Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Electronic paperFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Electronic paper,e-paperandelectronic inkare display technologies which are

designed to mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on paper.[1]Unlike conventional

backlit flat panel displays which emit light, electronic paper displays reflect light likeordinary paper, theoretically making it more comfortable to read, and giving the

surface a wider viewing angle compared to conventional displays. The contrast ratio in

available displays as of 2008 might be described as similar to that of newspaper,

though newly developed displays are slightly better.[2]An ideal e-paper display can be

read in direct sunlight without the image appearing to fade.

Many electronic paper technologies can hold static text and images indefinitely

without using electricity. Flexible electronic paper uses plastic substrates and plasticelectronics for the display backplane. There is ongoing competition among

manufacturers to provide full-color ability.

Applications of electronic visual displays include electronic pricing labels in retail

shops, and digital signage,[3]time tables at bus stations,[4]electronic billboards,[5]

mobile phone displays, and e-readers able to display digital versions of books and

e-paper magazines.

Contents

1 Technologies1.1 Gyricon1.2 Electrophoretic

1.2.1 Electrophoretic display

1.3 Electrowetting1.3.1 Electrofluidic

1.4 Interferometric modulator1.5 Other bistable displays1.6 Other technologies

2 Disadvantages3 Applications

3.1 Wristwatches3.2 e-Books3.3 Newspapers3.4 Displays embedded in smart cards3.5 Status displays

tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper

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Appearance of pixels

3.6 Mobile phones3.7 Electronic shelf labels3.8 Other

4 Display manufacturers5 See also6 References

7 Further reading8 External links

Technologies

Gyricon

Electronic paper was first developed in the 1970s by Nick Sheridon at Xerox's PaloAlto Research Center. The first electronic paper, called Gyricon, consisted of

polyethylene spheres between 75 and 106 micrometres across. Each sphere is a janus

particle composed of negatively charged black plastic on one side and positively

charged white plastic on the other (each bead is thus a dipole).[6]The spheres are

embedded in a transparent silicone sheet, with each sphere suspended in a bubble of oil

so that they can rotate freely. The polarity of the voltage applied to each pair of

electrodes then determines whether the white or black side is face-up, thus giving the

pixel a white or black appearance.[7]At the FPD 2008 exhibition, Japanese company

Soken demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper using this technology.[8]

Electrophoretic

In

the

simplest implementation of an electrophoretic display, titanium dioxide (titania)

particles approximately one micrometer in diameter are dispersed in a hydrocarbon oil.


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A dark-colored dye is also added to the oil, along with surfactants and charging agents

that cause the particles to take on an electric charge. This mixture is placed between

two parallel, conductive plates separated by a gap of 10 to 100 micrometres. When a

voltage is applied across the two plates, the particles will migrate electrophoretically to

the plate bearing the opposite charge from that on the particles. When the particles are

located at the front (viewing) side of the display, it appears white, because light is

scattered back to the viewer by the high-index titania particles. When the particles arelocated at the rear side of the display, it appears dark, because the incident light is

absorbed by the colored dye. If the rear electrode is divided into a number of small

picture elements (pixels), then an image can be formed by applying the appropriate

voltage to each region of the display to create a pattern of reflecting and absorbing

regions.

Electrophoretic displays are considered prime examples of the electronic paper

category, because of their paper-like appearance and low power consumption.

Examples of commercial electrophoretic displays include the high-resolution active

matrix displays used in the Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook, Sony Librie, Sony

Reader, Kobo eReader and iRex iLiad e-readers. These displays are constructed from

an electrophoretic imaging film manufactured by E Ink Corporation.

The EPD technology has been developed also by Sipix and Bridgestone/Delta. SiPix

Imaging Inc. is now part of AU Optronics Corp, a LCD-panel manufacturers. SiPix

uses Microcup architecture with flexible PET material, instead of microcapsule. Otherthan E-Ink's 0.04mm-diameter microcapsule structure, Sipix's is 0.15mm-diameter

Microcup.[9][10]On the other side, Bridgestone Corp.'s Advanced Materials Division

has been cooperating with Delta Optoelectronics Inc. in developing the Quick

Response Liquid Powder Display (QR-LPD) technology.[11][12]The Motorola

MOTOFONE

Electrophoretic displays can be manufactured using the Electronics on Plastic by Laser

Release (EPLaR) process developed by Philips Research to enable existing AM-LCDmanufacturing plants to create flexible plastic displays.

Electrophoretic display

Anelectrophoretic displayforms visible images by rearranging charged pigment

particles using an applied electric field.

