Ekologi Interferensi Manusia.pdf

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Ecosystem andEcosystem and Human InterferenceHuman Interference

Bright blue marble floating in spaceBright blue marble floating in space

1



Peran ekosistem bagi kehidupan

Ekosistem laut

Ekosistem

terumbu karangEkosistem hutan

KEHIDUPANKEHIDUPANEkosistem

buatan

Ekosistem air

tawar

Ekosistem bakau



Peran ekosistem bagi kehidupan



The Nature of Ecosystem

www.physicalgeography.net



Living and Nonliving Components

• Abiotic

– Water

– Air

– – Solar energy

• Biotic – Plants

– Animals – Microbes



Komponen Abiotik• Tanah (nutrien)

• Atmosfer (udara)

• Sinar matahari

• air



Soils• Soils are much more complex than simple

sediments. They contain a mixture of weatheredrock fragments, highly altered soil mineralparticles, organic matter, and living organisms.

• Soils provide nutrients, water, a home, and astructural growing medium for organisms. The

vegetation found growing on top of a soil is

closely linked to this component of anecosystem through nutrient cycling.



Atmospher• The atmosphere provides organisms

found within ecosystems with carbondioxide for photosynthesis and oxygen for

.

• The processes of evaporation,transpiration, and precipitation cycle water

between the atmosphere and the Earth'ssurface.



Solar Radiation• Solar radiation is used in ecosystems to

heat the atmosphere and to evaporate andtranspire water into the atmosphere.

photosynthesis.

• Photosynthesis provides the energy for

plant growth and metabolism, and theorganic food for other forms of life.



Water• Most living tissue is composed of a very high percentage

of water , up to and even exceeding 90%. Theprotoplasm of a very few cells can survive if their watercontent drops below 10%, and most are killed if it is lessthan 30-50%.

• a er s e me um y w c m nera nu r en s en erand are translocated in plants. It is also necessary forthe maintenance of leaf turgidity and is required forphotosynthetic chemical reactions.

• Plants and animals receive their water from the Earth'ssurface and soil. The original source of this water isprecipitation from the atmosphere.



Produsen• Producers or

autotrophs, areorganisms that canmanufacture theorganic compounds

y u uenergy and nutrients.Most producers aregreen plants that can

manufacture their foodthrough the process ofphotosynthesis.



Konsumen

• Consumers or heterotrophs get theirenergy and nutrients by feeding directlyor indirectly on producers. We can

distinguish two main types ofconsumers. Herbivores are consumersthat eat plants for their energy andnutrients. Organisms that feed onherbivores are called carnivores.Carnivores can also consume othercarn vores.

• Plants and animals supply organicmatter to the soil system through shedtissues and death. Consumerorganisms that feed on this organicmatter, or detritus, are known asdetritivores or decomposers.

• The organic matter that is consumed bythe detritivores is eventually convertedback into inorganic nutrients in the soil.These nutrients can then be used byplants for the production of organiccompounds.

staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/



Detritus Feeders and Decomposers



Rantai energidan

Siklus materi

Rantai energidan

Siklus materi

Asosiasi faktor biotik dan abiotik dalamekosistem tergambar dalam:

1. Transfer energi dan jaring-jaring makanan

2. Siklus karbon, nitrogen, posfor, air

15Pokok Bahasan 2-PHKI 2008



Aliran energi dan siklus kimia

Microorganisms

and otherdetritivores Secondary

consumers

Tertiaryconsumers

Detritus

Primary producers

Primary consumers

Heat

Sun

Key

Chemical cycling

Energy flow

Pokok Bahasan 9-PHKI 2009



Aliran Energi dan rantai makanan

• Aliran energi atau piramida energi:rangkaian penggunaan energi dari sumber

makhluk hidup


Hk. Termodinamika = Hk. Kekekalan EnergiE = 1



Production Efficiency (Entropy)

• When a caterpillar feeds on a plant leaf

– Only about one-sixth of the energy in the leaf is used

for secondary production

18fig.cox.miami.edu



www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/energy_flow.gif

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/ecosystem/ecosystem.html



Generalized Pyramid of Energy Flow



Energy Flow in Ecosystems• Food chain

– Sequence of organisms, each of which servesas a source of food for the next

• Food web

– Network of interconnected food chains

– More complex than a food chain

• Trophic levels



Terrestrial Food Chain



Rantai makanan• Rantai makanan : The linear sequence of

who eats whom• Mulai dari makhluk hidup autotrof→

heterotrof herbivor→ karnivor dan

omnivor serta mikroorganisme)• Dalam kehidupan hewan – hewan

Herbivor ; karnivor dan omnivor terdapat

predator; parasit; patogen ygmemengaruhi kehidupan mereka.




