Oslo

We have amended our Terms of Use: Please read about the new changes

Oslo

From upper left: Rising skyline over Bjrvika, RoyalPalace, Akershus Castle, sunset over Oslofjord,

Stortinget, Oslo Opera House

Coat of armsMotto: Unanimiter et constanter

(Latin: United and constant)Coordinates: 5957N 1045E

Country NorwayDistrict stlandetCounty OsloEstablished 1048Government Mayor Fabian Stang (H) Governingmayor

Stian Berger Rsland (H)

Area City 454.03 km2

(175.30 sq mi) Urban 289.84 km2

(111.91 sq mi) Metro 8,900 km2 (3,400 sq mi)Elevation 23 m (75 ft)Population (Jan. 2014)[1] City 634,463 Density 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi) Urban 951,581 Urban density 3,300/km2 (8,500/sq mi) Metro 1,502,604 Metro density 170/km2 (440/sq mi)Ethnic groups[2] Norwegian 71.5% Pakistani 3.6% Swedish 2.2% Somali 2.0% Polish 1.7%Time zone CET (UTC+1) Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)Postal code 0301Area code(s) (+47) 00Website www.oslo.kommune.no

Oslo kommuneMunicipality

Coat of arms Oslo withinNorway

Oslo within Oslo

Country NorwayCounty OsloTime zone CET (UTC+1) Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)ISO 3166 code NO-0301

Data from Statistics Norway

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the capital of Norway. For other uses, see Oslo (disambiguation).

Oslo (English pronunciation: /zlo/, OZ-loh,[3] Norwegianpronunciation: [ulu] ( listen) or, rarer [uslu] or [ulu]) is the capitalof Norway and most populous city in Norway. Oslo constitutes acounty and a municipality.

Founded around 1000 AD, and established a "kaupstad" or tradingplace in 1048 by King Harald III, the city was elevated to a bishopric in1070 and a capital under Haakon V around 1300. Personal unionswith Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 andwith Sweden from 1814 to 1905 reduced its influence. After beingdestroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to AkershusCastle during the reign of King Christian IV and renamed Christianiain his honour. It was established as a municipality(formannskapsdistrikt) on 1 January 1838. Following a spellingreform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, when itsoriginal Norwegian name was restored.

Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway. The city isalso a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It isan important centre for maritime industries and maritime trade inEurope. The city is home to many companies within the maritimesector, some of which are among the world's largest shippingcompanies, shipbrokers and maritime insurance brokers. Oslo is apilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commissionintercultural cities programme.

Oslo is considered a global city and ranked "Beta World City" instudies performed by the Globalization and World Cities Study Groupand Network in 2008.[4] It was ranked number one in terms of qualityof life among European large cities in the European Cities of theFuture 2012 report by fDi Magazine.[5] A survey conducted by ECAInternational in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive cityin the world for living expenses after Tokyo.[6] In 2013 Oslo tied withthe Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city inthe world, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)'sWorldwide Cost of Living study.[7]

As of January 2014 the city of Oslo has a population of 634,000.[8]

The Metropolitan area of Oslo has a population of 1,502,604, ofwhom 951,581[9] live in the contiguous conurbation. The populationcurrently increases at record rates, making it the fastest growingmajor city in Europe.[10] This growth stems for the most part fromimmigration and high birth rates among immigrants, but also fromintra-national migration. The immigrant population in the city isgrowing somewhat faster than the Norwegian population,[11] and inthe city proper is now more than 25%.[12]

Contents [hide] 1 Urban region2 General information

2.1 Toponymy2.2 City seal

3 History3.1 100016003.2 1600s3.3 1700s3.4 1800s3.5 1900present

4 Geography4.1 Climate

5 Parks and recreation areas6 Cityscape

6.1 Architecture7 Politics and government8 Economy9 Environment10 Education

10.1 Institutions of higher education11 Culture

11.1 Museums, galleries11.2 Music and events11.3 Performing arts11.4 Literature11.5 Media11.6 Sports

12 Crime13 Transport14 Demographics15 Notable residents16 International relations

16.1 Twin towns partner cities and regions16.2 Christmas trees as gifts

17 See also18 References19 Further reading20 External links

Urban region [edit]As of January 2014, the population of the municipality of Oslo in

Coordinates: 5957N 1045E

Article Talk Read Edit View history Search

Main pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikimedia Shop

InteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact page

ToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this page

Print/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable version

LanguagesAfrikaans

nglisc

Aragons

ArpetanAsturianuAzrbaycancaBn-lm-g()Boarisch

BosanskiBrezhonegCatalCebuanoetinaChiShonaCorsuCymraegDanskDeutschDolnoserbskiEestiEspaolEsperantoEstremeuEuskaraEegbe

Fiji HindiFroysktFranaisFryskGaeilgeGaelgGagauzGidhligGalegoHawai`iHornjoserbsceHrvatskiIdo Bahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaInterlingueslenskaItaliano

Basa JawaKalaallisut

KaszbscziKernowekKiswahiliKreyl ayisyenKurd Latina

Create account Log in

Oslo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/16/2014

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 1 / 12

Data from Statistics Norway

Det Kongelige Slott (The Royal Palace) is thehome of the Royal Family.

Oslo Timeline (major events)CA. 1000 AD First traces of buildings. The St. Clement's

Church is built.CA. 1050 AD Oslo marked as a city. Mariakirken is built.1152/53 AD The Cathedral school is established

1299 AD Oslo becomes the capital of NorwayCA. 1300 Construction of Akershus Fortress starts.1350 AD Around 3/4 of the population dies under the

Black Death.1352 AD St. Hallvard's Cathedral and the other

Sogne Churches are burned to the groundin a major fire

1624 AD Another major fire, the city is rebuilt andrenamed Christiania by Christian 4.

1686 AD Fire ruins 1/4 of the city.1697 AD Domkirken is finished and opened1716 AD The city and the fortress conquered by Karl

12.1813 The University is opened.1825 The foundations of Slottet are finished.1836 The National Gallery is finished.1837 Christiania Theatre is opened. Christiania

and Aker get a Mayor and kommunestyre.1854 Oslo gets its first railway, which leads to

Eidsvoll.1866 Stortinget is completed.1878 City expanded. Frogner, Majorstuen,

Torshov, Kampen and Vlerengen arepopulated and rebuilt. 113000 citizens.

1892 The first Holmenkollbakken is finished.1894 The city gets its first electrical track.1899 Nationaltheateret is finished.1925 City renamed as Oslo.1927 The Monolith is raised.1928 Oslo first Metro line, Majorstuen-Besserud

is opened.1950 Oslo City Hall opened.1963 The Munch Museum is opened.1980 Metro line under the city, Oslo Central

Station and Nationaltheatret Stationopened.

1997 Population over 500 000.1998 Rikshospitalet opened. New railway line to

Gardermoen.2000 The city celebrates thousand-years jubilee.2008 Oslo Opera House is opened.2011 Several buildings in the Regjeringskvartalet

are heavily damaged during a terroristattack, resulting in 8 deaths. 69 people aremassacred on the nearby Utya island.

excess of 634,000.[8] The urban area extends beyond the boundariesof the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, (municipalities of Brum, Asker, Ryken, Lrenskog,Skedsmo, Gjerdrum, Srum, Oppegrd) its agglomeration total 951,581 inhabitants.[13] The metropolitan area ofOslo, also referred to as the Greater Oslo Region (Norwegian: Stor-Osloregionen), has a land area of 8,900 km2

(3,400 sq mi)[14] with a population of 1,502,602 as of 1 April 2014. The Inner Oslo Fjord Region, or the CapitalRegion made up by the five counties of Oslo, Akershus, Buskerud, Vestfold (west bank of the Oslo fjord) and stfold(east bank) has a population of 1,980,116 people (as of January 2013). The city centre is situated at the end of theOslofjord, from which point the city sprawls out in three distinct "corridors" from its centre; inland north-eastwards, andsouthwards along both sides of the fjord, which gives the urbanized area a shape reminiscent of an upside-downreclining "Y" (on maps, satellite pictures, or from high above the city).

To the north and east, wide forested hills (Marka) rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giantamphitheatre. The urban municipality (bykommune) of Oslo and county of Oslo (fylke) are two parts of the sameentity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated. Of Oslo's total area,115 km2 (44 sq mi) is built-up and 7 km2 (2.7 sq mi) is agricultural. The open areas within the built-up zone amount to22 km2 (8.5 sq mi).

