electrofisher user manual

USER'S GUIDEType-VI-A Electrofi sherType-VI-A Electrofi sher

#07299.08

Items manufactured by companies other than Smith-Root carry the original manufactures warranty. Please contact prod-uct manufacturer for return instructions.All Smith-Root, Inc. manufactured products are covered by a one year warranty.

Prices are subject to change without notice. SRI reserves the right to make changes of products at anytime without notice.Smith-Root, Inc. Electrical Field Fish Barrier systems are protected by patent. Ideas, arrangements, drawings, and specifi cations are the sole property of Smith-Root, Inc. and are intended for this specifi c catalog and shall not be used for any other purpose, without written consent of Smith-Root, Inc.U.S. - 4,750,451 Canada - 1,304,442

Credit & Refund Policy: Customers returning equipment, in new condition, will be given credit to the applicable VISA/Master Card account within fi ve days from the date of the return. A return authorization must accompany returns. Valid equipment returns include, but are not limited to, ordering incorrect equipment, funding defi cits, and defective equipment returned for reimbursement. All returns are subject to a restocking fee and applicable shipping charges. The restocking fee is fi gured at 10% of the purchase price but not less than $20.00. Customers receiving equipment in damaged condition will be referred to the shipping com-pany for insurance reimbursement.

Rev. 08

Control # __________________

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ContentsIntroduction to the Type VI-A ...................... 1Receipt of shipment ..................................... 1Type VI-A Combo ........................................ 1Control panel ............................................... 2Connections ................................................ 3Operating Procedures ................................. 3Set-Up Procedure ........................................ 3Electrofi shing Procedure ............................. 4Generator Speed ......................................... 4Trouble Shooting ......................................... 4Overload Protection ..................................... 4Thermal Protection ...................................... 4General Maintenance .................................. 4Specifi cations .............................................. 5

Electrofi shing Safety .................................... 7Preventing Electrical Shock ......................... 8Planning For Safety ..................................... 8Backpack Safety .......................................... 9Boat Safety .................................................. 9Do's & Don'ts .............................................. 9Introduction to Electrofi shing ..................... 10Types of Current .........................................11Electrode Design ....................................... 13Field Techniques ........................................ 17Electrofi shing Reference & Training Materials ...................................... 18

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Type VI-A Electrofi sher

Introduction to the Type VI-A The type V1-A is a heavy-duty skW electrofi sher. It can be used in large bodies of water like lakes and rivers, and in low to medium-high conductivity waters: 20 to 2000 microsiemens/cm3. It can be powered by any 120 or 240 volt AC generator, and features transformer isolation for safety.

Receipt of shipmentCarefully remove electrofisher from its shipping container and examine closely for shipping damage. If parts are missing or the unit is damaged, notify the transportation company and immediately fi le a claim for the amount of damage.

This operator’s manual contains important information about the operation and maintenance of your unit. We suggest you keep this manual and refer to it when making adjustments or ordering parts. Additional copies are available for a nominal charge from Smith-Root Inc.Record the serial number of your type VI-A electrofi sher in the space provided below:

Serial number _________________________________Serial number _________________________________Serial number

When ordering parts, always quote the electrofi sher model and serial number located on the unit’s nameplate. This is essential to ensure that the correct part is shipped to you.

Type VI-A Combo Package Includes the Following:Quantity Description Line NumberQuantity Description Line Number

1 .....................................Electrofi sher ....................................................................... 008591 .....................................Input Power Cable .............................................................. 034261 .....................................Output Power Cable ........................................................... 034251 .....................................15ft. Single Foot/Hand Switch ............................................ 033021 .....................................Instruction Manual .............................................................. 07299

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Type-VI-AElectrofi sher

Control panelCAUTION: BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO OPERATE THIS EQUIPMENT, BE SURE TO READ AND FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTIONS AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

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Power Switch: 25 amp circuit breaker switch used to turn the input power on and off.

Power Indicator: the red light located next to the power switch indicates the electrofi sher is turned on.

High Voltage Indicator: The red light located next to the voltage selector switch indicates that the high voltage has been activated.

Voltage Selector Switch: Selects the output voltage.

Emergency Shutdown Switch: Provides a means for quickly stopping the Electrofi sher output.

Output Mode Selector Switch: Selects the output wave shape and frequency.

Pulse Width Control: This adjusts the pulse width in DC output modes.

Ammeter: Shows the current fl owing through the water via the electrodes.

Seconds Counter: Records actual shocking time in seconds. The counter records one count per second when the output is activated and the timer is turned on.

Key Switch: The key provided must be inserted and turned on before power can be output the electrodes.

Fuse: This 8 amp fuse protects the electrofi sher from short circuits and overloads.



ConnectionsInput Plug: The power cord from the generator plugs into this 3-pin connector.

Remote Foot Switch Plug: Foot switches provided are plugged into this 4-pin connector. The Key switch and the Emergency Shutdown switch must also be activated to get the output to the electrodes.

Output plug: The anode and cathode output cables are connected to this 2-pin connector. Pin A goes to the anode and Pin B goes to the cathode.

The cable connectors on the type VI-A are easily distinguished by the number of pins.

Operating ProceduresThe following is a short summary of the procedures to set up and operate the Type VI-A Electrofi sher. Be sure to also read the Safety Precautions and the Electrofi shing Principles sections before starting the generator.

