EGYPTOLOGY: The Land of Pharaohs Jiro KONDO* and Sugihiko ...

EGYPTOLOGY: The Land of Pharaohs

from a Japanese Viewpoint

Jiro KONDO* and Sugihiko UCHIDA**

Introduction: The History of Egyptology in Japan

The history of Egyptian archaeology in Japan started when Kosaku

Hamada, who had studied under Flinders Petrie in England from 1913 to 1916,

was named the first professor of archaeology at the University of Kyoto in 1916.

Hamada participated in Petrie's excavations. Through his effort, the University

of Kyoto came to support the finance of Petrie's excavations, and in return, some

of the findings from the diggings were donated to the university; now they are

known as the Hamada Collection of the University of Kyoto. He introduced the

sequence dating method developed by Petrie to the Japanese archaeology.

The first general history of Egypt was published in Japan by Seitaro

Okajima of the University of Kyoto in 1940. He was the first person to introduce

the Western academic framework of Egyptology. He also introduced the wide

area of Egyptology covering general history, language, culture, and papyrology.

During the period following World War II, Isamu Sugi of the Tokyo

University of Education (now Tsukuba University) taught and trained a new

generation of scholars in the fields of Assyriology and Egyptology; now this

generation of scholars form the core members of the Ancient Near Eastern studies in Japan.

In 1954, the first academic society for Near Eastern studies was established

as the Society for the Near Eastern Studies in Japan. The society has contributed

to the development of Egyptian studies in Japan. In 1963, the exhibition of the

treasures of Tutankhamun was held in Tokyo, Kyoto and Fukuoka; consequently

general interest in Egyptology spread among the Japanese public.

* Associate Professor, W aseda University

** Associate Professor, Meirin College

c 2001 by the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan

Vol. XXXVI 2001 57

Field Work in Egypt

In 1966, Kiichi Kawamura and Sakuji Yoshimura of Waseda University

carried out the first Japanese archaeological survey in the Valley of the Nile. In

the winter of 1971-2, the first Japanese archaeological excavation was conducted

in Malkata South near Luxor under the direction of Kawamura. Since then,

Waseda University has done a number of excavations and studies at various sites

in Egypt: the Theban Necropolis, the Palace of Malkata, the Valley of the Kings,

Dahshur North, North Saqqara, and the Giza Plateau.

Apart from Waseda University, in the 1980's, Bun'ei Tsunoda of the

Kodaigaku Kyokai (the Paleological Association of Japan) started the excavation

at Akoris in Middle Egypt. Since 1995, the excavations at Akoris have been

continued by Tsukuba University under the direction of Hiroyuki Kawanishi.

Publications on Egyptology in Japan

Since the pioneer work (Okajima 1940) sixty years ago, there have been

numerous publications on Egyptology, covering wide areas such as history,

chronology, art, archaeology, religion, social and cultural studies, and literature.

Major publications in each area are listed below.

First of all, we would like to mention some of the major general works on

Egyptology. Among the large number of general works on Ancient Egyptian

history, we would note Kato (1965); H. Suzuki, (1970a); Oikawa (1990); Ohnuki

et al. (1998); Yakata (1998); Yoshinari (1998, 2000).

The problem of 'historiography' was treated in Akiyama (1997), and the

relation of the history and the climatic change was dealt with in Kawanishi

(1996). For the Neolithic and Predynastic Period, there are several studies dealing

with the origin and development of agriculture and cattle breeding: Kawamura

(1969); Nakashima (1981); Fujimoto (1983); Kondo (1985); Shirai (1997). Works on the social development are Yoshinari (1994), Takamiya-Harigai

(1998), and Ohshiro (1999). Chronology (Takamiya-Harigai 1985) and the unification process (Kato 1959; Ohshima 1992; Hagiuda 1996; Ohshiro 2000)

are also discussed. Works treating Predynastic objects include Takamiya-Harigai

(1989, 1990, 1991,1992, 1994), Kondo (1989), and Shirai (2000). Early Dynastic studies include Nakano (1996, 1998, 2000), and Shirai

(1996).Studies on the Old Kingdom mainly deal with its social aspects. They cover

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studies on the system and social function of the funerary complex and estates

(Yakata 1973, 1974, 1975a, 1975b; Hatamori 1987, 1989, 1992, 1996, 1998) and on immunity for local temples (Hatamori 1986). There is also a study on the

policy of the 6th Dynasty towards Nubia (Uchida 1983). Other studies on this

period are M. Saito (1995, 1997) on the rock-cut tombs and burial customs at al-Giza.

For the period from the late Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom, there

are some studies on the nomarchs (Yoshinari 1982; Nishimura 1985-86, 1987),

on the 'Social Revolution' in the First Intermediate Period (Hatamori 1988) and

on the transition of social ideology in this period (Yakata 1969a). To these

should be added the studies on the royal lineage of the 11th Dynasty (Hagiuda

1992), on the Hekanakhte Papers (Tomimura 1983) and on the Execration Texts

(Jinbo 1966).On the Hyksos, there is only a general work (Sakai 1974).

Kikuchi (1997a, 1999) wrote on the rishi coffins of the Second

Intermediate Period. A typological study of scarab seals in the Middle Kingdom

to the New Kingdom was done by Kondo (1997d).

Studies on the New Kingdom cover those on the 18th Dynasty's policy

towards Western Asia (Morigiwa 1981, 1996), on the Amarna Period and its

background (Yakata 1966, 1969b, 1970 ; Kondo 1998b; Kawai 1999), and on the

economy (Nakayama, 1969, 1988). For Deir el-Medina, the problems of rations

to the workmen and of the Necropolis Journal were treated by Akiyama (1990,

1992, 1994, 1995, 1998a), while an ostracon referring to the community's

contact with the outside was reconsidered by Uchida et al. (1989). The artistic

style of funerary stela from Deir el-Medina is treated by Saito-Isobe (1996,

1997). There are works on the Theban Necropolis and private tombs of the New

Kingdom by Kondo (1993b, 1994, 1995b, 1996, 1997a, 1997b, 1998a, 1999a).