The city of Oslo was established as a municipality on 3 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). It was separatedfrom the county of Akershus to become a county of its own in 1842. The rural municipality of Aker was merged withOslo on 1 January 1948 (and simultaneously transferred from Akershus county to Oslo county). Furthermore, Osloshares several important functions with Akershus county.

General information [edit]Toponymy [edit]

For full article, see History of Oslo's name

The origin of the name Oslo has been the subject of much debate. It is certainly derived from Old Norse and wasinall probabilityoriginally the name of a large farm at Bjrvika, but the meaning of that name is disputed. Modernlinguists generally interpret the original slo or slo as either "Meadow at the Foot of a Hill" or "Meadow Consecratedto the Gods", with both considered equally likely.[15]

Erroneously, it was once assumed that "Oslo" meant "the mouth of the Lo river", a supposed previous name for theriver Alna. However, not only has no evidence been found of a river "Lo" predating the work where Peder ClaussnFriis first proposed this etymology, but the very name is ungrammatical in Norwegian: the correct form would havebeen Loaros (cf. Nidaros).[16] The name Lo is now believed to be a back-formation arrived at by Friis in support of hisspurious etymology for Oslo.[17]

City seal [edit]Main article: Seal of Oslo

Oslo is one of very few cities in Norway, besides Bergen and Tnsberg, that does not have a formal coat of arms, butwhich uses a city seal instead.[18] The seal of Oslo shows the city's patron saint, St. Hallvard, with his attributes, themillstone and arrows, with a naked woman at his feet. He is seated on a throne with lion decorations, which at the timewas also commonly used by the Norwegian Kings.[19]

History [edit]Accordingto theNorsesagas,Oslo wasfoundedaround1049 byKingHarald

Hardrde.[20] Recent archaeological research has uncoveredChristian burials which can be dated to prior to AD 1000,evidence of a preceding urban settlement.[citation needed] Thiscalled for the celebration of Oslo's millennium in 2000.

It has been regarded as the capital city since the reign of KingHaakon V (12991319), the first king to reside permanently inthe city. He also started the construction of the AkershusCastle. A century later, Norway was the weaker part in apersonal union with Denmark, and Oslo's role was reduced tothat of provincial administrative centre, with the monarchsresiding in Copenhagen. The fact that the University of Oslowas founded as late as 1811 had an adverse effect on thedevelopment of the nation.[citation needed]

Oslo was destroyed several times by fire, and after thefourteenth calamity, in 1624, King Christian IV of Denmark andNorway ordered it rebuilt at a new site across the bay, nearAkershus Castle and given the name Christiania. Long beforethis, Christiania had started to establish its stature as a centreof commerce and culture in Norway. The part of the city builtstarting in 1624 is now often called Kvadraturen because of itsorthogonal layout.[citation needed] The last plague outbreak inOslo occurred in 1654.[21] In 1814 Christiania once morebecame a real capital when the union with Denmark wasdissolved.

Many landmarks were built in the 19th century, including theRoyal Palace (18251848); Stortinget (the Parliament) (18611866), the University, Nationaltheatret and the StockExchange. Among the world-famous artists who lived hereduring this period were Henrik Ibsen and Knut Hamsun (thelatter was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature). In 1850,Christiania also overtook Bergen and became the mostpopulous city in the country. In 1877 the city was renamedKristiania. The original name of Oslo was restored in 1925.[22]

10001600 [edit]Main article: Old Town, Oslo

Under the reign of King Olav Kyrre, Oslo became a culturalcentre for Eastern Norway. St. Hallvard became the city'spatron saint and is depicted on the city's seal.

In 1174, Hovedya Abbey (Hovedya kloster) was built. The churches and abbeys became major owners of largetracts of land, which proved important for the city's economic development, especially before the Black Death.

During the Middle Ages, Oslo reached its heights in the reign of King Haakon V. He started the building of Akershus

Edit links

LatinaLatvieuLtzebuergeschLietuviLigureLinglaLumbaartMagyarMalagasyMaltiMori

Bahasa MelayuMng-dng-ng

NhuatlDorerin NaoeroNederlandsNedersaksiesNordfriiskNorsk bokmlNorsk nynorskNovialOccitan

Ozbekcha

Papiamentu

PiemontisTok PisinPlattdtschPolskiPortugusQrmtatarcaReo M`ohiRomnRuna Simi SmegiellaSarduScotsShqipSicilianuSimple EnglishSloveninaSloveninalnskiSoomaaliga

/ srpskiSrpskohrvatski /SuomiSvenskaTagalog/tataraTrkeTwi

/ Uyghurche

VnetoVepsn kelTing VitVolapkVroWinarayWolofXitsongaYorbemaitka

Oslo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/16/2014

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 2 / 12

Port of Christiania anno 1800Aquatint by John William Edy

A map of the urban areas of Oslo in 2005. The greyarea in the middle indicates Oslo's city centre.

Castle and was also the first king to reside permanently in the city, which helped to make Oslo the capital of Norway.

In the end of the 12th century, Hanseatic traders from Rostock moved into the city and gained major influence in thecity. The Black Death came to Norway in 1349 and, like other cities in Europe, the city suffered greatly. The churches'earnings from their land also dropped so much that the Hanseatic traders dominated the city's foreign trade in the15th century.

1600s [edit]Over the years, fire destroyed major parts of the city many times, as many of the city's buildings were built entirely ofwood. After the last fire in 1624, which lasted for three days, King Christian IV decided that the old city should not berebuilt again. His men built a network of roads in Akershagen near Akershus Castle. He demanded that all citizensshould move their shops and workplaces to the newly built city of Christiania.

The transformation of the city went slowly for the first hundred years. Outside the city, near Vaterland and Grnlandnear Old Town, Oslo, a new, unmanaged part of the city grew up with citizens of low status.

1700s [edit]In the 18th century, after the Great Northern War, the city's economy boomed with shipbuilding and trade. The strongeconomy transformed Christiania into a trading port.

1800s [edit]In the 19th century, several state institutions were established and the city'srole as a capital intensified. Christiania expanded its industry from 1840, mostimportantly around Akerselva. The expansion prompted the authorities toconstruct several important buildings, most of which remain as touristattractions. There was a brief building boom from 1880, with many newhouses, but the boom collapsed in 1889.

1900present [edit]The municipality developed new areas such as Ullevl Hageby (19181926) and Torshov (19171925). City Hall wasconstructed in the former slum area of Vika, from 19311950. The municipality of Aker was incorporated into Oslo in1948, and suburbs were developed, such as Lambertseter (from 1951). Aker Brygge was constructed on the site ofthe former shipyard Akers Mekaniske Verksted, from 19821998.

In the 2011 Norway terror attacks, Oslo was hit by a bomb blast that ripped through the Government quarter,damaging several buildings including the building that houses the Office of the Prime Minister. Eight people werekilled in the bomb attack.

The seal of Haakon V Magnusson, theKing who made Oslo the capital ofNorway

Tallship Christiania in Oslo Norway

Medieval Oslo

Christiania in 1814 by MK Tholstrup

The Barcode skyline seen from a newresidential neighbourhood in theharbour district.

Geography [edit]See also: Oslo Graben

Aker Brygge

Oslo occupies an arc of land at the northernmost end of the Oslofjord. The fjord, which is nearly bisected by theNesodden peninsula opposite Oslo, lies to the south; in all other directions Oslo is surrounded by green hills andmountains. There are 40 islands within the city limits, the largest being Malmya (0.56 km2 or 0.22 sq mi), and scoresmore around the Oslofjord. Oslo has 343 lakes, the largest being Maridalsvannet (3.91 km2 or 1.51 sq mi). This isalso a main source of drinking water for large parts of Oslo.

Although Eastern Norway has a number of rivers, none of theseflow into the ocean at Oslo. Instead Oslo has two smaller rivers:Akerselva (draining Maridalsvannet, which flows into the fjord inBjrvika), and Alna. The waterfalls in Akerselva gave power tothe first modern industry of Norway in the 1840, and later in thecentury, the river became the symbol of the stable and consistenteconomic and social divide of the city into an East End and aWest End; the labourers' neighbourhoods lie on both sides of theriver, and the divide in reality follows Uelands street a bit furtherwest. River Alna flows through Groruddalen, Oslo's major suburband industrial area. The highest point is Kirkeberget, at 629metres (2,064 ft). Although the city's population is small

compared to most European capitals, it occupies an unusually large land area, of which two-thirds are protectedareas of forests, hills and lakes. Its boundaries encompass many parks and open areas, giving it an airy and greenappearance.[citation needed]

Oslo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/16/2014

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 3 / 12

[hide]

A climate chart of Oslo, Norway. Thered line depicts daytime high; blue isnighttime low.