Set-Up Procedure1. Connect suitable electrodes to the output cable provided.

The black wire connects to the cathode and the red wire to the anode. Plug the 2-pin connector into the electrofi sher.

2. Connect the input power cable between the generator and the electrofi sher. Caution: Do not plug an electrofi sher that is wired for 240 volts into a 120 volt generator, or put an electrofi sher that is wired for 120 volt into a 240 volt generator.

3. If grounding is called for in local codes, or radio interference necessitates it, do the following:

On the shore drive a 3/4 or 1 inch pipe into the ground as close to the unit as possible. This pipe must penetrate moist earth. To this pipe connect a ground clamp, and run a No. 10 wire from it to the battery negative terminal on the control panel or to the generator ground stud. Do not connect to a water pipe or a ground used by a radio system.

When used in a metal-hulled boat, ensure that the generator frame is grounded to boat hull. This will prevent a shock should you experience an electrical failure.

4. Connect the remote foot switch to the electrofi sher. The on/off switch is to be used by the electrofi sher operator and the foot switch by the netter.

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Above: Type VI-A Connectors

Typical hookup of RCB-6B, Typical hookup of RCB-6B, Typical hookup of RCB-6B, Typical hookup of RCB-6B, Typical hookup of RCB-6B, Typical hookup of RCB-6B, Typical hookup of RCB-6B, Typical hookup of RCB-6B, Typical hookup of RCB-6B, Typical hookup of RCB-6B, Electrodes and Electrofi sher.Electrodes and Electrofi sher.Electrodes and Electrofi sher.Electrodes and Electrofi sher.Electrodes and Electrofi sher.

Power Source Power Source

Type VI-A Type VI-A RCB-6B RCB-6B

Anode Anode

Cathode Cathode

NOTE: For greater safety and more fl exibility, it is recommended that a RCB-6B Junction Box be used in the connecting of electrode devices. A RCB-6B can be used in both shore and boat operations.

RCB-6B for Type VI-A..............................#08747

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Type-VI-AElectrofi sher

Electrofi shing Procedure1. Start the engine on the generator.

2. Adjust the Mode Selector Switch to the desired mode. It is recommended that you use one of the pulsed DC positions.

3. Make sure all personnel are clear of the electrodes.

4. Turn on the power switch. The power indicator lamp should come on.

5. Adjust the Pulse Width Control to approximately 3.5ms.

6. Set the Voltage Selector Switch to the lowest setting.

7. Insert the key provided into the Key Switch on the front panel. Turn it to the ON position.

8. Lift the cover on the Emergency Shutdown switch and move it to the ON position.

9. Both operators should now activate their control switches. The High Voltage indicator lamp should come on. You should also see a defl ection of the ammeter.

10. Adjust the Pulse Width Control and Voltage Selector Switch as necessary. Caution: Do not adjust the Voltage Selector switch or the Mode Selector switch under load. Always turn off the Key Switch or the Emergency Shutdown Switch fi rst. Damage to the switches may result from switching under load.

11. Experiment to learn what mode settings and voltage settings are best for water conditions and the fi sh being shocked. Read section C for useful data.

Generator SpeedThe generator must be run at proper speed to furnish the electrical power it was built to produce. All engines have a tendency to slow down when a load is applied. The speed governor tries to hold the speed as near constant as possible, but when the electrical load is increased, the engine speed will always drop slightly. This, together with the voltage drop within the generator, results in lower voltage loaded than when running unloaded. The decrease in engine speed will also affect the output frequency slightly.

Trouble ShootingThe Type VI-A has a long history of reliability in the fi eld, but problems can occur. The electrofi sher has built-in protection devices to prevent it from being damaged by overloading and overheating.

Overload ProtectionAn overload occurs any time the load on the output is greater than the electrofi sher can deliver. Common causes of overloads are shorting the output anode to the cathode by touching them together, working in water too conductive for the unit, working with too high a voltage for the water’s conductivity, and short circuits within the unit or the cables.

The Type VI-A is protected from overloads and short circuits by an 8 amp fuse on the output circuit, and a 25 amp circuit breaker on the input circuit. If the 8 amp fuse blows or the 25 amp circuit breaker kicks off, reduce either the Pulse Width or the Voltage Selector to a lower setting. Make sure that the anode is not shorted to the cathode.

Thermal ProtectionThe greatest limiting factor in a transformer is its ability to dissipate heat. Because of weight limitations, the transformer in the Type VI-A is air-cooled. An internal fan is used to cool the transformer, but, under very heavy load, the transformer will eventually get too hot. To prevent damage from occurring to the transformer, a thermal cut-off switch has been installed in the transformer. The thermal switch turns off the output while the transformer gets too hot, and it won’t turn on again until the transformer has been cooled.

General MaintenanceStore the Electrofi sher in a dry room free from extremes of temperature.Clean the front panel of the unit with a mild spray-on cleaner.Protect the unit from continuous vibration and severe impacts. Transport it well secured and protected from bouncing into other objects while being transported over rough roads.Regularly check the connectors and wires for damage or corrosion.



