulmonary Studies
(…Cont’d)
• Surgical procedure that requires consent• Procedure is performed under sterile technique in radiology or a
surgical suite.• Postprocedure requires checking insertion site every 10 to 15
minutes for possible bleeding.• If the femoral approach is used, the patient’s leg may be
immobilized for several hours. • New angioseal devices may preclude the need for post
procedure pressure.
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Cardiopulmonary StudiesCardiopulmonary StudiesCardiopulmonary StudiesCardiopulmonary Studies
(…Cont’d)
Treadmill Stress Test• A cardiac-monitored ECG test• Patient is on a treadmill, which is used to increase
heart rate and blood pressure with controlled activity.• Test may be done with radioisotope imaging• Patient should avoid smoking, dairy products, or
drinking caffeine for 4 hours before the test.
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Cardiopulmonary StudiesCardiopulmonary StudiesCardiopulmonary StudiesCardiopulmonary Studies
(…Cont’d)
• Angiography/Arteriography• Used to locate lesions, occluded vessels, tumors, and
malformed blood vessels• A contrast medium is injected during the procedure
(check for allergies).• Consent is required.• Patient should be NPO for at least 6 hours before the test.• Patient may be given preprocedure sedation.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Other TestsOther TestsOther TestsOther Tests
• Endoscopic examinations of: The stomach (gastroscopy) The sigmoid colon (proctosigmoidoscopy) The entire colon (colonoscopy) The bladder (cystoscopy) The gallbladder and common bile duct (endoscopic
retrograde cholangiopancreatograhy [ERCP])
(Cont’d…)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Other TestsOther TestsOther TestsOther Tests
(…Cont’d)
Electroencephalography (EEG)• Measures neurologic and physiologic activities of
the brain via the electrical discharges from the brain
• Performed to localize and diagnose brain lesions, scars, epilepsy, infections, or clots
• Performed to determine brain death in comatose patients on life support
Elsevier items and derived items © 2005, 2001 by Elsevier Inc.
Things to RememberThings to RememberThings to RememberThings to Remember
• All invasive tests requiring injection of a medium require a consent.
• Tests requiring premedication or sedation usually require a consent.
• Many tests have some form of preparation; review the laboratory manual for your facility to determine what must be done before the patient has the test and after the patient has had the test.