In the 1990s another type of electronic paper was invented by Joseph Jacobson, wholater co-founded the E Ink Corporation which formed a partnership with Philips

Components two years later to develop and market the technology. In 2005, Philips

sold the electronic paper business as well as its related patents to Prime View


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Scheme of an electrophoretic display.

Scheme of an electrophoretic display using color

filters.

Macro photograph of Kindle 3 screen;

microcapsules are evident at full size

International. This used tiny

microcapsules filled with electrically

charged white particles suspended in a

colored oil.[13]In early versions, the

underlying circuitry controlled whether

the white particles were at the top of

the capsule (so it looked white to the

viewer) or at the bottom of the capsule

(so the viewer saw the color of the oil).

This was essentially a reintroduction of

the well-known electrophoretic display

technology, but the use of

microcapsules allowed the display to

be used on flexible plastic sheets

instead of glass.

One early version of electronic paper

consists of a sheet of very small

transparent capsules, each about 40

micrometres across. Each capsule contains an

oily solution containing black dye (the

electronic ink), with numerous white titanium

dioxide particles suspended within. Theparticles are slightly negatively charged, and

each one is naturally white.[7]

The microcapsules are held in a layer of liquid

polymer, sandwiched between two arrays of

electrodes, the upper of which is made

transparent. The two arrays are aligned so that

the sheet is divided into pixels, which each

pixel corresponding to a pair of electrodes

situated either side of the sheet. The sheet is laminated with transparent plastic for

protection, resulting in an overall thickness of 80 micrometres, or twice that of

ordinary paper.

The network of electrodes is connected to display circuitry, which turns the electronic

ink 'on' and 'off' at specific pixels by applying a voltage to specific pairs of electrodes.

Applying a negative charge to the surface electrode repels the particles to the bottom

of local capsules, forcing the black dye to the surface and giving the pixel a blackappearance. Reversing the voltage has the opposite effect - the particles are forced to

the surface, giving the pixel a white appearance. A more recent incarnation of this


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concept requires only one layer of electrodes beneath the microcapsules.[14][15]

Electrowetting

Main article: Electrowetting

Electro-wetting display (EWD) is based on controlling the shape of a confinedwater/oil interface by an applied voltage. With no voltage applied, the (coloured) oil

forms a flat film between the water and a hydrophobic (water-repellent) insulating

coating of an electrode, resulting in a coloured pixel.

When a voltage is applied between the electrode and the water, the interfacial tension

between the water and the coating changes. As a result the stacked state is no longer

stable, causing the water to move the oil aside.

This results in a partly transparent pixel, or, if a reflective white surface is used under

the switchable element, a white pixel. Because of the small size of the pixel, the user

only experiences the average reflection, which means that a high-brightness,

high-contrast switchable element is obtained, which forms the basis of the reflective

display.

Displays based on electro-wetting have several attractive features. The switching

between white and coloured reflection is fast enough to display video content.[16]

It is a low-power and low-voltage technology, and displays based on the effect can be

made flat and thin. The reflectivity and contrast are better than or equal to those of

other reflective display types and are approaching those of paper.

In addition, the technology offers a unique path toward high-brightness full-colour

displays, leading to displays that are four times brighter than reflective LCDs and twice

as bright as other emerging technologies.[17]

Instead of using red, green and blue (RGB) filters or alternating segments of the three

primary colours, which effectively result in only one third of the display reflecting light

in the desired colour, electro-wetting allows for a system in which one sub-pixel is able

to switch two different colours independently.

This results in the availability of two thirds of the display area to reflect light in any

desired colour. This is achieved by building up a pixel with a stack of two

independently controllable coloured oil films plus a colour filter.

The colours used are cyan, magenta and yellow, which is a so-called subtractive

system, comparable to the principle used in inkjet printing for example. Compared to


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LCD another factor two in brightness is gained because no polarisers are required.[18]

Examples of commercial electrowetting displays include Liquavista,[19] ITRI,[20] PVI

and ADT.[21][22]

Miortechs 2nd generation electrowetting display technology solves a number of issues

of 1st generation electrowetting display technology and large-area devices are easy to

manufacture since the pixel walls act as spacers. Miortech develops rearview mirrors

using its 2nd generation EWD technology.[23]

Electrofluidic

Electrofluidic displays are a variation of an electrowetting display. Electrofluidic

displays place an aqueous pigment dispersion inside a tiny reservoir. The reservoir

comprises 85% white

state reflectance for electronic paper.

The core technology was invented at the Novel Devices Laboratory at the University

of Cincinnati. The technology is currently being commercialized by Gamma Dynamics.