Specifi cationsConductivity Range .............................................. 10-1,000 micromhosInput Voltage ................................................. 120 or 240 volt AC 60 HzVoltage Indicators .......................................................Front panel neon Output Voltage, AC ...................................0-707 V RMS in 117 V stepsOutput Voltage, DC ...............................0-1,000 V peak in 167 V stepsOutput Wave shape, AC .......................................................Sine WaveOutput Wave shape, DC ..................................... Fast rise, slow decayOutput Frequency, AC ..................................................................60 HzPulse Frequency, DC ........................................60 or 120 pps selectionInput and Output connectors .................................... MS environmentalInput and Output cables ............. 15’ heavy packed neoprene-jacketed Output Power AC ................................... 5,000 watt maximum at 707 VOutput Power DC ................................ 5,000 watt maximum at 1,000VOutput Current ...........................................................10 amp AC or DCOutput Metering ............................................... 0-10 amp current meterSafety Devices ..............................................Hand switch & foot switch

must be operated simultaneouslyIsolation ...............................................Transformer completely isolates

electrofi sher output from generator and/or boat.Input Circuit Protection ....... 25 amp magnetic-hydraulic circuit breakerOutput Circuit Protection ...........................10 amp fuse, 3AG fast blowIsolation Transformer .....................................................Thermal switchTimer Display ..........................................................Mechanical registerTimer Rate .............................................................. 1 count per secondTimer Accuracy ....................................................................... 5 percentCabinet Construction ..........................................Heavy-duty aluminum,

welded seams, see-through top, carry handlesDimensions ....................................................... 20”L x 10.5”W x 15.5”HInstrument Weight ...................................................................... 75 lbs.


Electrofi shingSafety

ELECTROFISHING SAFETYELECTROFISHING SAFETYSAFE FISHINGElectrofi shing equipment uses voltages and currents that can be lethal to humans. The operators must always keep in mind that the chance of re ceiv ing an electrical shock is multiplied in or near water. Using an electrofi sher is like using a fi rearm: if used properly and with good judgment it is perfectly safe; lose respect for it and you can lose your life!Electrical equipment used in a moist fi eld environment is always subject to deterioration that could lead to dan ger ous electrical shock. Field equip ment is also subjected to vibration and impact during transporting and while in op er a tion. Often equipment shared by different crews does not receive proper maintenance or a complete checkout.Follow the safety guidelines, and use good common sense to handle unforeseen circumstances.All personnel involved in electrofi shing should be taught the fundamentals of electricity, and have an un der stand ing of the safety requirements. The most important factor in electrofi shing effi ciency and safety is the training and ex pe ri ence of the crew. At least two mem bers of the crew should be qualifi ed to administer car diop ul mo nary resuscitation. As oppor tu nities arise, all crew members should attend a course in basic life-support training.

ELECTRICAL SHOCKIt is the current that passes through the hu man body that does the damage. The voltage is relevant, because it is the force that “push es” the current through the body. Ex per i ments show that 20 to 500 Hz AC cur rent is more dangerous than DC, or higher frequencies of AC. The voltages used by electrofi shing gear cause death by one of three means:Ventricular FibrillationVentricular fibrillation is uncoordinated con trac tion of the muscles of the heart. The heart quivers rather than beats. Electrical current through the chest can cause this condition. Once a person goes into ven tric u lar fi bril la tion, the only way to stop the quivering is to use a defi brillator that applies a pulse shock to the chest to restore heart rhythm. Car diop ul mo nary re sus ci ta tion may help to keep a victim alive until he can be defi brillated. Respiratory Arrest The respiratory center is at the base of the skull. Thus, shocks to the head can cause the breathing to stop. Artifi cial respiration by the mouth-to-mouth method should be used in this case.AsphyxiaAsphyxia is caused by contraction of the chest muscles.

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Electrofi shingSafetyWhen a current is above a certain level, a person cannot let go of an electrically hot wire. Currents above this level may not cause ventricular fi brillation, but may be enough to cause contraction of the chest muscles. If the current is not stopped, or the victim is not removed from the point of electrical con tact, asphyxia will result. Artifi cial res pi ra tion or car diop ul mo nary resuscitation may be necessary.To prevent electrical shock all electrical equipment should be carefully inspected before each fi eld op er a tion. With all electrical equipment in good operating con di tion, and all insulation, junction boxes, bonding, and connections intact, there is much less danger of receiving an electrical shock.Preventing Electrical ShockElectricity needs to have a complete elec tri cal circuit in order for current to fl ow. The only way that you can get shocked is if you become the elec tri cal conductor to com plete the circuit. The current fl ows from the cath ode to the anode through the water. The wa ter is the electrical conductor. If you touched both the anode and the cathode you would become an electrical conductor and com plete the circuit path and get a severe electrical shock. If you were to touch only one of the electrodes, you would not complete the elec tri cal circuit and not get shocked.WARNING: Touching any electrode is not recommended. Unless all conductive objects you come into contact with are connected to the same elec trode, you will be shocked to fi nd a current path that is not obvious, e.g., the water, or the boat.Preventing electrical shock means pre vent ing electrical current from entering and flow ing through parts of the body. The skin is a partial but variable barrier, because it offers resistance to the passage of elec tri cal cur rent. Tough skin has more resistance than tender skin, and dry skin more then wet skin. But tough dry skin alone does not offer enough protection for electrofishing. Rub ber lineman’s gloves, rated 5,000V minimum should always be worn.Even while wearing rubber gloves and waders, never touch an electrode while the circuit is energized. Do not work on the electrical system while the generator is running. Do not enter the water while the current is on during boom shocking operations. A severe electrical shock from electrofishing gear may re sult in the need for artifi cial respiration; therefore it is imperative that no one ever works alone.

