Effects of Negative Moral Values

8/11/2019 Effects of Negative Moral Values

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................... i

Dedicatory Page............................................................................................................................. ii

Abstract..................... iii

Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... iv

CHAPTER I

T e Problem and t e !ackgro"nd................................................................................... #

Introd"ction............................................................................................................................. #

$tatement of t e Problem or T esis $tatement....................................................................... #

$co%e and Delimitation........................................................................................................... &

$ignificance of t e $t"dy........................................................................................................ &

Definition of Terms................................................................................................................. '(ramework ) *"tline............................................................................................................... +

T eoretical)Conce%t"al (ramework...................................................................................... ,

CHAPTER II

Review of Related -iterat"re of $t"dies..........................................................................

-ocal...............................................................................................................................................

(oreign........................................................................................................................................... #,

/lobal............................................................................................................................................. #0

CHAPTER III

1et odology.................................................................................................................... &'

1et ods and Proced"re................................................................................................................. &'

Data /at ering............................................................................................................................... &'

CHAPTER I2

Analysis and (indings...................................................................................................... &+

$"mmary of Analysis and (indings............................................................................................... &+Concl"sion..................................................................................................................................... &,

Recommendation........................................................................................................................... &,

!ibliogra% y................................................................................................................................... &,

A%%endi3........................................................................................................................................ &0

4"estionnaire................................................................................................................................. &0

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The Effects of Negative Moral Values on

Deterioration of Natural Resources

in the Phili ines

A Researc Pa%er Presented to

Dr. -olita /eronaga

5ab"slot 5ational Hig $c ool

In Partial ("lfillment of t eRe6"irements for Englis I2

!y7

C arito 1. 1olato(o"rt 8ear 9 $$C

5ovember &: &;; for giving all t e %ersons mentioned above w o ta"g t er ow to

"se er skills in constr"cting "sef"l researc works t at may el% ot er %eo%le and t e

researc er.

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DED$CAT$ON

T is researc %a%er is tr"ly dedicated to er %arents: ?"dge Irineo !. 1olato and

1rs. 5ilalina 1. 1olato: for t eir moral and financial s"%%ort> to er two brot ers and

t ree sisters> to all er friends w o gave t eir "ntiring s"%%ort to t is researc and most of

all: s e sincerely dedicate t is to o"r Almig ty /od w o gave er knowledge: strengt

and g"idance.

C.1.1

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ABSTRACT

T is st"dy aimed to determine t e effect of negative moral val"es on deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines. It aimed to give %eo%le knowledge on reasons w y t esenat"ral reso"rces were destroyed and became very limited for t em. It is of great significance ont e benefits of t e co"ntry beca"se t is st"dy gives g"idelines on ow t ese negative moralval"es be controlled.

In t is st"dy: t e researc er em%loyed t e descri%tive researc design w ic involves t edescri%tion: recording: analysis and inter%retation of data. Ten res%ondents: w o are teac ers fromdifferent sc ools: were asked to answer onestly t e %re%ared 6"estionnaire by t e researc er.T e statistical data obtained from s"rvey: interviews and library researc were arranged based ont e se6"ence of t e st"dy and were analy@ed and inter%reted by t e "sed of tables and gra% s.

T e researc er concl"ded t at being "ngodly: one of t e negative moral val"es of t e %eo%le: it can greatly affect t e nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines. However: if all t e negativemoral val"es will be tolerated t ese nat"ral reso"rces will be destroyed and landslide is %ossibleto occ"r: like w at ad a%%ened in t e Real: 4"e@on Province. $ome organi@ations were b"ilt torecover t ese val"es.


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C%APTER $

T%E PROBLEM AND $TS BAC!#RO&ND

Introduction

T e st"dy of geogra% y and environment inevitably foc"ses on nat"ral reso"rces.

In a %olitical sense: w en one s%eaks of a co"ntry: reference is made of t e land and its

nat"ral environmental setting. T e ot er element is t e social dimension 9 its %eo%le. Te

land and %eo%le> t is defines t e nation: P ili%%ines.