Food Chain (rantai makanan)

25Pokok Bahasan 9-PHKI 2009tutorvista.com



Food Web(Jaring-jaring makanan)

Jaring-jaring

makanan adalahsuatu jaringan

rantai makanan yg me a an

produsen primer,konsumen, dan

dekomposer

26Pokok Bahasan 9-PHKI 2009arcytech.org



Siklus biogeokimia (siklus nutrisi)Energi matahari

nutrienSiklus

biogeokimia/siklus nutrisi

Makhluk

hidup

Udara, air, tanah dan batuan

Pokok Bahasan 9-PHKI 2009



Siklus air dan karbon

Transportover land

Solar energy

Net movement ofwater vapor by wind

CO2 in atmosphere

Photosynthesis

Cellularrespiration

THE WATER CYCLE THE CARBON CYCLE

Figure 54.17

Precipitationover ocean

Evaporationfrom ocean

Evapotranspirationfrom land

Precipitationover land

Percolationthrough

soilRunoff andgroundwater

Burning offossil fuelsand wood

Higher-levelconsumersPrimary

consumers

DetritusCarbon compoundsin water

Decomposition




Siklus Nitrogen dan Phosphor

N2 in atmosphere

Rain

PlantsGeolo ic Weathering

THE NITROGEN CYCLE THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

Figure 54.17

Denitrifyingbacteria

Nitrifyingbacteria

Nitrifyingbacteria

Nitrification

Nitrogen-fixingsoil bacteria

Nitrogen-fixingbacteria in rootnodules of legumes

Decomposers

Ammonification

Assimilation

NH3 NH4+

NO3−

NO2−

Consumption

Decomposition

uplift of rocks

Runoff

SedimentationPlant uptakeof PO4

3−

Soil

Leaching




Tipe Komunitas• Bumi dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa

bioma, yaitu komunitas terestrial yangterdapat dalam suatu kawasan yang luas

• Faktor lingkungan yang memengaruhi jenisMH yang mendiami suatu kawasan adalah

curah hujan dan suhu.• Bioma : terestrial, perairan (tawar dan laut)



• Bioma darat




Bioma DaratBioma Darat

Suatu bioma (kategori dr ekosistem utama didarat) terbentuk dari variasi regional terhadap

iklim, bentuk tanah, dan komposisi tanah. Jenis- jenis tumbuhan pada setiap bioma sangat spesifik& menjadi ciri khas (marker ) bioma tsb.

Mengapa?• Hutan tropik

• Savana

• Padang pasir

• Kutub & Pegununganes

• Chaparral• Padang rumput

temperat

• Hutan 4 musim

• Hutan konifer

• Tundra (arktik & alpin)




Faktor iklim dan tanah• Suhu, air, cahaya

matahari, angin,mempengaruhi

kelembapan suatudaerah. Pada skalayang lebih luas,kelembapan

menimbulkanperbedaan iklim dibumi.

• Iklim di suatu

wilayah akanmempengaruhi jenis- jenis organisme yanghidup di dalamnya.




Karakteristik tumbuhan dan hewan di suatu bioma

(Kode Tugas 2F)

Lengkapilah tabel pada Tugas 2F kemudian bandingkan

jawaban-jawaban yang terkumpul. Apakah Saudara-saudara

dapat melengkapi tabel dengan tepat?

BIOMA Temperatur/

Suhu

Pola

presipitasi Vegetasi khas Hewan yang khas

Taiga

Hutan

gugur

Padang

rumput

Padang

pasir




daratan

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• Bioma perairan



Zonasi perairan laut

Zonasi perairan tawar



Keseimbangan ekosistem

Keseimbangan ekosistem berhubungandengan asosiasi antar komunitasmakhluk hidu . Selain itu

keseimbangan ekosistem jugadipengaruhi oleh asosiasi antaramakhluk hidup dengan lingkungannya.




P h i d l k i b



Pengaruh manusia dalam keseimbangan

ekosistem

Eksplorasi dan eksploitasi sumber dayaalam yg berlebihan oleh manusia→keseimbangan ekosistem terganggu,

contoh:Eutrifikasi dan red tide

Penipisan lapisan ozon

Polusi

Hujan asam41



Eksplorasi dan

eksploitasi sumberdaya alam(SDA) oleh

manusia

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• Penggundulan hutan mengakibatkan hilangnyahabitat dan keanekaragaman makhluk hidup

• Hilangnya keanekaragaman makhluk hidupmeliputi: hilangnya keragaman genetik,keragaman jenis, keragaman ekosistem



Eutrofikasi dan Redtide

• Salah satu dampak aktivitas manusia ygberlebihan menimbulkan sampah yg dptmenimbulkan eutrifikasi dan red tide

• Eutrofikasi: pengayaan nutrisi suatu badan airakibat perilaku manusia yang membuang bahan

.

• Blooming algae: pertumbuhan mikroalga ygmelimpah akibat eutrifikasi, sehingga banyakikan yg mati

• Salah satu jenis mikroalga Gonyaulax mengeluarkan toksin saraf.

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Red tide

dinos.anesc.u-tokyo.ac.jpwww.whoi.edu



Penipisanlapisan ozon:

Interaksi atom

klorin denganmolekul ozon

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Global



Luas wilayah

yang

menyusut

GlobalWarming

P l i



Polusi

Polutan adalah sesuatuyg dpt mengakibatkanpolusi. Pada dasarnya,

polutan adalah suatu

dikenal) bagilingkungan/ekosistemshg tdk ada mekanismedalam alam tsb utk

mengatasi/beradaptasithd keberadaannya.

HUJAN ASAM



Manajemen tata ruang

Harus dilakukan dengan baik untuk menjagakeseimbangan ekosistem secara optimal (kita

akan bertemu lagi dengan topik ini pada PokokBahasan 11 – Biodiversitas dan Konservasi)

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Bacaan tambahan:“Who is Rachel Carson?”



References• www.sci.sdsu.edu

• www.iteachbio.com

• fig.cox.miami.edu• http://www.globalchange.umich.edu

• u y. u w . . u

• http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu• library.thinkquest.org

• ecolibrary.org

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche• www.biologycorner.com



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Ekologi Interferensi Manusia.pdf

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