Interferometric modulator

Main article: Interferometric modulator display

Other bistable displays

See also: Bistable

Plastic Logic, manufacturer of flexible plastic electrophoretic displays[25]

Qualcomm, manufacturer of "Mirasol" interferometric modulator display

Kent Displays, manufacturer of cholesteric liquid crystal display (ChLCD)[26]

Nemoptic, nematic materials[27]

TRED[28]

Other technologies


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An e-ink screen showing the "ghost" of

a prior image

Other research efforts into e-paper have involved using organic transistors embedded

into flexible substrates,[29][30]including attempts to build them into conventional

paper.[31]Simple color e-paper[32]consists of a thin colored optical filter added to the

monochrome technology described above. The array of pixels is divided into triads,

typically consisting of the standard cyan, magenta and yellow, in the same way as CRT

monitors (although using subtractive primary colors as opposed to additive primarycolors). The display is then controlled like any other electronic color display.

Examples of electrochromic displays include Acreo,[33] Ajjer,[34] Aveso[35]and

Ntera.[36]

Disadvantages

Electronic paper technologies have a very low refresh rate compared to otherlow-power display technologies, such as LCD. This prevents producers from

implementing sophisticated interactive applications (using fast moving menus, mouse

pointers or scrolling) like those which are possible on mobile devices. An example of

this limit is that a document cannot be smoothly zoomed without either extreme

blurring during the transition or a very slow zoom.

Another limit is that a shadow of an image may

be visible after refreshing parts of the screen.Such shadows are termed "ghost images", and

the effect is termed "ghosting". This effect is

reminiscent of screen burn-in but, unlike it, is

solved after the screen is refreshed several

times. Turning every pixel white, then black,

then white, helps normalize the contrast of the

pixels. This is why several devices with this

technology "flash" the entire screen white and

black when loading a new image.[citation needed]

Electronic paper is still a topic in the R&D community and remains under development

for manufacturability, marketability, and reliability considerations.[citation needed]

Applications

Several companies are simultaneously developing electronic paper and ink. While thetechnologies used by each company provide many of the same features, each has its

own distinct technological advantages. All electronic paper technologies face the

following general challenges:


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An e-paper display on a watch

refreshes to remove ghosts.

A method for encapsulationAn ink or active material to fill theencapsulationElectronics to activate the ink

Electronic ink can be applied to flexible or rigid

materials. For flexible displays, the baserequires a thin, flexible material tough enough

to withstand considerable wear, such as

extremely thin plastic. The method of how the

inks are encapsulated and then applied to the

substrate is what distinguishes each company

from others. These processes are complex and

are carefully guarded industry secrets.

Nevertheless, making electronic paper promisesto be less complex and costly than making

traditional LCDs.

There are many approaches to electronic paper,

with many companies developing technology in this area. Other technologies being

applied to electronic paper include modifications of liquid crystal displays,

electrochromic displays, and the electronic equivalent of an Etch A Sketch at Kyushu

University. Advantages of electronic paper includes low power usage (power is only

drawn when the display is updated), flexibility and better readability than mostdisplays. Electronic ink can be printed on any surface, including walls, billboards,

product labels and T-shirts. The ink's flexibility would also make it possible to develop

rollable displays for electronic devices.

Wristwatches

In December 2005 Seiko released the first electronic ink based watch called the

Spectrum SVRD001 wristwatch, which has a flexible electrophoretic display[37]and inMarch 2010 Seiko released a second generation of this famous e-ink watch with an

active matrix display.[38]In 2013, the pebble wristwatch will also use e-paper

technology.

e-Books

Main article: List of e-book readers

In 2004 Sony released Libri EBR-1000EP in Japan, the first e-book reader with an

electronic paper display. In September 2006 Sony released the PRS-500 Sony Reader


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The Motorola F3 uses an

e-paper display instead of

an LCD.

e-book reader in the USA. On October 2, 2007, Sony

announced the PRS-505, an updated version of the

Reader. In November 2008, Sony released the

PRS-700BC which incorporated a backlight and a

touchscreen.

In late 2007, Amazon began producing and marketing theAmazon Kindle, an e-book reader with an e-paper display.

In February 2009, Amazon released the Kindle 2 and in

May 2009 the larger Kindle DX was announced. In July

2010 the third generation Kindle was announced, with

notable design changes.[39]The fourth generation of

Kindles were announced in September 2011. This

generation was unique as it marked the Kindle's first

departure from keyboards in favor of touchscreens. InSeptember 2012, Amazon announced the fifth generation

of the Kindle which incorporates a LED frontlight and a

higher contrast display.[40]

In November 2009 Barnes and Noble launched the Barnes

& Noble Nook, running an Android operating system. It

differs from other big name readers in having a

replaceable battery, and a separate touch-screen colorLCD below the main electronic paper reading screen.