5at"ral reso"rces are t e wealt of t e co"ntry or its way of %rod"cing wealt >

owever: t ese ave long been deteriorated. It became steadily worse t ro"g im%ro%er

actions of t e %eo%le. $ince t e world is transforming d"e to modern tec nology: manyt ings ave c anged from time to time. Even t e wealt of t e co"ntry as transformed

into non sense gift beca"se %eo%le avenBt give any im%ortance on it. T o"g t ey give

good t ings on %eo%le and in t eir co"ntry: we m"st clever eno"g to know t e effects of

bad be avior and c aracters of treating nat"ral reso"rces on t eir ra%id deterioration.

Statement of the Problem or Thesis Statement

T e main %roblem of t e st"dy will be to determine t e effect of negative moral

val"es on t e ra%id deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines. $%ecifically: it

will seek to answer t e following 6"estions

#. *n w at gro"nds can we el% to conserve t ese reso"rces

&. at are t e different organi@ations t at el% "s to recover t ese im%ortant

val"es

'. Is t ere any significant relations i% between t e negative moral val"es interms of "n/odly: im%atience: lack of concern: "ndedicated: armf"l:

disobedience: disres%ectf"l and lack of dignity in t e ra%id deterioration of

nat"ral reso"rces

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Scope and Delimitation

T is st"dy will be limited only to t e effects of negative moral val"es on t e

deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces: t e factors t at make t e reso"rces being deteriorated

and informations on ow to lessen s"c %roblems w ic occ"r in o"r co"ntry. It willinvolve #; res%ondents w o are teac ers from different sc ools w o can el% to answer

t e %roblems met by t e P ili%%ines.

Data gat ering will em%loy t e 6"estionnaire w ic t e %ro%onent admits as t e

limitation of bias. Hence: t e 6"estionnaire will be s"%%lemented by observation:

interview: and t e analysis of directives incl"ding =o"rnals: articles: books %"blis ed and

dissertations as bases for form"lating t e 6"estionnaire.

T e st"dy will foc"s attention only on t e effect of negative moral val"es on t e

deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines. (indings of t e st"dy will t erefore:

be tr"e only for t e nat"ral reso"rces concerned: alt o"g t ese will be "sed as bases for

similar st"dies t at will be cond"cted to determine t e effects of negative moral val"es.

Significance of the Study

T is st"dy covers t e iss"es abo"t t e infl"ence of moral val"es on t e

deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines. T is st"dy is of great significance on

t e benefits of t e co"ntry t ro"g keen investigation and anali@ation of t e ca"ses w y

t ese nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines are being deteriorated. To "nderstand more ow

t ese moral val"es can affect t e nat"ral reso"rces so"g t to answer by t is st"dy.

("rt ermore: it gives g"idelines on ow we can "%lift t ese moral val"es.

5at"ral reso"rces are im%ortant to oneBs co"ntry> owever: some of t eses nat"ralreso"rces ave been deteriorated t ro"g im%ro%er actions of %eo%le. T is st"dy so"g t

to determine if t ese negative moral val"es really a factor w ic lessen t e n"mber of

t ese reso"rces.


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Definition of Key Terms

deterioration 9 deals wit becoming steadily worse of t e nat"ral reso"rces in t e

P ili%%ines.

disobedience 9 deals wit aving no s"bmission of oneBs own will to t e will and not

tending to obey and love t ese nat"ral reso"rces.

disres%ectf"l 9 deals wit aving ig regard or consideration.

armf"l 9 refers to t e c aracter of %eo%le w ic damage and destroy nat"ral reso"rces in

t e P ili%%ines.

im%atience 9 refers to t e inability to %"t "% wit delay or o%%osition calmly and wit o"t

anger.

lack of concern 9 deals wit aving lack of c"riosity and care for t e nat"ral reso"rces.

lack of dignity 9 t e condition of not s owing oneBs %ride and wort iness in a confident

manner.

nat"ral reso"rces 9 all economically "sef"l ob=ects and forces t at are s"%%lied by nat"re.1any ot er t ings in nat"re may be nat"ral reso"rces.

negative moral val"es 9 refers to bad be avior and c aracter of %eo%le toward nat"ral

reso"rces.

"ndedicated 9 deals wit aving no great foc"s on a %"r%ose or goal.

to set a%art for a s%ecial %"r%ose or "se.

ngodly 9 refers to t e c aracter of %eo%le w ic is against or wit o"t /od in t eir

doings.