Frogner Park

Holmenkollen ski jump

Bryggetorget

Climate [edit]Oslo officially has a humid continental climate (Dfb according to the Kppenclimate classification system) however due to the effects of global warming it'sclimate is evolving into a warm-summer Mediterranean climate with hot drysummers interrupted with occasional thunderstorms and mild winters.[23]

Because of the city's northern latitude, daylight varies greatly, from more than18 hours in midsummer, when it never gets completely dark at night, toaround 6 hours in midwinter.[24] Despite its high latitude and northerlylocation, the climate is not severely cold due to the onshore air-masses inwinter and the coastal location of the city.

Oslo has mild to warm summers with average high temperatures of around1924 C (6675 F) and lows of around 12 C (54 F). The highesttemperature ever recorded was 35 C (95 F) on 21 July 1901. Winters are

cold and snowy with temperatures between 7 C (19 F) up to 1 C (30 F). The coldest temperature recorded is27.1 C (16.8 F) in January 1942.[25] Temperatures have tended to be higher in recent years.[26]

Annual precipitation is 763 millimetres (30.0 in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall can occur fromOctober to May, but snow accumulation occurs mainly from January through March. Almost every winter, ice developsin the innermost parts of the Oslofjord, and during some winters the whole inner fjord freezes. As it is far from the mildAtlantic water of the west coast, this large fjord can freeze over completely, although this has become rare.[27] Osloreceives around 1,650 hours of sunshine annually, which is about average for the northern half of Europe.

Climate data for Oslo (1961-1990)Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high C (F) 12.5(54.5)13.8

(56.8)21.5

(70.7)25.4

(77.7)29.8

(85.6)33.7

(92.7)33.0

(91.4)34.2

(93.6)26.4

(79.5)21.0

(69.8)14.4

(57.9)12.6

(54.7)34.2

(93.6)

Average high C (F) 1.8(28.8)0.9

(30.4)3.5

(38.3)9.8

(49.6)15.8

(60.4)20.4

(68.7)21.5

(70.7)20.1

(68.2)15.1

(59.2)9.3

(48.7)3.2

(37.8)0.5

(31.1)9.6

(49.3)

Daily mean C (F) 4.3(24.3)4.0

(24.8)0.2

(31.6)4.5

(40.1)10.8

(51.4)15.2

(59.4)16.4

(61.5)15.2

(59.4)10.8

(51.4)6.3

(43.3)0.7

(33.3)3.1

(26.4)5.7

(42.3)

Average low C (F) 6.8(19.8)6.8

(19.8)3.3

(26.1)0.8

(33.4)6.5

(43.7)10.6

(51.1)12.2(54)

11.3(52.3)

7.5(45.5)

3.8(38.8)

1.5(29.3)

5.6(21.9)

2.4(36.3)

Record low C (F) 26.0(14.8)24.9

(12.8)21.3(6.3)

14.9(5.2)

3.4(25.9)

1.4(34.5)

5.0(41)

3.7(38.7)

3.3(26.1)

8.0(17.6)

16.0(3.2)

20.8(5.4)

26(14.8)

Precipitation mm (inches) 49(1.93)36

(1.42)47

(1.85)41

(1.61)53

(2.09)65

(2.56)81

(3.19)89

(3.5)90

(3.54)84

(3.31)73

(2.87)55

(2.17)763

(30.04)

Snowfall cm (inches) 14.1(5.55)21.8

(8.58)21.4

(8.43)3.5

(1.38)0

(0)0

(0)0

(0)0

(0)0

(0)0.4

(0.16)4.3

(1.69)11.7

(4.61)77.2

(30.39)Avg. precipitation days ( 1.0 mm) 9 8 8 7 8 10 11 11 11 11 10 9 113

Avg. snowy days 12 9 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 15 53 % humidity 81 78 72 65 64 65 67 72 76 80 80 81 73.4

Mean monthly sunshine hours 40 76 126 178 220 250 246 216 144 86 51 35 1,668Source #1: Eklima , The Weather Network,[28] Minifacts about Norway (Statistics Norway)[29]

Source #2: yr.no

Parks and recreation areas [edit]Main article: Parks and open spaces in Oslo

Oslo has a large number of parks and green areas withinthe city core, as well as outside it.

Frogner Park is a large park located a few minuteswalk away from the city centre. This is the biggest andmost reputed park in Norway with a large collection ofsculptures of Gustav VigelandBygdy is a large green area, commonly called theMuseum Peninsula of Oslo. The area is surroundedby the sea and is one of the most expensive districtsin Norway.[citation needed]

St. Hanshaugen Park is an old public park on a highhill in central Oslo. 'St. Hanshaugen' is also the nameof the surrounding neighborhood as well as the larger administrative district (borough) that includes major parts ofcentral Oslo.[30]

Tyen Park stretches out behind the Munch Museum, and is a vast, grassy expanse. In the north, there is aviewing point known as Ola Narr. The Tyen area also includes the Botanical Garden and Museum belonging tothe University of Oslo.[31]

Oslo (with neighbouring Sandvika-Asker) is built in a horseshoe shape on the shores of the Oslofjord and limited inmost directions by hills and forests. As a result, any point within the city is relatively close to the forest. There are twomajor forests bordering the city: stmarka (literally "Eastern Forest", on the eastern perimeter of the city), and thevery large Nordmarka (literally "Northern Forest", stretching from the northern perimeter of the city deep into thehinterland).

The municipality operates eight public swimming pools.[32] Tyenbadet is the largest indoor swimming facility in Osloand one of the few pools in Norway offering a 50-metre main pool. The outdoor pool Frognerbadet also has the 50-metre range.

Cityscape [edit]Oslo's cityscape is being redeveloped as a modern city withvarious access-points, an extensive metro-system with a newfinancial district and a cultural city. In 2008, an exhibition washeld in London presenting the award-winning Oslo Opera House,the urban regeneration scheme of Oslo's seafront,Munch/Stenersen and the new Deichman Library. Most of thebuildings in the city and in neighbouring communities are low inheight with only the Plaza, Postgirobygget and the highrises atBjrvika considerably taller.[33]

Architecture [edit]See also: Norwegian architecture

Oslo's architecture is very diverse. The architect Carl FrederikStanley (17691805), who was educated in Copenhagen, spentsome years in Norway around the turn of the 19th century. He didminor works for wealthy patrons in and around Oslo, but hismajor achievement was the renovation of the Oslo Katedralskole,completed in 1800.[citation needed] He added a classical portico tothe front of an older structure, and a semicircular auditorium thatwas sequestered by Parliament in 1814 as a temporary place toassemble, now preserved at Norsk Folkemuseum as a nationalmonument.

When Christiania was made capital of Norway in 1814, there werepractically no buildings suitable for the many new governmentinstitutions. An ambitious building program was initiated, butrealised very slowly because of economic constraints. The firstmajor undertaking was the Royal Palace, designed by Hans Linstow and built between 1824 and 1848. Linstow also

Oslo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/16/2014

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 4 / 12

Stortinget is the seat of Norway'sparliament.

planned Karl Johans gate, the avenue connecting the Palace and the city, with a monumental square halfway to besurrounded by buildings for University, the Parliament (Storting) and other institutions. Only the university buildingswere realised according to this plan. Christian Heinrich Grosch, one of the first architects educated completely withinNorway, designed the original building for the Oslo Stock Exchange (18261828), the local branch of the Bank ofNorway (1828), Christiania Theatre (18361837), and the first campus for the University of Oslo (18411856). Forthe university buildings, he sought the assistance of the renowned German architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Germanarchitectural influence persisted in Norway, and many wooden buildings followed the principles of Neoclassicism. InOslo, the German architect Alexis de Chateauneuf designed Trefoldighetskirken, the first neo-gothic church,completed by von Hanno in 1858.

A number of landmark buildings, particularly in Oslo, were built in the Functionalist style (better known in the US andBritain as Modernist), the first being Skansen restaurant (19251927) by Lars Backer, demolished in 1970. Backeralso designed the restaurant at Ekeberg, which opened in 1929. Kunstnernes Hus art gallery by Gudolf Blakstad andHerman Munthe-Kaas (1930) still shows the influence of the preceding classicist trend of the 1920s. Theredevelopment of Oslo Airport (by the Aviaplan consortium) at Gardermoen, which opened in 1998, was Norway'slargest construction project to date.