Planning For Safety1. Never electrofi sh alone! A minimum of two properly

trained people are required for every electrofishing crew.

2. A crew leader shall be appointed for all electrofi shing. The crew leader is responsible for the safety of the crew, and the enforcement of all safety reg u la tions.

3. The crew leader, and at least one additional crew member, shall receive training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and First Aid.

4. All electrofi shing personnel shall receive training in fundamentals of electricity and safety.

5. Check your electrofisher before each operation, to ensure that it is in good working order.

6. Turn off your electrofisher before making any connections or part replacements.

7. When not in use, and when transporting the unit, disconnect the power supply.

8. Check that the electrofisher gives an audible signal when there is voltage present at the anode.

9. Do not make any field modifications to your electrofisher without written approval from the man u fac tur er or a qualifi ed electrical engineer.

10. Use only dip nets with insulated handles.11. Wear personnel fl otation devices.12. Wear lineman’s gloves, rated 5,000V minimum.13. Never reach into the water in vicinity of an elec trode,

even if rubber gloves are being worn.14. Take frequent breaks. Stress and fatigue endanger the

crew.15. Practice the quick release system as shown on page C-6.


Electrofi shingSafety

BACKPACK SAFETYBACKPACK SAFETY1. Before each operation, check that the frame emer gen cy

release is in working order and check that the tilt switch shuts off power if the unit is tipped more than 45°

2. Wear hip boots or chest-high waders, with non-skid soles.

3. Wear polarized sunglasses to help you detect sub-sur face hazards and obstacles. Beware of turbid water that can hide unseen sub-surface obstacles and sudden drop-offs.

4. Shut off your electrofi sher before entering or leaving a stream.

5. Do not operate an anode pole when carrying a back pack unit weighing more than 20 pounds when in haz ard ous conditions.

6. If you get water in boots, waders, or gloves, stop work immediately and get dry clothing

7. Operate slowly and carefully. Footing in most streams is poor, and most falls often occur when operators are hurrying.

BOAT SAFETYBOAT SAFETY1. Ground the generator to the boat hull.2. Be sure that all the metal parts on the boat are bond ed to

each other electrically.3. Run all cables through electrical conduit, or use a

heavy-duty rubber-covered cord recommended for wet locations.

4. Make all electrical connections in water-tight junction boxes.

5. Each dip netter should have his own foot switch to control the output. The switch should be wired in series with the emer gen cy off switch of the boat operator.

6. When wading with a boat, even in shal low water, chest waders should be worn. An operator may trip, end up in a kneel ing or sitting position in the water and receive a shock.

7. All crew members must be alert Op er a tors who control the power switch must be constantly aware of the netters in the electrical fi eld.

DO'S & DON'TS DO'S & DON'TS

Do’s:1. Always be sure that all personnel are clear of the

electrodes before turning on the power.2. Know how to administer fi rst aid treat ment for electrical

shock.3. Wear fl otation devices.4. Have electrical circuits checked only by qualified

technicians.5. Disconnect the power supply when the electrofi sher is

not in use.

Don’ts:1. Don’t electrofi sh alone!2. Don’t continue to electrofi sh if your boots or gloves get

wet inside.3. Don’t operate an electrofi sher if you have had any prior

heart ailments.4. Don’t operate generators without covers or screens.5. Don’t operate generators without a spark arrester.

Electrofi shingPrinciples

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INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROFISHINGINTRODUCTION TO ELECTROFISHINGFor many years it has been known that fi sh react to electric current passed through water. Electricity was fi rst used for fi shing in 1863 when a British patent was granted. Major efforts to apply electricity as a tool in fi sheries management did not occur until after 1950. Since then detailed studies have been made on the physiological effects of electricity on aquatic organisms.

RESPONSE OF FISH TO ELECTRICITYTo collect fish by electrical means we must create an electrifi ed zone of suffi cient amplitude to stun fi sh. In the basic electrofi shing circuit, shown in Figure 1, a current is passed between submerged electrodes. A fi sh between these electrodes forms part of a closed circuit and some current fl ows through its body.The effectiveness of the electrofi sher is affected by nine factors: voltage, electrode shape, water conductivity, water temperature, conductivity of the stream bed, fi sh’s distance, size, species, and time in the fi eld.If these environmental factors are too far out of line, poor electrofishing will result. To some extent, the effects of changes in water conductivity may be compensated for by changing the output voltage.

WATER CONDUCTIVITYThe conductivity of the water and that of the fi sh’s fl esh are the factors that affect electrofi shing most. The conductivity of water depends on the quantity of dissolved salts and minerals in the water. The conductivity

of potable waters in the United States ranges from 20 to 2,000 microSiemens/cc. Suffi cient current at realistic power levels will flow through water in this range to electrofi sh successfully.Figure 2 illustrates the field patterns caused by the presence of a fi sh in water. In (a) no distortion is caused by the presence of the fi sh. In low conductivity water, (b), the distortion of the electric fi eld is such that the voltage near the fi sh is less than it was before the fi sh was present. The reverse is true in (c) where the water conductivity is more than that of the fi sh. In this case the distortion is caused by the current concentrating in the water surrounding the fi sh. In both (b) and (c) not as much power is transferred into the fi sh’s body as in (a).