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Framework/Outline

To%ic7 T e Develo%ment of P ili%%ine 5at"ral Reso"rces

T esis $tatement7 Instead of damaging P ili%%ine nat"ral reso"rces: %eo%le m"st %rotect

and care for it.

I. 5at"ral Reso"rces

A. -and Reso"rces

a. volcanoes

b. field

c. ills

d. mo"ntainse. valleys

!. (orest land reso"rces

a. animals

b. %lants

C. (res water reso"rces

a. falls

b. swam%landc. river

d. lakes

e. ocean

f. g"lf

g. dam

. c annels

D. 1ineral reso"rces

a. metallic minerals

a.#. gold

a.&. iron

a.'. nickel

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a.+. bron@e

b. non metallic minerals

b.#. marmol

b.&. salt b.'. s"lf"r

b.+. asbestos

E. H"man reso"rces

a. %o%"lation

b. birt rate

c. deat rate

d. emigratione. immigration

(. Energy reso"rces

a. nonrenewable energy

a.#. fossil f"els

b. renewable energy

b.#. solar energy

b.&. wind energy b.'. water energy

b.+. geot ermal energy

b.


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III. 1anifestation of 5at"ral Reso"rces

A. st"dents

!. family

C. organi@ations

D. government

I2. Protecting t e 5at"ral Reso"rces

A. Peo%le t at can el%

a. st"dents

b. em%loyed %eo%le

c. "nem%loyed %eo%le

d. organi@ationse. government

!. ays to el%

a. %rotect and care for it

b. enric t e P ili%%ine 5at"ral Reso"rces

2. Concl"sion

A. P ili%%ines is ab"ndant in nat"ral reso"rces.

!. It m"st be %rotected and cared.

Theoretical/ onceptual Framework

##

5egative 1oral 2al"es

"n/odlyim%atiencelack of concern"ndedicatedarmf"ldisobediencedisres%ectf"llack of dignity

Effects on Deterioration of

5at"ral Reso"rces in t eP ili%%ines


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C%APTER $$

REV$E" OF RELATED L$TERAT&RE OF ST&D$ES

!ocal

Lan' Resources

T e st"dy of geogra% y and environment inevitably foc"ses on nat"ral reso"rces.

T ey are nat"rally occ"rring materials t at are "sef"l to m an o r co"ld be "sef"l "nder

certain conceivable tec nological: economic: or social circ"mstances. at we consider

to be nat"ral reso"rces de%ends "%on %resent or foreseen tec nologies and economic

conditions.

P ili%%ines as many landforms: some of t ese are %lains: mo"ntains: ills and

valleys. Prod"cts coming from t ese reso"rces are called land reso"rces. Ric and

ab"ndant soils in t e co"ntry are good for %lanting rice: s"garcane: cocon"t: abaca and

different fr"it bearing trees and leafy vegetables. Central -"@on: Iloilo and Cotabato are

great rice %rod"cing %rovinces beca"se of t eir wide %lains. T e "nco"ntable im%ortance

of rice among (ili%inos is not common d"e to t e fact t at t is is t e %rimary food of

(ili%inos. T e wide %lains on 5egros: -ag"na: Tarlac and Pam%anga are good for

%lanting s"garcane w ic is t e so"rce of P ili%%ine s"gar. T e mo"ntaino"s %art of 4"e@on: 1indoro: $amar: -eyte and Gamboanga %rovinces are ric in cocon"t oil: "sk

scr"b: bag and many ot ers. Primary e3%orting %rod"cts are commonly coming from

cocon"t. Cagayan valley and Ilocos Region were known as giant %rod"cers of tobacco:

w ic was one of t e develo%ed ind"stries in t e co"ntry. T e volcanic soil of !icol

region was best for abaca %rod"ction alt o"g it was grad"ally c anged for t e

%rod"ction cocon"t and rice: beca"se of t e "nsto%%able "sed of synt etic materials and

%lastics. $tarted from -"@on "% to t e %oint of 1indanao fr"its and vegetables were

grown ab"ndantly. T e valley of -a Trinidad in Cordillera region: %rovinces of !"lacan:

-ag"na: Cavite and !atangas were ric in vegetables d"e to favorable weat er and soil

condition. T ey were t e %rod"cers of vegetables in 1anila and t e nearby %rovinces.