Oslo Harbor

Grand Central Station at night

The Opera house with the sculpture She Lies in thefront

Akershus fortress

Fort Oslo Marina

Jernbanetorget

Aker brygge

The art gallery of Astrup Fearnley Museum ofModern Art in Oslo.

The skyline of Oslo.

Politics and government [edit]Main article: Politics and government of Oslo

Oslo is the capital of Norway, and as such is the seat of Norway's nationalgovernment. Most government offices, including that of the Prime Minister, aregathered at Regjeringskvartalet, a cluster of buildings close to the nationalParliamentthe Storting.

Constituting both a municipality and a county of Norway, the city of Oslo isrepresented in the Storting by seventeen members of parliament. Six MPs arefrom the Labour Party; the Conservative Party and the Progress Party havethree each; the Socialist Left Party and the Liberals have two each; and one isfrom the Christian Democrats.[needs update]

The combined municipality and county of Oslo has had a parliamentarysystem of government since 1986. The supreme authority of the city is theCity Council (Bystyret), which currently has 59 seats. Representatives arepopularly elected every four years. The City Council has five standingcommittees, each having its own areas of responsibility. The largest parties in

Oslo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/16/2014

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 5 / 12

Oslo City hall

Office buildings and apartments in Bjrvika, part ofthe redesign of former dock and industrial land inOslo known as The Barcode Project.

The faculty of Law, University ofOslo.

Norwegian School of Management(BI) main building.

University of Oslo Library

the City Council after the 2011-elections are the Conservatives and theLabour Party, with 22 and 20 representatives respectively.

The Mayor of Oslo is the head of the City Council and the highest rankingrepresentative of the city. This used to be the most powerful political positionin Oslo, but following the implementation of parliamentarism, the Mayor hashad more of a ceremonial role, similar to that of the President of the Storting at the national level. The current Mayorof Oslo is Fabian Stang.

Since the local elections of 2003, the city government has been a coalition of the Conservative Party and theProgress Party. Based mostly on support from the Christian Democrats and the Liberals, the coalition maintains aworkable majority in the City Council. After the 2007 local elections on 10 September, the conservative coalitionremained in majority. After the elections in 2011 the Conservative Party remained in power after a strong election.The Progress Party chose to leave the city government after losing support in the election and a dispute over the newMunch Museum. The Liberals and the Christian Democrats replaced the Progress Party in the city government.

The Governing Mayor of Oslo is the head of the City government. The post was created with the implementation ofparliamentarism in Oslo and is similar to the role of the prime minister at the national level. The current governingmayor is Stian Berger Rsland.

Economy [edit]Main article: Economy of Greater Oslo

Oslo has a varied and strong economy and was ranked numberone among European large cities in economic potential in the fDiMagazine report European Cities of the Future 2012.[5] It wasranked 2nd in the category of business friendliness, behindAmsterdam.

Oslo is an important centre of maritime knowledge in Europe andis home to approximately 1980 companies and 8,500 employeeswithin the maritime sector, some of which are the world's largestshipping companies, shipbrokers, and insurance brokers.[34] DetNorske Veritas, headquartered at Hvik outside Oslo, is one ofthe three major maritime classification societies in the world, with16.5% of the world fleet to class in its register.[35] The city's portis the largest general cargo port in the country and its leading passenger gateway. Close to 6,000 ships dock at thePort of Oslo annually with a total of 6 million tonnes of cargo and over five million passengers. The gross domesticproduct of Oslo totalled NOK268.047 billion ( billion) in 2003, which amounted to 17% of the national GDP.[36] Thiscompares with NOK165.915 billion ( billion) in 1995. The metropolitan area, bar Moss and Drammen, contributed 25%of the national GDP in 2003 and was also responsible for more than one quarter of tax revenues. In comparison, totaltax revenues from the oil and gas industry on the Norwegian Continental Shelf amounted to about 16%.[37]

Oslo is one of the most expensive cities in the world.[38] As of 2006, it is ranked tenth according to the Worldwide Costof Living Survey provided by Mercer Human Resource Consulting[39] and first according to the Economist IntelligenceUnit.[40] The reason for this discrepancy is that the EIU omits certain factors from its final index calculation, mostnotably housing. Although Oslo does have the most expensive housing market in Norway, it is comparably cheaperthan other cities on the list in that regard. Meanwhile, prices on goods and services remain some of the highest of anycity. Oslo hosts 2654 of the largest companies in Norway. Within the ranking of Europe's largest cities ordered bytheir number of companies Oslo is in fifth position. A whole group of oil and gas companies is situated in Oslo.According to a report compiled by Swiss bank UBS in the month of August 2006,[41] Oslo and London were the world'smost expensive cities.

Environment [edit]Oslo is a compact city. It is easy to move around by public transportation and you can access rentable city bikes allover the city centre. In 2003, Oslo received The European Sustainable City Award and in 2007 Reader's Digestranked Oslo as number two on a list of the world's greenest, most liveable cities.[42][43]

See also Transportation

Education [edit]Institutions of higher education [edit]

University of Oslo (Universitetet i Oslo (UiO))undergraduate, graduateand PhD programs in most fields.Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences (Hgskolen iOslo og Akershus (HiOA)), former Oslo University College. Focuses on 34-year professional degree programs.BI Norwegian Business School (Handelshyskolen BI)primarilyeconomics and business administration.Norwegian School of Information Technology (NorgesInformasjonsteknologiske Hyskole (NITH))Oslo School of Architecture and Design (Arkitektur- og designhgskolen iOslo (AHO))Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (Norges idrettshgskole (NIH))offers opportunities to study at the Bachelor, Masters and Doctorallevel[44]

Norwegian Academy of Music (Norges musikkhgskole)MF Norwegian School of Theology (Det teologiske Menighetsfakultet MF)Oslo National Academy of the Arts (Kunsthgskolen i Oslo KHIO)[45]

Norwegian University of Life Sciences (Universitetet for Milj ogBiovitenskap UMB) located in s, right outside of Oslo[46]

Norwegian Army Academy (Krigsskolen)The Norwegian Defence University College (Forsvarets hgskole)The Norwegian Police University College (Politihgskolen PHS)Norwegian School of Veterinary Science (Norges Veterinrhgskole)[47]

Oslo Academy of Fine Arts (Statens kunstakademi)[48]

Oslo School of Management (Markedshyskolen MH) located at theCampus Kristiania education center.

The level of education and productivity in the workforce is high in Norway. Nearly half of those with education attertiary level in Norway live in the Oslo region, placing it among Europe's top three regions in relation to education. In2008, the total workforce in the greater Oslo region (5 counties) numbered 1,020,000 people. The greater Osloregion has several higher educational institutions and is home to more than 73,000 students. The University of Oslo isthe largest institution for higher education in Norway with 27,400 students and 7,028 employees in total.[49]

Culture [edit]Oslo has a large and varied number of cultural attractions, which include several buildings containing artwork fromEdvard Munch and various other international artists but also several Norwegian artists. Several world-famous writershave either lived or been born in Oslo. Examples are Knut Hamsun and Henrik Ibsen. The government has recently

Oslo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/16/2014

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 6 / 12

Munch Museum

Historic buildings at Norsk Folkemuseum

Nobel Peace Center

Norwegians gather to greet NobelPeace Prize winner Muhammad Yunusin 2006

The National Theatre is the largest theatre in Norway[72]

invested large amounts of money in cultural installations, facilities, buildings and festivals in the City of Oslo. Bygdy,outside the city centre is the centre for history and the Norwegian Vikings' history. The area contains a large numberof parks and seasites and many museums. Examples are the Fram Museum, Vikingskiphuset and the Kon-TikiMuseum. Oslo hosts the annual Oslo Freedom Forum, a conference described by The Economist as on its way tobecoming a human-rights equivalent of the Davos economic forum.[50] Oslo is also known for giving out the NobelPeace Prize every year.