Electrode

Water

Electrical Field

Voltage Source

Electrode

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Volts

2V

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Volts

8V

b. Fish more conductive c. Water more conductive

100mm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Volts

5.3V

a. Equal conductivities

53mm

Figure 1.

The basic electrofi shing circuit.

Figure 2.

Electric fi eld patterns caused by fi sh.



LOW CONDUCTIVITY WATERDistilled water is a very good insulator. It has a conductivity range of 0.5 to 5.0 microSiemens/cc. If a normal voltage is applied in distilled water, very little current will fl ow. Power fl ow is too low to be effective for electrofi shing. The current passing through a fi sh decreases as the power flow decreases. To get the same response from fish, the current can be maintained by either increasing the voltage, or by keeping the resistance low.If a higher voltage is used, up to 1,200 volts may be necessary. High voltages create three problems, special electrical equipment is required, safety is reduced for the operators, and conditions are lethal for fish close to electrodes. The resistance can be kept low by increasing the size of the electrodes. The only limitations to this are the availability of larger electrodes, and the weight of electrode that can be handled by the operator.

HIGH CONDUCTIVITY WATERHigh conductivity is over 2,000 microSiemens/cc. If a high voltage is applied, most current will fl ow easily through the water and the fi sh will hardly be affected. The electric current follows the path of least resistance and bypasses the fi sh completely. Therefore use low voltages and high currents. Currents as high as 60 amps are common, the limiting factor being the rating of the power-supply. Some brackish water and industrial waste water have conductivities over 10,000 microSiemens/cc. Here smaller power-supplies are unable to deliver enough power to stun fish. Waters in this range can only be electrofished effectively with the larger model GPPs. The Smith-Root 7.5 GPP outputs 62 amps through 8 gauge stranded cables. This unit can stun large fi sh in the interface between fresh and salt water. For example, Striped Bass can be stunned for taking brood stock. Theoretically high conductivity could be dealt with by using smaller electrodes, but this would reduce the range and also create damaging current densities near the anode.

FISH CONDUCTIVITYA fi sh will receive the maximum shock through its body when the conductivity of the water is the same as the conductivity of the fi sh’s fl esh. Unfortunately, this is rarely the case.

Fish flesh conductivity ranges from 500 to 1,500 microSiemens/cc. Each species has a different conductivity. This affects their susceptibility to electric current. Con ductivities for some fi sh species are:Trout 1,220 microSiemens/ccPerch 1,089 microSiemens/ccCarp 870 microSiemens/ccGrudgeon 814 microSiemens/cc E. Halsband - Vilbert 1967

FISH SIZEAmong fish of the same species, the larger fish are more sensitive to electrical currents. Fish absorb power as a function of body surface area. This is important to remember if you are shocking for small fi sh and large fi sh are also present. The large fi sh are going to receive a much greater shock than the small fi sh.

TEMPERATUREWater conductivity and effective fi sh conductivity increase with higher temperature.Con ductivities reported for Carp: 5° 372 microSiemens/cc10° 543 microSiemens/cc15° 714 microSiemens/cc20° 1,026 microSiemens/cc25° 1,969 microSiemens/ccWhitney and Pierce 1957

SUBSTRATECertain bottom substrates will conduct electrical current. These weaken the electric fi eld in the water, making fi sh capture less effective.

ADJUSTING THE VOLTAGEBy adjusting the output voltage, the effects of the water’s conductivity on electrofi shing can be reduced.The current fl owing through the water is directly related to the voltage applied. The higher the voltage, the greater the current will be.



When adjusting the output voltage the major consideration is the power being used. This is especially true for battery powered electrofishers. Power is equal to the voltage multiplied by the current. When fi guring the power for an electrofi sher, the fact that it is usually putting out pulsed DC must be taken into consideration. The instantaneous power during a pulse may be quite high, but if the electrofi sher is only producing pulses at a 25% duty cycle, the average power would be approximately 25% of the instantaneous power.

TYPES OF CURRENTTYPES OF CURRENT

ALTERNATING CURRENTAlternating Current (AC) is an electrical current in which the direction of current fl ow reverses a number of times per second.In an AC fi eld, the fi sh takes a position transverse to the electrical field lines and attempts to face the anode and cathode successively, in rhythm with the AC cycle. When the fi eld strength increases, tetany occurs, and the fi sh is stunned. Strong contractions of the body muscles make the fi sh feel rigid. At high voltages, the larger fi sh may be killed, the muscular contractions being so severe that vertebrae are fractured and the brain damaged. Hence AC electrofi shing is only successful with small fi sh in low conductivity water .

DIRECT CURRENTDirect Current (DC) is the term given to electrical current that fl ows only in one direction. The current fl ows from the negative electrode (cathode) to the positive electrode (anode).The reaction of fi sh to direct current is quite different from their reaction to alternating current. The fi rst reaction of the fi sh is to turn toward the anode and start to swim toward it until it reaches an electrical fi eld strong enough to stun it. Being stunned is called galvanonarcosis. The severe muscle contractions caused by AC do not occur, and the fi sh recover much faster. Mortality rate is much lower with direct current.