T e %rovince of !"kidnon and 5ort Cotabato were big %rod"cers of %inea%%le financed

by Del 1onte and Dole P ili%%ines. T e P ili%%ine Islands were t e to%s of "nderwater

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mo"ntains formed by o"t%o"rings of molten materials from t e eart Bs interior.

Conse6"ently: igneo"s rock a%%ears t ro"g o"t most of t e arc i%elago. $"bmerge of t e

entire area: after formation of t ese mo"ntains: res"lted in t e de%osit of vario"s marine

sediments over t e lava "nderlay. T e %rocess of mo"ntain forming as not sto%%ed: as

was indicated by rec"rring eart tremors and volcanic action. Palawan is t at s%lay of

land ="tting o"t from t e westernmost s o"lder of t e P ili%%ine arc i%elago: forming t e

link between t e P ili%%ine and two island gro"%s significant in P ili%%ine istory:

!orneo and t e East Indies. T e main mass of t e %rovince covers ,


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its rate of flow de%end on t e si@e of t e waters ed: t e s"rro"nding vegetation: t e

intensity of rainfall: t e season: and t e slo%e of t e riverbed. ater r"ns faster down

stee%er slo%es and its force can be destr"ctive es%ecially if t e river bed is not solid rock.

D"ring t e rainy season t e river water may t"rn brown d"e to soil erosion of t e slo%es.

$oil erosion not only stri%s t e "%lands of to%soil and n"trients: it also clogs rivers and

b"ries corals. (res water flows from t e 5ort ern Cordillera Central 1o"ntains to t e

so"t ernmost island of 1indanao. $ome rivers: s"c as t e Cotabato: /ata and Ag"san:

r"s for long distances. $treams and small rivers r"n slowly t ro"g %lains and form

swam%s. Rivers are im%ortant so"rces of fres water. Es%ecially d"ring t e rainy season:

rivers cascade into t e sea often ca"sing destr"ction. Dams are es%ecially el%f"l in

co"ntries like t e P ili%%ines w ere rainfall distrib"tion is e3tremely "neven between

seasons or among neig boring areas and w ere land slo%e is so stee% t at little nat"ralim%o"nding takes %lace beca"se r"n 9 off leads directly to t e sea. T e ma=or dams

contain as m"c water as larger lakes. T ey incl"de Angat: 1agat: Pantabangan:

Amb"klao: and !inga. -akes are formed in vario"s ways. $ome were ca"sed by erosion

d"e to t e melting of ice glaciers millions of years ago. *t ers are water 9 filled

de%ressions created by "ge meteors t at cras ed into t e s"rface of t e eart . $ome:

s"c as Taal -ake in $o"t ern -"@on: were formed by volcanic er"%tion. T ere are more

t an it is stored in a6"ifers and e3tracted from s%rings or wells. /ro"ndwater

tends to flow along %ermeable layers from areas of ig er to lower gradient. Its

availability generally de%ends on climate: geology and vegetation. T e safe yield or t e

amo"nt of gro"ndwater available for abstraction wit o"t resorting to gro"ndwater mining

is estimated at '#:'


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or streams: w ere s"rface r"noff converges in a ma=or river. A %roclaimed waters ed is

one t at as been officially %roclaimed and reserved for conservation. *f t e P ili%%inesB

total land area: abo"t ; %ercent is considered waters ed. It is fo"nd in some +#F river

basins t ro"g o"t t e arc i%elago and is t e ma=or fres water so"rce besides lakes. T ere

are '+' inde%endent %rinci%al river basins wit areas of at least +; s6. km or ,, %ercent

of t e co"ntryBs total land area. *f t ese: &; rivers basins covering at least FF; s6. km are

considered ma=or river basins. T ey are -aoag: Cagayan: Pam%anga: Agno: Abra: Pasig 9

-ag"na de !ay: !icol: and Ab"long river basins in -"@on> 1indanao: Ag"san: Tag"m

-ib"ganon: Tagoloan: Ag"s: Davao: Cagayan de *ro: and !"ayan 9 1alag"m river

basins in 1indanao> Panay and ?ala"r river basins on Panay island> Amnay 9 Patrick in