Museums, galleries [edit]Oslo houses several major museums and galleries. The Munch Museumcontains The Scream and other works by Edvard Munch, who donated all hiswork to the city after his death.[51] The City-Council is currently planning anew Munch Museum which is most likely to be built in Bjrvika, in thesoutheast of the city.[52] The museum will be named Munch/Stenersen.[52] 50different museums are located around the city.[53] Folkemuseet is located onthe Bygdy peninsula and is dedicated to Folk art, Folk Dress, Sami cultureand the viking culture. The outdoor museum contains 155 authentic oldbuildings from all parts of Norway, including a Stave Church.[54] The VigelandMuseum located in the large Frogner Park, is free to access and contains over 212 sculptures by Gustav Vigelandincluding an obelisk and the Wheel of Life.[55] Another popular sculpture is Sinnataggen, a baby boy stamping hisfoot in fury. This statue is very well known as an icon in the city.[56] There is also a newer landscaped sculpture park,Ekebergparken Sculpture Park, with works by Norwegian and international artists such as Salvador Dali.[57]

The Viking Ship Museum features three Viking ships found at Oseberg, Gokstad and Tune and several other uniqueitems from the Viking age.[58] The Oslo City Museum holds a permanent exhibition about the people in Oslo and thehistory of the city.[59] The Kon-Tiki Museum houses Thor Heyerdahl's Kontiki and Ra2.[60]

The National Museum holds and preserves, exhibits andpromotes public knowledge about Norway's most extensivecollection of art.[61] The Museum shows permanent exhibitions ofworks from its own collections but also temporary exhibitions thatincorporate work loaned from elsewhere.[61] The NationalMuseums exhibition avenues are the National Gallery, theMuseum of Contemporary Art, the National Museum, the Museumof Decorative Arts and the National Museum of Architecture.[61] Anew National Museum in Oslo will be built in the next 10 yearsand the building will be located at Vestbanen behind the NobelPeace Center.[62] The Nobel Peace Center is an independentorganisation opened on 11 June 2005 by the King Harald V aspart of the celebrations to mark Norway's centenary as an

independent country.[63] The building houses a permanent exhibition, expanding every year when a new Nobel PeacePrize winner is announced, containing information of every winner in history. The building is mainly used as acommunication centre.[63]

Music and events [edit]A large number of festivals are held in Oslo, such as OsloJazz festival, a six-day Jazz festival which has been heldannually in August for the past 25 years.[64] Oslo'sbiggest Rock festival is yafestivalen or simply "ya". Itdraws about 60,000 people to the Medieval Park east inOslo and last for four days.[65]

The Oslo International Church Music Festival[66] hasbeen held annually since 2000. The Oslo World MusicFestival showcases people who are stars in their owncountry but strangers in Norway. The Oslo ChamberMusic Festival is held in August every year and world-class chambers and soloists gather in Oslo to perform atthis festival. The Norwegian Wood Rock Festival is heldevery year in June in Oslo.

The Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is headed by the Institute; the award ceremony is held annually in The City Hall on10 December.[67] Even though Sami land is far away from the capital, the Norwegian Museum of Cultural Historymarks the Sami National Day with a series of activities and entertainment.

The World Cup Biathlon in Holmenkollen is held every year and here maleand female competitors compete against each other in Sprint, Pursuit andMass Start disciplines.[68]

Other examples of annual events in Oslo are Desucon, a convention focusingon Japanese culture[69] and Frderseilasen, the world's largest overnightregatta with more than 1100 boats taking part every year.[70]

Rikard Nordraak, composer of the Norwegian national anthem, was born inOslo in 1842.

Norway's principal orchestra is the Oslo Philharmonic, based at the OsloConcert Hall since 1977. Although it was founded in 1919, the Oslo

Philharmonic can trace its roots to the founding of the Christiania Musikerforening (Christiania Musicians Society) byEdvard Grieg and Johan Svendsen in 1879.[71]

Oslo has hosted the Eurovision Song Contest twice.

Performing arts [edit]Oslo houses over 20 theatres, such as the NorwegianTheatre and the National Theatre located at Karl JohanStreet. The National Theatre is the largest theatre inNorway and is situated between the royal palace and theparliament building, Stortinget.[72] The names of LudvigHolberg, Henrik Ibsen and Bjrnstjerne Bjrnson areengraved on the faade of the building over the mainentrance. This theatre represents the actors and play-writers of the country but the songwriters, singers anddancers are represented in the form of a newly openedOslo Opera House, situated in Bjrvika. The Opera wasopened in 2008 and is a national landmark, designed bythe Norwegian architectural firm, Snhetta. There are twohouses, together containing over 2000 seats. Thebuilding cost 500 million euro to build and took five yearsto build and is known for being the first Opera House in the world to let people walk on the roof of the building. Thefoyer and the roof are also used for concerts as well as the three stages.[73]

Literature [edit]Most great Norwegian authors have lived in Oslo for some period in their life. For instance, Nobel Prize-winning authorSigrid Undset grew up in Oslo, and described her life there in the autobiographical novel Elleve r (1934; translated

Oslo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/16/2014

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 7 / 12

Bislett Stadion during a friendly between Lyn Oslo andLiverpool F.C.

Oslo Courthouse

Grand Central Station Oslo

Bridge over Grand Central Station

as The longest years; New York 1971).

The playwright Henrik Ibsen is probably the most famous Norwegian author. Ibsen wrote plays such as Hedda Gabler,Peer Gynt, A Doll's House and The Lady from the Sea. The Ibsen Quotes project completed in 2008 is a work of artconsisting of 69 Ibsen quotations in stainless steel lettering which have been set into the granite sidewalks of the city'scentral streets.[74]

In recent years, novelists like Lars Saabye Christensen, Tove Nilsen and Roy Jacobsen have described the city andits people in their novels. Early 20th-century literature from Oslo include poets Rudolf Nilsen and Andr Bjerke.

Media [edit]The newspapers Aftenposten, Dagbladet, Verdens Gang, Dagens Nringsliv, Finansavisen, Dagsavisen,Morgenbladet, Vrt Land, Nationen and Klassekampen are published in Oslo. The main office of the nationalbroadcasting company NRK is located at Marienlyst in Oslo, near Majorstuen, and NRK also has regional services viaboth radio and television. TVNorge (TVNorway) is also located in Oslo, while TV 2 (based in Bergen) and TV3 (basedin London) operate branch offices in central Oslo. There is also a variety of specialty publications and smaller mediacompanies. A number of magazines are produced in Oslo. The two dominant companies are Aller Media and HjemmetMortensen AB.

Sports [edit]Holmenkollen National Arena and Holmenkollbakken isthe country's main biathlon and Nordic skiing venue. Ithosts annual world cup tournaments, including theHolmenkollen Ski Festival. It has hosted Biathlon WorldChampionships in 1986, 1990, 1999 and 2002. FISNordic World Ski Championships have been hosted in1930, 1966, 1982 and 2011, as well as the 1952 WinterOlympics.

Ullevl Stadion is the home arena for the Tippeligaenfootball side Vlerenga Fotball, the Norwegian nationalfootball team and the Football Cup Final. The stadiumhas previously hosted the finals of the UEFA Women'sChampionship in 1987 and 1997, and the 2002 UEFAEuropean Under-19 Football Championship.[75] Ra IL isOslo's only team in the women's league, Toppserien. Each year, the international youth football tournament NorwayCup is held on Ekebergsletta and other places in the city.

Bislett Stadion is the city's main track and field venue, and hosts the annual Bislett Games, part of IAAF DiamondLeague. Bjerke Travbane is the main venue for harness racing in the country. Oslo Spektrum is used for large icehockey and handball matches. Bkkelagets SK and Nordstrand IF plays in the women's Postenligaen in handball,while Vlerenga Hndball plays in the men's league. Jordal Amfi, the home of the ice hockey team VlerengaIshockey, and Manglerudhallen is the home of Manglerud Star, both of whom play in GET-ligaen. The 1999 IIHF WorldChampionship in ice hockey were held in Oslo, as have three Bandy World Championships, in 1961, 1977 and 1985.The UCI Road World Championships in bicycle road racing were hosted 1993.

Oslo is currently bidding to host the 2022 Winter Olympics.

Crime [edit]Oslo Police District is Norway's largest police district with over 2,300employees. Over 1,700 of those are police officers, nearly 140 police lawyersand 500 civilian employees. Oslo Police District has five police stationslocated around the city. The National Criminal Investigation Service is locatedin Oslo, which is a Norwegian special police division under the NMJP. PST isalso located in the Oslo District. PST is a security agency which wasestablished in 1936 and is one of the non-secret agencies in Norway.