The royal tombs of the New Kingdom are studied by Kawai (1994a, 1994b,

1995, 1998b, 2000) and Kondo (1999b). On the New Kingdom Necropolis of

Saqqara there are works by Wada (1996, 1999).

The history of the Third Intermediate Period, particularly the political

structure and location of the Libyan Dynasties, were treated by Fujii (1995a,

1995b, 1996, 1997, 1999a, 1999b), to which studies on Osorkon III (Ohshiro

1998) and on the chronology of the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate

Period (Kawai 1998a) should be added.

Vol. XXXVI 2001 59

General works on the society and culture of Ancient Egypt are so many that

it may suffice to cite a comprehensive work (H.I.H. Prince Mikasa et al. 1976)

and a report on Nubian sites and culture (H. Suzuki 1970b). There are also

studies on the problem of 'towns' (Yoshinari 1985; Koyano 1998), on industries

and food production (Tomimura 1959b; Kondo 1991; Yamahana 1991, 2000,

Tsujimura 1993), on marriage (Tomimura 1959a, 1979), on the calendar and

clock (Hirata 1959), on relations with foreign lands (Sadakane 1955; Tomimura

1981; Ohshiro 1995, 1996a, 1996b) and on animals (Kurokawa 1987).

Major works on Egyptian art include Sugi (1972), M. Suzuki (1992), and

Tomobe (1994). On the collections of Egyptian antiquities in Japan, M. Suzuki

has published a number of studies (1979, 1980a, 1980b, 1983, 1991a, 1991b,

1998). She has also written on the decorated cloth and the ritual related to

mummification (1999). There is also a publication of a fragment of the Book of

the Dead by Uchida (1996).

For religious beliefs, in addition to a general work (H.I.H. Prince Mikasa

1988), there are studies on the kingship (Yakata 1978, 1980; Akiyama 1988;

Kinoshita 1993), on the funerary beliefs and the concept of the dead (Uchida

1986, 1990, 1991; Suita 1990, 1991, 1992, 1995, 1996; Yoshinari 1993) and on

the concept of god (Tomimura 1973; Yamazaki 1973; Suita 1993). There are also

studies on the concept of Maat (Yakata 1976), on tomb destruction and threat

formulae (Uchida 1993) and so on.

About the literature, there is an anthology (Sugi, Yakata, et al., 1978),

while the literary works of the Middle Kingdom were studied by Koyama (1980,

1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987) and the 'proverbs' in the Tale of Eloquent

Peasant were treated by Yoshinari (1990).

Publications related to field work are the following. There are a number of

reports published by Waseda University. First of all, the publications on the

excavation of Malkata South are Kawamura (1973, 1976, 1979), Waseda

University Committee of the Archaeological Survey in Egypt (1983, 1986, 1988,

1992), and Waseda University Egypt Archaeological Mission (1985). Further

studies generated from the excavations of Malkata South include Takahashi

(1985) on Paleolithic stone implements, Watanabe & Seki (1986) on the architecture of Kom el-Samak, Yoshimura (1985a, 1988, 1992a, 1992b),

Yoshimura & Nagasaki (1993), Yoshimura (ed. 1995), and Saito-Isobe (1998) on

the mural paintings from Kom el-Samak. Takamiya-Harigai (1993) reports on

Egyptian red slip ware.

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There are several publications on the excavation of the Theban Necropolis

by Waseda University, Sakurai et al. (1988), Yoshimura & Kondo (1990), and

Yoshimura (1988). Kondo (1987a, 1987b, 1992a) reports on inscribed funerary

cones from the Theban Necropolis. Tomb inscriptions from the excavated sites

are reported by Yoshinari (1987). Human mummies from the excavations at al-

Qurna are studied by Morimoto et al. (1985, 1986, 1989). Works related to the excavation of the Palace of Malkata are Waseda

University Architectural Research Mission (1993), and Nishimoto (1990a,

1990b, 1990c, 1992a).

Works on the Valley of the Kings include Kondo (1992b, 1995), and

Yoshimura & Kondo (1994, 1995). Hieratic inscriptions from the tomb of

Amenophis III are discussed by Kondo (1990), and Hieratic graffiti in the

Western Thebes are treated by Kikuchi (1996a, 1996b).

Works on North Saqqara are Yoshimura & Takamiya-Harigai (1994) and

Yoshimura et al. (1997a, 1999b, 1999c). Hieratic inscriptions from the North

Saqqara site are reported by Yoshimura et al. (1994), and Akiyama & Takamiya-

Harigai (1998).

Yoshimura et al. (1997b, 1998, 1999a), and Yoshimura & Hasegawa (1999)

report the excavation at Dahshur North. The stone sarcophagus of Mes is studied

by Nishimoto (2000).

Other studies by Waseda University are Pyramid studies at the Giza Plateau

(Yoshimura et al. 1987, 1988), and a study of the solar boat of Khufu by Yoshimura et al. (1999).

Lastly, the publications related to the excavation by the Kodaigaku Kyokai

and Tsukuba University at the site of Akoris include Kawanishi et al. (1995,

1997, 1998, 1999). A wooden model boat of the Middle Kingdom and the owner

of the tomb chapel at Akoris are discussed by Miyamoto (1992, 1996), and a

study on the donation stelae of the Third Intermediate Period from Akoris was

written by Tomimura (1990).

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