1indoro> and Ilog 9 Hilabangan river basin on 5egros island. T eir total ares is ###:&,F

s6. km or ' %ercent of t e co"ntry. T ey are s"stained by more t an +;; waters eds: of w ic ## are %roclaimed waters eds and # are considered critical. T ese waters eds

are also often forest reso"rces %rotected for t eir ecological val"e> some are %art of

declared integrated %rotected areas. A critical waters ed is a waters ed or river system

s"%%orting an e3isting or %ro%osed ma=or electric: irrigation or domestic s"%%ly %ro=ect.

T e # critical waters eds are $anto Tomas: !"sol: -onoy: Angat: 1arikina: Kaliwa:

miray: 1aasin: 1ananga: Kotkot 9 -"saran: !ina aan: and -ake -anao. Anot er ty%e

of water reso"rce is falls w ic t e water comes from a ig %lace or ig mo"ntain.

1aria Cristina (alls: Pagsan=an (alls and 1ay"gda (alls are some of t e bea"tif"l fall of

t e co"ntry. T e P ili%%ine sea are ric in s rim%s: crabs: s6"ids: sea s ells and variety

of first class fis es like aso os: laba ita: tamban: bis"go: ay"ngin: dalagang 9 b"kid: la%"

9 la%": gal"nggong: sa%sa%: and many ot er. T ey were also ric in first class %earl and

ot er ornamentals like corals. T e $"lo sea between t e %rovinces of 1indanao and

Palawan are known for t ey are ric in water reso"rces. (is ing ind"stry as great el% to

s"stain t e basic needs of (ili%inos most es%ecially in food. Canning and %reserving of

fis es are ot er so"rces of income coming from fis ing ind"stry.

Forest Lan' Resources

(orest are %robably more critical to t e P ili%%ine environment t an ot er

co"ntries beca"se t e co"ntryBs arc i%elagic config"ration feat"res closed: fragmented:

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diverse ecosystems t at are constantly aggravated by t e effects of a tro%ical climate.

Poor economic conditions and environmentally incom%atible economic %olicies drove

bot ric investors and %oor comm"nities alike t e ravage t e forest 9 ric "%lands to a

%oint w ere now: t e l"s forest cover of t e co"ntry as dwindled to less t an si3

million ectares com%rising ro"g ly &; %ercent of t e co"ntryBs total land area. T e

forestry office ad a"t ority over c"tting trees: e3tracting timber: resins: and ot er mi

forest %rod"cts: o%ening of virgin lands: awarding concessions: and t e cond"ct of all

b"siness concerning mo"ntain land and forests. It also gat ered statistical information on

state: c "rc : and %rivate forestland to determine ow forest reso"rces were to be "sed by

bot civilians and t e military and to %revent t e illegal c"tting of timber.

In #0 +: t e government a"t ori@ed t e free "se of timber "nder a grat"ito"slicense. It also banned kaingin in general and commercial logging in Ceb" and !o ol. In

#0F+: a royal decree %ro ibited t e selling to %"blic land "nless it was s"rveyed and

declared by t e Ins%eccion /eneral de 1ontes as alienable and dis%osable. T e $%anis

1inistry of (oreign Affairs recommended t at a se%arate decree define ow P ili%%ine

forestry wo"ld be reg"lated. en t e Americans took over t e P ili%%ines: t e .$.

1ilitary iss"ed /eneral *rder 5o. logging was a %rivilege reserved for a

few well connected individ"als. Deforestation is t e %ermanent scar left by badly

managed forestry %rograms. In t e #FF;s: t e De%artment of Environment and 5at"ral

Reso"rces DE5R com%letely banned logging in old growt forests. It is % asing o"t

logging concessions "nder t e timber license agreement or T-A system w ile making

more e6"itable t e access and "se of forest reso"rces. Environmentally s"stainable

management of forestland as become t e governmentBs g"iding %olicy.