PULSED DIRECT CURRENTEven greater anode attraction is possible with pulsed direct current. Pulsed direct current is made by interrupting steady DC with an electronically controlled switch. The switch gives several on-off pulses per second. The number of pulses per second (pulse frequency) and the on time (pulse width) have different effects on different species of fi sh. In a pulsed DC fi eld a fi sh’s body fl exes with each pulse, and returns to normal between pulses. This flexing and straightening accentuates the involuntary swimming towards the anode, called galvanotaxis.

Smith-Root Programmable Output Waveforms give you complete control over your electrofisher output. This patented method of synthesizing waveforms makes it possible to produce virtually any waveform, so you can select the one that is safest for the fi sh. POW allows you to create narrow pulses to achieve the same results as wide pulses. Narrower pulses put less power into the water. This has three benefi ts: you have less chance of damage to the fi sh, your battery or fuel lasts longer, and you can work in very conductive water that overloads conventional electrofi shers.

RESPONSE OF FISH TO DC FIELDSAn electric fi eld in water can be considered to have three separate areas. The outer peripheral area is a weak fi eld that the fi sh is indifferent to. The next area, closer to the electrodes, has a stronger electrical fi eld, but not enough to stun the fi sh. In this area, the involuntary swimming action will occur and the fi sh will swim towards the anode. The innermost area has the strongest electrical fi eld, and the fi sh within it are immobilized.

Zone of Indiff erenceWhen electrofi shing fi rst starts fi sh are usually hiding up to three meters away, so high power is required to attract them out of hiding. But as the fi sh nears the anode, high power can injure it.

straight flexed straight flexed straight

+0 off on off on off

Galvanotaxis: In pulsed DC a fi sh's bodyGalvanotaxis: In pulsed DC a fi sh's bodyfl exes with each pulse.

Galvanotaxis: In pulsed DC a fi sh's bodyfl exes with each pulse.

Galvanotaxis: In pulsed DC a fi sh's body



Zone of Potential Fish Injury

Fish close to the anode receive a very high head-to-tail voltage. Most fi sh injuries occur within half a meter from the anode. This is called the Zone of potential fi sh injury. We can minimize the injury by reducing the time the electricity is turned on .

Duty-Cycle

Duty-cycle is the percent of on-time. It is a product of the pulse width and the pulse frequency. The duty-cycle can be lowered in three ways: by reducing the pulse width, by reducing the pulse frequency, or by using gated bursts, where the power is off for a period between each burst of pulses. Fish close to an anode with a low duty-cycle are far less likely to be injured than with a high duty-cycle.

ELECTRODE DESIGNELECTRODE DESIGN

The way in which voltage and current distribute around electrofisher electrodes is complex. Figure 4 shows the field pattern created by a pair of closely spaced ring electrodes, and the voltage gradient between them. Note that the current density and voltage gradient are highest near the electrodes.

The dimensions of the electrodes are very important in determining the voltage distribution around electrofisher electrodes. Figure 5 compares a 10cm and a 20cm ring anode carrying 200 volts in open water. The cathode dimension is considered to be infi nite. Note that the 20cm anode reaches out much

As the fi sh nears the anode it receives a very high head-to-tail voltage.

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.2

50 28018 306.25 9.5

Field Intensity, V/cm

Distance from anode, m

Voltage across fishVoltage across fishV

120 4 0 070402212.56.25

GoodGalvanotaxis

1.0m2.0m3.0m

Zone ofPotential

InjuryLimitedGalvanotaxis

60

10

20

30

40

50

DUTY

CDU

TY C

DUTY

YCLE

%

0TIME

0.5m0.5m

Anod

e

DISTANCEDISTANCEDIST

Duty Cycle

2 4 6 8TIM2 4 6 8TIME2 4 6 8E 1010 120 14

Fish Attraction to Anode



further, producing a 33 volt potential at 1.2 meter. But the 10cm anode produces the same potential at only 0.6 meter from the electrode.Figure 6 further illustrates the effect of electrode diameter. The voltage is applied head-to-tail to a 20cm long fi sh. The applied voltage is 200 volts with 10cm and 20cm diameter ring-electrodes. Note that the 20cm electrode reaches out farther, producing 7 volts head-to-tail between 1.0 and 1.2 meter from the electrode; as opposed to only 4 volts for the smaller electrode at the same distance. Note also that the voltage the fi sh receives closer to the electrode is less for the larger electrode (100 volts instead of 144 volts). Larger electrode thus offers two advantages: greater range, and lower maximum gradient. One drawback is that a larger electrode also has greater circuit loading, and thus draws more current for the same voltage (twice as much for the double size electrode). Thus, a larger electrode requires a larger generator. This dictates a practical upper limit on electrode size for a given generator and water conductivity. Except for this limitation, the larger the electrode, the better the fishing effectiveness and the

Figure 4. The field pattern, and the variation of gradient between two electrodes.

Distance

Elec

trode

Vol

tage

Gradient

Current lines Constant voltage lines

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Distance from electrode centers (meters)

volts

1r 2r 3r 4r 5r

200 100 66 50 40

200 100 66 50 40 33

1r 2r 3r 4r 5r

33

10cm

20cm

volts

Figure 5. Comparison of two sizes of anode.

Figure 6. Comparison of effects of two sizes of anode.