Oslo police stated that the capital is one of Europe's safest, but statistics haveshowed that crime in Oslo is on the rise, and some media have reported thatthere are four times as many thefts and robberies in Oslo than in New YorkCity for example.[76][77] According to the Oslo Police, they receive more than 15,000 reports of petty thefts annually.Approximately 0.8% of those cases get solved.[78]

On 22 July 2011, Oslo was the site of one of two terrorist attacks: the bombing of Oslo government offices.[79]

Transport [edit]Oslo has Norway's most extensive public transport system, managed byRuter.[80] This includes the six-line Oslo Metro,[81] the world's most extensivemetro per resident, the six-line Oslo Tramway[82] and the eight-line OsloCommuter Rail.[83] The tramway operates within the areas close to the citycentre, while the metro, which runs underground through the city centre,operates to suburbs further away; this includes two lines that operate toBrum, and the Ring Line which loops to areas north of the centre.[84] Oslo isalso covered by a bus network consisting of 32 city lines as well as regionalbuses to the neighboring county of Akershus.[85]

Oslo Central Station acts as the central hub,[86] and offers rail services to most major cities in southern Norway aswell as Stockholm and Gothenburg in Sweden.[87] The Airport Express Train operates along the high-speedGardermoen Line. The Drammen Line runs under the city centre in the Oslo Tunnel.[88] Some of the city islands andthe neighbouring municipality of Nesodden are connected by ferry.[89] Daily cruiseferry services operate toCopenhagen and Frederikshavn in Denmark, and to Kiel in Germany.[90]

Many of the motorways pass through the downtown and other parts of the city in tunnels. The construction of theroads is partially supported through a toll ring. The major motorways through Oslo are European Route E6 and E18.There are three beltways, the innermost which are streets and the outermost, Ring 3 which is a beltway.

The main airport serving the city is Gardermoen Airport, located in Ullensaker, 47 kilometres (29 mi) from the citycentre of Oslo.[91] It acts as the main international gateway to Norway,[92] and is the sixth-largest domestic airport inEurope.[93] Gardermoen is a hub for Scandinavian Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Widere. Oslo is also servedby two secondary airports, which serve some low-cost carriers, such as Ryanair:[94] Rygge Airport[95] and TorpAirport, the latter being 110 kilometres (68 mi) from the city.[96]

Airports in the Oslo area

Airport IATA/ICAO Passengers (2013)

Gardermoen OSL/ENGM 22,956,540

Oslo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/16/2014

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 8 / 12

Oslo

Population of Oslo from 18012006,with yearly data from 19502006.

Historical populationYear Pop. % 1500 2,500 1951 434,365 +17274.6%1961 475,663 +9.5%1971 481,548 +1.2%1981 452,023 6.1%1991 461,644 +2.1%2001 508,726 +10.2%2011 599,230 +17.8%2014 634,463 +5.9%

2021? 720,271 +13.5%2031? 790,570 +9.8%Source: Statistics Norway .[97]

Torp TRF/ENTO 1,856,897

Rygge RYG/ENRY 1,849,294

Flytoget (Airport Express Train); a High-speedrail connecting the city with its main airport,Oslo-Gardermoen Airport.

Metro train leaving. Nationaltheatret (station)

Postgirobygget at Oslo central station.

A rental bicycle station in the city center.

Demographics [edit]See also: East End and West End of Oslo

The population of Oslo was by 2010 increasing at a record rate of nearly 2%annually (17% over the last 15 years), making it the fastest-growingScandinavian capital.[98]

According to the most recent census 432,000 Oslo residents (70.4% of thepopulation) were ethnically Norwegian, an increase of 6% since 2002(409,000).[99] Oslo has the largest population of immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents in Norway, both in relative and absolute figures. OfOslos 624,000 inhabitants, 189,400 were immigrants or Norwegian-born toimmigrant parents, which is 30.4 per cent of the capitals entire population. Allsuburbs in Oslo were above the national average of 14.1 per cent. Thesuburbs with the highest proportions of immigrants and Norwegian-born toimmigrant parents were Sndre Nordstrand, Stovner og Alna, with around 50per cent.[100]

Pakistanis make up the single largest ethnic minority, followed by Swedes, Somalis,and Poles these are the four largest ethnic minority groups. Other large immigrantgroups are people from Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Turkey, Morocco, Iraq andIran.[101][102][103][104]

In 2013, 40% of Oslo's primary school pupils were registered as having a firstlanguage other than Norwegian or Sami.[105] The western part of the city ispredominantly ethnic Norwegian, with several schools having less than 5% pupilswith an immigrant background. The eastern part of Oslo is more mixed, with someschools up to 97% immigrant share.[106] Schools are also increasingly divided byethnicity, with white flight being present in some of the northeastern suburbs of thecity.[107][108] In the borough Groruddalen in 2008 for instance, the ethnic Norwegianpopulation decreased by 1,500, while the immigrant population increased by1,600.[109]

Oslo is a city with various religious communities. In 2008 63% of the population were members of the Church ofNorway, lower than the national average of 82%.[110] In 2011 almost 20% of the population were registered in otherreligious or life stance communities.[111]

In 2012, there were about 48,000 registered Muslims in Oslo, making up about 8% of the population, and about33,000 registered Catholics.[112] Life stance communities, mainly the Norwegian Humanist Association, had about18,000 members in 2011.[111]

Number of minorities (1st and 2ndgeneration) in Oslo by country of origin per

1. January 2012[113]

Rank Ancestry Number

1 Pakistan 22,034

2 Sweden 13,665

3 Somalia 12,779

4 Poland 12,180

5 Sri Lanka 7,365

6 Iraq 7,336

7 Turkey 6,206

8 Morocco 6,116

9 Vietnam 5,822

10 Iran 5,729

Oslo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/16/2014

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 9 / 12

Religion in Oslo[114]religion percentChristianity 69.83%Islam 3.59%Buddhism 0.51%Other 26.07%

Norway portal

11 Philippines 4,968

12 India 4,064

13 Germany 3,501

14 Denmark 3,477

15 Afghanistan 2,986

16 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,861

17 Russia 2,809

18 China, People's Republic of 2,658

19 United Kingdom 2,644

20 Kosovo 2,535

Notable residents [edit]Main category: People from Oslo

Sigrid Undset (18821949), writer, awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1928Jens Stoltenberg (b. 1959), former Prime MinisterFabian Stang (b. 1955), mayorKjetil Andr Aamodt (b. 1971), alpine skierVilhelm Bjerknes (18621951), meteorologistEspen Bredesen (b. 1968), ski jumper, Olympic championGro Harlem Brundtland (b. 1939), Prime Minister and Director-General of WHOLars Saabye Christensen (b. 1953), authorSandra Drouker (1875-1944), pianist and pedagogueThorbjrn Egner (19121990), Playwright, songwriter and illustratorJohn Fredriksen (b. 1944), shipping magnateRagnar Frisch (18951973), economist, Nobel Prize laureate (1969)Johan Galtung (b. 1930), sociologist, founder of peace and conflict studiesTorleif S. Knaphus (18811965), monument sculptor in AmericaChristian Krohg (18521925), painterHans Gude[115] (18251903), landscape painterTine Thing Helseth (b. 1987), trumpeterSonja Henie (19121969), Norwegian figure skater and actressEva Joly (b. 1943), magistrateHenrik Ibsen (18281906), playwright, theatre director and poetErling Kagge (b. 1963), polar explorerEspen Knutsen (b. 1972), former professional ice hockey playerEdvard Munch (18631944), painterFridtjof Nansen (18611930), polar explorer, scientist, diplomat, Nobel laureateJo Nesb (b. 1960), author and musicianLars Onsager (19031976), physical chemist, Nobel Prize laureateBrge Ousland (b. 1962), polar explorer, writerGrete Waitz (19532011), marathon runnerKnut Johannesen (b. 1933),speed skater

International relations [edit]Oslo is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.[116]

Twin towns partner cities and regions [edit]See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway

Oslo has cooperation agreements with the following cities/regions:[117]

Gothenburg, Sweden Mbombela, South Africa Saint Petersburg, Russia Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

Shanghai, China Vilnius, Lithuania Warsaw, Poland

Oslo was formerly twinned with Madison, Wisconsin, Tel Aviv and Vilnius, but has since abolished the concept of twincities.

Christmas trees as gifts [edit]Oslo has a tradition of sending a Christmas tree every year to the cities of Washington D.C., New York City, London,Edinburgh, Rotterdam, Antwerp, and Reykjavk.[118] Since 1947, Oslo has sent a 6580-foot (2025 m) high, 50 to100-year-old spruce, as an expression of gratitude toward Britain for its support of Norway during World WarII.[119][120]

See also [edit]East End and West End of OsloOslo AccordsParks and open spaces in OsloTimeline of transport in Oslo

References [edit]1. ^ http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar/2014-02-20?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=1641562. ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents by country of birth1,(the 20 largest groups).Selected

municipalities.1 January 2011" . Statistics Norway. Retrieved 28 April 2011.3. ^ "dictionary.com" . Retrieved 6 August 2011.4. ^ "GaWC The World According to GaWC 2008" . Lboro.ac.uk. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2011.5. ^a b Rachel Craig (13 February 2012). "European Cities and Regions of the Future 2012/13" . fDiIntelligence.com.