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(orestland is an area classified for forestry %"r%oses: "s"ally wit a slo%e of more

t an #0 %ercent. It is legal and tec nical land category and: like alienable or dis%osable

land: it may not act"ally ave forest cover. In t e P ili%%ines: forests are es%ecially

im%ortant as t e co"ntry consists of t o"sands of islands: eac a diverse: fragile

ecosystem reg"larly b"ffeted by destr"ctive ty% oons and erosive monsoon rains.

nfort"nately: comm"nication and mobility 9 t e two basic re6"irements for effective

management of forests 9 are severely restricted. *nly abo"t #.0 million ectares of

second 9 growt forest can remain in t e timber %rod"ction system for long 9 term

s"stained %rod"ction: and abo"t # million ectares can be %laced immediately "nder

comm"nity forest management. $ome &;;:;;; ectares are so degraded t at t ey are best

converted into forest %lantations of r"bber: rattan: and bamboo. Abo"t +;;:;;; ectaresof second 9 growt forest and t e remaining 0;;:;;; ectares of old growt forests are

best set aside for biological diversity conservation and environmental %rotection.

Ideally: all forests s o"ld be "nder s"stainable management in kee%ing wit

international %ractices and wit t e treaties and covenants signed by t e P ili%%ine

government. $"stainable forest management in t e P ili%%ines consists of t ese sim%le

actions7 %rotecting and conserving t e remaining forests> re abilitating den"ded and

degraded forests> and managing ot er %rod"ction areas so t at t ey remain s"stainable.

T e goal of forest management is to make t e di%terocar% forests s"stainable w ile

ac ieving environmental stability in ways t at are economically beneficial:

environmentally so"nd: and %olitically: socially: and c"lt"rally acce%table.P ili%%ine

forests are ric wit endemic flora. T ere are more t an ':;;; different s%ecies of forest

trees catalog"ed so far> not to mention t o"sands of s%ecies of gymnos%erms: %alms:

woody and non woody vines: ferns: bamboo: grasses: mosses: and ot er vasc"lar and

non vasc"lar %lant s%ecies. T e ma=or vegetational formations can be gro"%ed into two

forest formations. -owland rain forests and lower montane forest. At abo"t #:;;; m

above sea level: t e "mid lowlands give way to a cooler> more tem%erate mid mo"ntain

region w ere t e lower montane forest is fo"nd. Ty%ically: it is an oak la"red forest

w ere t e di%terocar%s and t eir associates no longer %redominate. It as only two tree

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layers at most. It e3ists at bot ig and low elevations s"c as on 1o"nt 1akiling

w ere t e niversity of t e P ili%%ines College of (orestry is sit"ated . As a res"lt: some

erroneo"sly believe t at it is t e downward e3tension of t e tr"e montane forest. T ere is

no tr"e montane forest in t e P ili%%ines: as it does not grow below &: ;; m above sea

level in t e tro%ics. T e only mo"ntains ig er t an t is: 1o"nt A%o in 1indanao and

1o"nt P"log in -"@on: do not ave t e s"mmit conditions favoring forest growt .

%u(an Resources

T e geogra% ic domain and diverse c"lt"ral config"ration of t e (ili%inos ave

been interlinked wit t e economic: religio"s: and %olitical e3%erience of $o"t east Asia

since %re istoric times. !"t t e c"lt"ral infl"ences and migrating gro"%s of %eo%le w o

came to in abit t ese islands originated from a m"c larger region w ic incl"des t e

Indonesian arc i%elago: %enins"lar Asia: and so"t C ina. Taiwan and ?a%an were likely

%oints of origin for traders: craftsmen: and settlers even before t e E"ro%ean coloni@ation

of $o"t east Asia: w en wooden rafts and sailboats crisscrossed t e seas following t e

trade winds.

After st"dying t e blending of genetic traits and t e enric ment of c"lt"ral

eritage t at began in %rimeval times: social scientist *.T. 1ason reac ed t is sang"ineconcl"sion7 LT e %resent %o%"lation of t e P ili%%ines is one of t e most interesting of

et nologic combinations: since in its veins flows: in larger and smaller %ro%ortion: t e

blood of all ty%es of mankind.M $"c an e3%ensive view of t e gene %ool of t e (ili%inos

was similarly "% eld by (ili%inologist Pedro Paterno in t e late #0;;s. However: A"strian

et nologist (erdinand !l"mentritt observed ca"tio"sly in PaternoBs era t at

overstatements on t e genetic creativity in t e arc i%elago co"ld be traced to t e