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

volts

1r 2r 3r 4r 5r

200 100 66 50 40 33

200 100 66 50 40 33

1r 2r 3r 4r 5r 6r 7r 8r 9r 10r

28 25 22 20 18

100 44 16 10 7

144 4volts

Distance from electrode centers (meters)

10cm

20cm

easier it is on the fi sh.Figure 7 shows that larger electrodes increase the fish collection area. The shaded areas have a voltage gradient between 0.12 and 1.2 volts per cm, and are suitable for electrofi shing. The applied voltage is 300 volts.

ELECTRODE BEHAVIOR1. Larger electrodes have lower resistance, need more

current at given voltage, reach out farther, and have lower maximum voltage gradient.



2 4 6 44 46 48Distance from center of anode (meters)

00

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

50

Tota

l vol

tage

Suffi

cien

t

gra

dien

t zon

e

Cathode Indentical to anode: 600V, 6.3kW

0.5m2 grid cathode: 350V, 3.7kW

10m2 wire netting cathode: 310V, 3.2kW

anod

e

cath

ode

Figure 8. Variation of voltage for three kinds of anode.

Figure 8 shows variation of voltage, as a function of the distance from the fi shing anode, for three types of cathode. It shows that it is advantageous to have the potential of the water as near as possible to that of the cathode.The required voltage is reduced by diminishing the resistance of the cathode fi eld. This compensates for the reduced resistance so that the current does not vary. The power consumption is directly proportional to the voltage used. One advantage of a large cathode is that the risk of accidental electrocution is much reduced. A large cathode has very low potential with respect to the soil and the water around it. The resistance between the cathode and the water is halved each time the surface of the cathode is doubled. For example, a 100 square foot cathode would need another 100 square foot added to pass from 9 to 4.5 ohm. However a cathode larger than 100 square feet would be inconvenient to handle for shore-side electrofi shing.Figure 9 compares small and a large cathodes. With a standard grid cathode, the anode voltage falls distinctly from 324 to 265 volts when using two anodes. However with a very large wire netting cathode effi ciency falls only slightly from 324 to 302 volts when using two anodes.For shore-side operations, the cathode surface presents the least resistance when it is divided into several parts placed several meters apart. An electrode is more effective when its form is least concentrated. For example, a 3'x12' strip is more effective than a square of 6'x6'.

Figure 7. Larger anodes increase the fi shing area.

10cm

20cm

35cm

60cm

Elec

trode

dia

met

er

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

16.63m2

12.57m2

10.18m2

6.16m2

Distance from electrode centers (meters)

2. Small electrodes pose a hazard to fi sh because of high current density and voltage gradient.

3. Electrodes placed farther apart use less current, but the savings are not large.

4. The resistance of an electrode varies in direct proportion to water resistivity.

RING ELECTRODES1. Once spacing exceeds 10 radii, the distance between

electrodes is insignifi cant.2. The region affected by the electrode is limited to 5 to

10 radii.3 Electrode resistance is primarily dependent on

electrode radius, and varies in inverse proportion to radius.

4. For ring electrodes, the cross section diameter of the ring material is of little importance. If the ratio of cross section diameter to ring radius is held constant, resistance varies inversely with ring radius.

CATHODESIn electrofi shing it is desirable to have a high voltage gradient around the anode, and a low voltage gradient around the cathode.



Figure 10 illustrates the variation in both voltage and gradient between the electrodes. Whenever possible, the cathode should be placed in parts of the stream that you do not wish to fi sh, or even in parts completely separated from the stream itself. The anode should never be allowed to come close to where the cathode is located.

Boat CathodesMany aluminum electrofi shing boats use the boat hull as the cathode and the boom electrodes as the anode. This is perfectly safe as long as you never come in contact with the anode and complete the electrical circuit. The National Safety Council in their data sheet #1-696-85 does not recommend using the boat hull as the cathode, but we have yet to hear of any accidents occurring because of it.

Figure 11 shows a Smith-Root tote barge designed for stream wading operations. Note the large cathode plate attached to the bottom of the fiberglass hull. The anode is a pair of ring electrodes about 28cm (11") in diameter mounted on fi berglass poles. With this arrangement, the resistance of the anode pair is four times the cathode resistance. Thus, four times as much voltage appears in the anode fi eld as in the cathode fi eld, and consequently 80% of the applied voltage appears at each electrode. The situation could be further improved by enlarging the cathode, but a point of diminishing returns is reached. Doubling the cathode size would halve the cathode resistance and give an 8 to 1 ratio between anode and cathode resistance. Now 88% of the voltage would appear at the anode. This is only an 8% improvement, and is not worth the additional physical problems associated with the larger cathode.The SR-6 fi eld tested with two 28cm anodes and a voltage of 240 volts, showed good fishing effectiveness in 400 microSiemens/cc conductivity with a current of 3 to 4 amperes. In lower conductivities of 40 microSiemens/cc, a current of 1 to 1.5 amp is effective. This data may serve as a useful bench-mark to judge whether a unit is operating under conditions such that fish should be caught. If the electrical performance is close to this reference point, and fi sh are not being caught, it is safe to conclude there are few fi sh in the area.

35 9 9Resistance ohms

of anode field 90 50 90 50between anode and cathode 125 85 99 59

Potential difference voltsbetween cathode and water 126 185 32 54

324 265 324 302

a. oneanode

Standard 0.5m2

grid cathode

b. twoanodes anode anodes

Large wire- netting catho

Figure 9. Comparison of two sizes of cathode.