Retrieved 12 March 2013.6. ^ "Sydney rockets up the list of the world's most expensive cities" . ECA International. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 10 July

2011.7. ^ George Arnett; Chris Michael (14 February 2014). "The world's most expensive cities" . The Guardian. Retrieved 23

February 2014.8. ^a b "Statistics Norway" . Statistics Norway. www.ssb.no.9. ^ "Population and area, by municipality" . Ssb.no. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2011.

10. ^ "Oslo europamester i vekst Nyheter Oslo" . Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 3 June 2011.11. ^ "Ola og Kari flytter fra innvandrerne Nyheter Oslo" . Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 3 June 2011.

Oslo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/16/2014

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 10 / 12

12. ^ "Immigration and immigrants" . Ssb.no. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2009.13. ^ "Statistics from the SSB" . Statistics Norway. www.ssb.no.14. ^ "Statistisk sentralbyr Forside" . Statistics Norway (in Norwegian). www.ssb.no.15. ^ cf. Bjorvand, Harald (2008): "Oslo." I: Namn och bygd 2008;Volum 96.16. ^ Jrgensen, Jon G.. "Peder Claussn Friis" . In Helle, Knut. Store Norske Leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo:

Kunnskapsforlaget.17. ^ Alna elv i Oslo , Store Norske Leksikon (in Norwegian)18. ^ Government Oslo kommune [dead link]19. ^ Heraldry of the World (2010). "Oslo byvpen" . ngw.nl. Retrieved 5 July 2011.20. ^ "Inside Oslo : Inside" . TripAdvisor. Retrieved 25 March 2010.21. ^ ivind Larsen. "DNMS.NO : Michael: 2005 : 03/2005 : Book review: Black Death and hard facts" . Norwegian Medical

Society. Retrieved 11 March 2014.22. ^ Brd Alsvik. "Oslo kommune byarkivet (Oslo City Archives)" . Oslo Kommune. Retrieved 23 September 2013.23. ^ http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Oslo/Oslo/Oslo/statistics.html24. ^ "Oslo Daylight" .25. ^ Oslo temperatures26. ^ Geography of Norway#Climate27. ^ Avknut A. Nygaard. "Aftenposten: Oslofjord frozen" . Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 27 June 2010.28. ^ "Climate Statistics for Oslo-Blindern, Norway (19611990)" . 20 November 2011.29. ^ "Minifacts about Norway 2013: Geography, climate and environment" . Statistics Norway. March 2013. Retrieved 25

September 2013.30. ^ City of Oslo parks (Norwegian)31. ^ City of Oslo parks (Norwegian)32. ^ "Municipal swimming pools" . Idrettsetaten.oslo.kommune.no. 16 June 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.33. ^ ":::" .34. ^ Oslo Teknopol Mal35. ^ Dnv.com36. ^ "Regional accounts" . Ssb.no. Retrieved 10 June 2009.37. ^ "Norwegian Tax Administration Annual Report 2003" (PDF). Retrieved 8 July 2009.38. ^ "Special Reports | Oslo 'priciest city in the world'" . BBC News. 1 February 2006. Retrieved 21 June 2010.39. ^ "Mercer: Consulting. Outsourcing. Investments" . Mercerhr.com. Retrieved 10 June 2009.40. ^ "In Depth | Oslo 'priciest city in the world'" . BBC News. 1 February 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2009.41. ^ Yahoo! News [dead link]42. ^ polymorphing. "Sustainable Cities And Towns Campaign" . Sustainable-cities.eu. Retrieved 21 June 2010.43. ^ Kahn, Matthew. "Living Green: Ranking the best (and worst) countries" . Reader's Digest Australia. Retrieved 21 June

2010.44. ^ "Norges idrettshgskole forskning og hyere utdanning innenfor idrettsvitenskap NIH" . Nih.no. Retrieved 10

June 2009.45. ^ "Kunsthgskolen i Oslo" . Khio.no. 1 August 2000. Retrieved 10 June 2009.46. ^ "Universitetet for milj- og biovitenskap UMB" . Umb.no. Retrieved 10 June 2009.47. ^ "Internett Norges veterinrhgskole" . Veths.no. Retrieved 10 June 2009.48. ^ Ska-Wiki Ska-Wiki49. ^ "UiO i tall" . uio.no. Retrieved 22 March 2012.50. ^ "A crowded field" . The Economist. 27 May 2010.51. ^ "Edvard Munch Edvard Munch Biography 3" . Edvardmunch.info. Retrieved 3 June 2011.52. ^a b [1] [dead link]53. ^ Tone:. "Attractions: Museums and sights of Oslo, Norway" . Visitoslo.com. Retrieved 3 June 2011.54. ^ "Oslo Museums | Oslo Museums" . World66.com. 18 March 2005. Retrieved 3 June 2011.55. ^ "Frognerparken and Vigeland Park Oslo" . Cosmotourist. Retrieved 3 June 2011.56. ^ "Sinnataggen" . Oslosurf.com. Retrieved 3 June 2011.57. ^ Ekebergparken Sculpture Park Homepage (English)58. ^ Norway dot com. "The Viking Ship Museum (Vikingskipshuset), Museums, Oslo Norway Directory" . Norway.com.

Retrieved 3 June 2011.59. ^ Norway dot com. "Oslo City Museum, Museums, Oslo Norway Directory" . Norway.com. Retrieved 3 June 2011.60. ^ "The Kon-Tiki Museum Norway official travel guide" . visitnorway.com. Retrieved 3 June 2011.61. ^a b c "About the National Museum : Nasjonalmuseet" . Nasjonalmuseet.no. Retrieved 3 June 2011.62. ^ "The National Museum at Vestbanen : Nasjonalmuseet" . Nasjonalmuseet.no. Retrieved 3 June 2011.63. ^a b "Nobel Peace Center Opens in Oslo" . Norway.org. Retrieved 3 June 2011.64. ^ OJF (2011). "Oslo Jazzfestival" . oslojazz.no. Retrieved 5 July 2011.65. ^ ya (2011). "yafestivalen News" . oyafestivalen.com. Retrieved 5 July 2011.66. ^ "Oslo Internasjonale kirkemusikkfestival" . Kirkemusikkfestivalen.no. Retrieved 12 March 2013.67. ^ NobelPrize.Org (2011). "The Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony 2010" . nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 July 2011.68. ^ VisitOslo.Com (2011). "World Cup Biathlon Official Travel & Visitor's Guide to Oslo, Norway" . visitoslo.com.

Retrieved 5 July 2011.69. ^ Desu.No (2011). "Desu" . desu.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 July 2011.70. ^ KNS.No (2011). "Fokus Bank Frderseilasen KNS" . kns.no. Retrieved 5 July 2011.71. ^ Oslo-Filharmonien (2011). "Filharmonien" . oslofilharmonien.no. Retrieved 5 July 2011.72. ^a b "Nationaltheatret National Theatre: Photos and videos on Google Maps, the WIKI-way" . 59.914386,10.7342595:

Wiki.worldflicks.org. Retrieved 3 June 2011.73. ^ "7 of the Best Tourist Attractions in Oslo, Norway" . Globe Tales. Retrieved 3 June 2011.74. ^ kland, Ingunn (10 September 2008). "Ibsen som jlete graffiti" . Aftenposten (in Norwegian).75. ^ Ullevaal Stadion. "Historikk" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 10 June 2009.76. ^ Redaksjon (7 March 2008). "Fire ganger mer krim i Oslo enn i New York" . Osloby.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 28

August 2012.77. ^ Oslo, Politidistrikt. "Kriminaliteten i Oslo" . Politi.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 25 August 2012.78. ^ Norsk Telegrambyr (9 October 2012). "Oslo har like mange lommetyverier som Berlin" . Vg.no (in Norwegian).