Newspapers

In February 2006, the Flemish dailyDe Tijddistributed an electronic version of thepaper to select subscribers in a limited marketing study, using a pre-release version of

the iRex iLiad. This was the first recorded application of electronic ink to newspaper

publishing.

The French dailyLes chosannounced the official launch of an electronic version ofthe paper on a subscription basis, in September 2007. Two offers were available,

combining a one year subscription and a reading device. The offer included either a

light (176g) reading device (adapted for Les Echos by Ganaxa) or the iRex iLiad. Two

different processing platforms were used to deliver readable information of the daily,

one based on the newly developed GPP electronic ink platform from Ganaxa, and theother one developed internally by Les Echos.

Displays embedded in smart cards


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USB flash drive with E

Ink-implemented capacity meter ofavailable flash memory

Flexible display cards enable financial payment cardholders to generate a one-time

password to reduce online banking and transaction fraud. Electronic paper offers a flat

and thin alternative to existing key fob tokens for data security. The worlds first ISO

compliant smart card with an embedded display was developed by Innovative Card

Technologies and nCryptone in 2005. The cards were manufactured by Nagra ID.

Status displays

Some devices, like USB flash drives, have used

electronic paper to display status information,

such as available storage space.[41]Once the

image on the electronic paper has been set, it

requires no power to maintain, so the readout

can be seen even when the flash drive is not

plugged in.

Mobile phones

Motorola's low-cost mobile phone, the

Motorola F3, uses an alphanumeric black-

and-white electrophoretic display.

The Samsung Alias 2 mobile phoneincorporates electronic ink from E Ink into the

keypad, which allows the keypad to change

character sets and orientation while in different

display modes.

Electronic shelf labels

E-Paper based electronic shelf labels (ESL) are used to digitally display the prices atretail stores. Electronic paper based labels are updated via two-way infrared or radio

technology.

Other

Other proposed applications include clothes, digital photo frames, information boards

and keyboards. Keyboards with dynamically changeable keys are useful for less

represented languages, or for special non-alphabetical applications such as videoediting or games.


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Display manufacturers

Delta ElectronicsLG

NEC

Plastic LogicE Ink Holdings, flexible EPLaRSamsungSeiko Epson

See also

E-book

E InkElectrofluidicFlexible electronicsList of e-book readersDisplay examples

References

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Further reading

Electric paper (http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221864.700-paper-goes-electric.html), New Scientist, 2003E-paper may offer video images (http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4202),

New Scientist, 2003Paper comes alive (http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17924141.200) NewScientist, 2003Most flexible electronic paper yet revealed (http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4602), New Scientist, 2004Roll-up digital displays move closer to market (http://www.newscientist.com

/channel/mech-tech/mg18524907.100) New Scientist, 2005Seiko Epson develops ultra-dense e-paper display (http://www.electronista.com/articles/07/11/16/seiko.ultra.dense.e.paper/) Electronista, 11-2007Unidym and Samsung Electronics demonstrate the world's first colour carbon-


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nanotube-based electrophoretic display (http://www.unidym.com/press/pr_081016.html) Unidym Press Room, 10-2008

External links

Epaper Central (http://www.epapercentral.com/), electronic paper news,information, analysisE-paper display market reaches $1.17 billion in 2014(http://www.printedelectronicsworld.com/articles/e_paper_display_market_reaches_1_17_billion_in_2014_00001704.asp)Electronic Paper: Merging between Traditional Publishing and E-Publishing(http://sites.google.com/site/hantarto/epublishing)Wired article on E Ink-Philips partnership, and background(http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,42056,00.html)

Bosner, Kevin. How Electronic Ink Will Work (http://www.howstuffworks.com/e-ink.htm) at HowStuffWorks, retrieved 2007-08-26MIT ePaper Project (http://www.media.mit.edu/micromedia/elecpaper.html)Xerox PARC epaper project (http://www2.parc.com/hsl/projects/gyricon/)Gamma Dynamics: Commercializing a New Pigment-Based ElectrowettingDisplay (http://www.gammadynamics.net/index.html)Office of Tomorrow (http://mi-lab.org/projects/office-of-tomorrow/)Tanaka, Naoki (2007-12-06). "Fuji Xerox Exhibits Color Electronic Paper w/

Optical Writing System" (http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20071206/143736/). Japan: Tech-On. Retrieved 2007-12-10.The Future of Electronic Paper (http://www.TheFutureOfThings.com/articles/1000/the-future-of-electronic-paper.html), Past, present and future of e-paper,includes interview with Nick Sheridon, father of e-paper at XeroxFujitsu Develops World's First Film Substrate-based Bendable Color ElectronicPaper featuring Image Memory Function (http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2005/20050713-01.html)

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