326450 450 356

3.61.62

5.92.38

3.61.28

6.02.15

between anode and water

c. one d. two

total

Current ampsPower kilowatts

35of cathode

Resistivity of the water in all cases=143µmho/cm

Figure 9. Comparison of two sizes of cathode.Figure 11. Bottom mounted cathode plate on SR-6.

2 4 46 48

Tota

l pot

entia

l (vo

lts)

Distance from center of anode (meters)

1.01.52.02.53.0

0.5

3.5

Ano

de

Cat

hode

Pote

ntia

l gra

dien

t (vo

lts/c

m)

PotentialGradient

00

100

200

300

Figure 10. Variation of potential and gradient.Figure 10. Variation of potential and gradient.



FIELD TECHNIQUESFIELD TECHNIQUESAn operator engaged in electrofi shing must wade or fl oat, depending upon the depth and swiftness of the water.

WADINGIn shallow slow-moving waters the operators can wade and probe the anode into likely fish habitat. Wading upstream eliminates the effects of turbidity caused by bottom sediment. Furthermore, if collections are for food habitat study, stunned prey are not swept downstream and consumed by predators. Fish that manage to escape are often captured a short distance downstream. Closing a stream with seine nets at each end of the study area helps prevent the loss of stunned and frightened fi sh.

BOATSBoat electrofi shers are used in lakes and in streams that are too deep or swift to wade. Boats have the advantage of being able to carry large generators and holding tanks for the stunned fi sh. Electrofi shing boats typically have two insulated booms extending from the bow. From the end of the booms electrodes hang into the water. Usually one boom is used as the anode and the other as the cathode. The boat operator guides the boat while the electrofi shing crew activates the electrofi sher when approaching likely habitat.

NIGHT FISHINGElectrofi shing at night with lights is fi ve to ten times more effective than daytime fishing, especially in lakes. In streams the refl ection of the spotlight on the ruffl ed surface makes the fi sh diffi cult to see. Boats have fl ood lights on the bow to attract the fi sh and to help locate stunned fi sh.

SURPRISECollecting can be enhanced by introducing the element of surprise through intermittent fi shing. The intensity of the anode’s peripheral fi eld often frightens fi sh, causing them to bolt and hide. Do not work with the power on continuously, but turn it on only in likely habitats. Fish can be enticed from under areas of heavy cover or ice by inserting a portable anode, turning the power on, and withdrawing the anode slowly and smoothly. Fish will follow the anode, under the infl uence of galvanotaxis, into the open where they can be netted.

CLARITY AND DEPTHClarity of the water limits the ease of capturing fi sh. The length of the dip net handles and the visibility of the fi sh limit the depth of effective electrofishing. In general, waters over ten feet deep cannot be sampled effectively. For daytime fi shing polarized sunglasses help in locating stunned fi sh.

VEGETATIONAquatic vegetation grows better from certain substrates and can hinder electrofishing by fouling electrodes and entangling stunned fi sh.

WATER VELOCITYElectrofishing in flowing water is not as effective as in still water, since fi sh are swept away from the electric fi eld and netting is more diffi cult. Also, it is more diffi cult to see a fi sh in fast fl owing water, and operators can loose their footing. Flows greater than 5 feet per second usually produce poor electrofi shing effi ciencies.



REFERENCESThe following are books, research papers, and other references on various aspects of electrofi shing. The ideas and fi ndings presented in them form the basis for much of the current practice in electrofi shing.

1. Bryan R. Cowdell and Richard A. Valdez, 1994 “Effects of Pulsed DC Electrofi shing on Adult Roundtail Chub from the Colorado River in Colorado,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 14

2. I. G. Cowx and P. Lamarque, 1990, “Fishing With Electricity—Applications in Freshwater Fisheries Management,” Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientifi c Publications Ltd. lSBN 0-85238-167-0

3. L. G. Cowx, 1990 “Developments in Electrofi shing,” Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientifi c Publications Ltd. lSBN 0-85238-166-2

4. N.G. Sharber and S.W. Carothers, 1988 “Infl uence of Electrofi shing Pulse Shape on Spinal Injuries in Adult Rainbow Trout,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 8: 117-122

5. Michael A. Bozek and Frank J. Rahel, 1991 “Comparison of Streamside Visual Counts to Electrofi shing Estimates of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout Fry and Adults,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 11

6. D. W. Novotny and G. R. Priegel, 1971 “A Guideline for Portable Direct Current Electrofi shing Systems,” Technical Bulletin No. 5l, Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin

7. D. E. Snyder and S. A. Johnson, 1991 “Indexed Bibliography of Electrofi shing Literature,” Larval Fish Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

8. M. Burridge and G. Goodchild, 1988 “A Bibliography of Electrofi shing,” Ministry of Natural Resources, Fisheries Branch, Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

9. Alec G. Maule and Matthew G. Mesa, 1994 “Effi cacy of Electrofi shing to Assess Plasma Cortisol Concentration in Juvenile Chinook Salmon passing Hydroelectric Dams on the Columbia River,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 14

10. N.G. Sharber, S.W. Carothers, J.P. Sharber, J.C. DeVos, D.A. House, 1994 “Reducing Electrofi shing-Induced Injury of Rainbow Trout,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 14

11. Jeffery C. Barnet and Gary D. Grossman, 1988 “Effects of Direct Current Electrofi shing on the Mottled Sculpin,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 8

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electrofisher user manual

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