Retrieved 9 October 2012.79. ^ "7 Dead in Oslo Explosion; 80 Killed in Shooting at Camp" . PBS. Retrieved 23 July 2011.80. ^ "Om Ruter" (in Norwegian). Ruter. Retrieved 1 December 2010.81. ^ "T-banen forstadsbane og storbymetro" (in Norwegian). Ruter. Retrieved 1 December 2010.82. ^ "Trikk" (in Norwegian). Ruter. Retrieved 1 December 2010.83. ^ "Network map commuter trains" (in Norwegian). Norwegian State Railways. Retrieved 1 December 2010.84. ^ "T-baneringen" (in Norwegian). Oslo Package 2. Retrieved 1 December 2010.85. ^ "City Bus Network Map" . 2013.86. ^ "Oslo S bygges om for 2.9 milliarder kroner" (in Norwegian). Rom Eiendom. Retrieved 19 December 2009.[dead link]87. ^ "Network map" (in Norwegian). Norwegian State Railways. Retrieved 1 December 2010.88. ^ Hols, Bjrn (1990). Stasjoner i sentrum (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlagg. p. 182. ISBN 82-05-19082-8.89. ^ "Bt til jobb og skole, eller bad og utflukt" (in Norwegian). Ruter. Retrieved 1 December 2010.90. ^ "Passasjer/turist" (in Norwegian). Port of Oslo. Retrieved 1 December 2010.91. ^ "Administration" . Oslo Lufthavn. Retrieved 19 January 2010.92. ^ "Market" . Oslo Lufthavn. Retrieved 19 January 2010.93. ^ "Economic crisis stops air transport growth" . Eurostat. Retrieved 18 January 2010.94. ^ "Rygge-London for n krone". Akershus Amtstidende (in Norwegian). 17 July 2009.95. ^ "Information about Moss Airport Rygge" . Rygge Sivile Lufthavn. Retrieved 25 November 2010.[dead link]96. ^ Sandefjord Lufthavn. "How do I get to Sandefjord Airport Torp?" . Retrieved 24 October 2009.97. ^ "Projected population Statistics Norway" . Statbank.ssb.no. Retrieved 23 July 2011.98. ^ Ole Kristian Nordengen Hanne Waaler Lier Pl V. Hagesther. "Om 15 r kan det bo 100 000 flere i Oslo" .

Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 27 June 2010.99. ^ http://www.utviklings-og-

kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no/getfile.php/byrdsavdeling%20for%20finans%20(FIN)/Internett%20(FIN)/Dokumenter/statistikk/planxogxanalyseseksjonen/statistikk/statistikk2002/pdf2002/aarbok_2002_kap02.pdf100. ^ Kristoffer Fredriksen: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, 1 January 2013 SSB, January 2013101. ^ (Norwegian) 25 prosent av alle som bor i Oslo er innvandrere Nyheter Oslo Aftenposten.no102. ^ "Polakker den strste innvandrergruppen" (in Norwegian). Ssb.no. Retrieved 27 June 2010.

Oslo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/16/2014

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 11 / 12

Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Mobile view

This page was last modified on 14 July 2014 at 05:58.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Useand Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

[show]

Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Oslo.

Look up oslo in Wiktionary,the free dictionary.

Wikivoyage has a travelguide for Oslo.

103. ^ "Tabell 11 Innvandrere og norskfdte med innvandrerforeldre, etter landbakgrunn (de 20 strste gruppene). Utvalgtekommuner. 1. januar 2009" (in Norwegian). Ssb.no. Retrieved 22 January 2010.[dead link]

104. ^ Folkebibl.no (Norwegian)105. ^ Oslo kommune, Undervisningsetaten (4 January 2013). "Minoritetssprklige elever i Osloskolen 2012/2013" .

Undervisningsetaten.106. ^ Avhilde Lundgaard . "Foreldre flytter barna til "hvitere" skoler Nyheter Innenriks" . Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 25

March 2010.107. ^ Bredeveien, Jo Moen (2 June 2009). "Rmmer til hvitere skoler" . Dagsavisen.108. ^ Lundgaard, Hilde (22 August 2009). "Foreldre flytter barna til "hvitere" skoler" . Aftenposten.109. ^ Slettholm, Andreas (15 December 2009). "Ola og Kari flytter fra innvandrerne" . Aftenposten.110. ^ Et mangfold av tro og livssyn Statistics Norway. Retrieved 7 December 2012111. ^a b 1 av 5 osloborgere tilhrer et tros- eller livssynssamfunn utenfor Den norske kirke Utviklings- og

kompetanseetaten, Oslo kommune. (in Norwegian) Retrieved 7 December 2012112. ^ Andreas Slettholm: N er det flere katolikker enn muslimer i Norge Aftenposten, 3 December 2012113. ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country of birth1, (the 20 largest groups). Selected

municipalities. 1 January 2012" (in Norwegian). ssb.no. Retrieved 27 June 2012.114. ^ Statistics Norway Church of Norway.115. ^ Haverkamp, Frode; Gude, Hans Fredrik (January 1992). Hans Gude (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. p. 59. ISBN 82-

03-17072-2. OCLC 29047091 .116. ^ Council of Europe (2011). "Intercultural city: Oslo, Norway" . coe.int. Retrieved 22 May 2011.117. ^ "Co-operating cities and regions" . Oslo.kommune.no. Oslo Kommune. 12 February 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2014.118. ^ Juletrr til utland Ordfreren, Oslo kommune (Municipality of Oslo Website, Mare's office), published november 2013,

accessed 7 April 2014.119. ^ Her tennes juletreet i London , VG, 3 December 2009.120. ^ http://snl.no/juletre

Further reading [edit]Published in the 19th century

David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Christiania" . Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.John Thomson (1845), "Christiania" , New Universal Gazetteer and Geographical Dictionary, London: H.G. Bohn"Description of Christiania" . Traveler's Guide in Sweden and the Most Interesting Places in Norway. Stockholm:Adolf Bonnier. 1871."Christiania" . Norway: illustrated handbook for travellers. Christiania: Chr. Tnsberg. 1875.John Ramsay McCulloch (1880), "Christiania" , in Hugh G. Reid, A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical andHistorical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, London: Longmans, Green, and Co."Christiania" , Hand-book for Travellers in Norway (7th ed.), London: J. Murray, 1880Maturin Murray Ballou (1887), "Capital of Norway" , Due North; or, Glimpses of Scandinavia and Russia, Boston:Ticknor and CompanyHunger. Knut Hamsun (1890). The ultimate book set in Oslo, "this wondrous city that no one leaves before it hasmade its marks upon him".

Published in the 20th century

"Christiania" . Bennett's Handbook for Travellers in Norway. Christiana: T. Bennett & Sons. 1902."Christiania" . Bradshaw's Through Routes to the Capitals of the World, and Overland Guide to India, Persia,and the Far East. London: Henry Blacklock. 1903."Christiania" , Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.), New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica Co., 1910,OCLC 14782424"Christiania" , Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1912Esther Singleton (1913), "City of Christiania" , Great Cities of Europe, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, PageThe Big Foxhunt. Ingvar Ambjrnsen (1983). Set in the late 1970s, telling the story of a young hash dealer.Beatles. Lars Saabye Christensen (1984). About growing up in the 1960s.Shyness and Dignity. Dag Solstad (1994).

External links [edit]City of Oslo: Official website (Norwegian)City of Oslo: Official website (English)Official Travel and Visitors Guide to OsloOslo The official travel guide to NorwayOslo Local Travel Information Guide Oslo cityOslo Attractions GuideWhere in Oslo Community based city guide in EnglishOslo Key facts www.visitnorway.com

Links to related articles

Categories: Oslo 1040s establishments in Norway Capitals in Europe Cities and towns in NorwayCounties of Norway Populated coastal places in Norway Populated places established in the 11th centuryPort cities and towns in Norway Port cities and towns of the North Sea Viking Age populated places

Oslo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 7/16/2014

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo 12 / 12

OsloInteractionToolsPrint/exportLanguagesContentsUrban region[edit]General information[edit]Toponymy[edit]City seal[edit]

History[edit]10001600[edit]1600s[edit]1700s[edit]1800s[edit]1900present[edit]

Geography[edit]Climate[edit]

Parks and recreation areas[edit]Cityscape[edit]Architecture[edit]

Politics and government[edit]Economy[edit]Environment[edit]Education[edit]Institutions of higher education[edit]

Culture[edit]Museums, galleries[edit]Music and events[edit]Performing arts[edit]Literature[edit]Media[edit]Sports[edit]

Crime[edit]Transport[edit]Demographics[edit]Notable residents[edit]International relations[edit]Twin towns partner cities and regions[edit]Christmas trees as gifts[edit]

See also[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]