sim%listic notions of race %ro%agated by t e friars and E"ro%ean advent"rers. In is

com%re ensive st"dy: Las Razas del Archipelago Filipino #0F; : !l"mentritt e3%ressed

t is critical view7 LIt m"st not be forgotten: owever: t at t e $%anis a"t ors ave s"c

racial fi3t"res ready made. Dark air I s a mi3t"re of 5egrito blood> clear skin or

yellowis is t e res"lt of crossing wit C inese of ?a%anese.M

#0


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to t e mo"ntain dwellers. T ose w o ran to t e ills to esca%e o%%ression in t e %"eblos

t e $%aniards called remontados : b"t t ose w o engaged in mara"ding were called

cimarrones. And t ose not yet reac ed by t e missionaries were sim%ly called infidels b"t

t e in abitant w o became a colonial ward of t e $%anis monarc y was called indio .

Early on: L(ili%inoM e3cl"sively referred only to t ose born in t e P ili%%ines of $%anis

%arents> a crossbreed was mestizo . T ere is no 6"estion t at t ese labels were merely

socio%olitical terms of convenience or> at times: derogation. !"t some of t em ave

%ersisted to t is day even in academic dissertations. 1ore t an a "ndred ago:

!l"mentritt lamented7 L*nly wit t e greatest %ain and t o"g t is it %ossible to e3tricate

oneBs self from t is labyrint of nomenclat"re I am convinced t at many names

re%orted to me m"st be eliminated: since t ey owe t eir e3istence to mistakes in

%enmans i% or %rinting: to ridic"le: mis"nderstanding or error7 LHe gave %artic"lar instances to %rove is %oint7 Tagabelies: for e3am%le: referred to t e same %eo%le w o

called t emselves Tagab"l" for !"l"an -ake or Tagab"li abbreviated to TBboli by t e

Panamin in t e #F ;s for "nknown reasons .

Indigeno"s %eo%les or indigeno"s c"lt"ral comm"nities of t e P ili%%ines ave

long been morally violated: economically and socially marginali@ed: %olitically

disenfranc ised: and: often: intellect"ally mis"nderstood by most of t e (ili%ino %eo%le

and foreign societies as well. T e reasons for t is are several7 lack of knowledge and

"nderstanding of t e roles and rig ts of indigeno"s %eo%les and indigeno"s c"lt"ral

comm"nities> absence of mec anisms: laws: and %roced"res s"%%orting t eir rig ts and

claims> %olitical and economic interest in t eir ancestral lands> and t eir lack of %olitical

leverage. -ocal and international government and %rivate instit"tions now e3%licitly

define and identify indigeno"s %eo%les and indigeno"s c"lt"ral comm"nities. T e

Com%re ensive Agrarian Reform -aw and t e 5ational Integrated Protected Areas

$ystem Act define t em as La gro"% of %eo%le s aring common bonds of lang"age:

c"stoms: traditions and ot er distinctive c"lt"ral traits: and w o since time immemorial

occ"%ied: %ossessed: and "tili@ed a territory.M T e International -abor *rgani@ation

identifies t em as7 L#. tribal %eo%les in inde%endent co"ntries w ose social: c"lt"ral: and

economic conditions disting"is t em from ot er sections of t e national comm"nity: and

&;


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w ose c"stoms and traditions are w olly or %artially reg"lated by t eir own c"stoms and

traditions or by s%ecial laws and reg"lations> and &. %eo%les w o are regarded as

indigeno"s on acco"nt of t eir descent from t e %o%"lation w ic in abited t e co"ntry

or region at t e time of con6"est: coloni@ation: or establis ment of t e %resent state

bo"ndaries: and w o: irres%ective of t eir legal stat"s: remain some or all of t eir own

social: economic: c"lt"ral and %olitical instit"tions.M

In t e P ili%%ines: t ey are fo"nd in vario"s forest: lowland: and coastal areas. In

#FF : t ey were estimated to n"mber abo"t #& to #' million or #0 %ercent of t e total

%o%"lation. T ey live in ,# o"t of %rovinces and make "% ##; ma=or et noling"istic

gro"%s. T ey are among t e %oorest and most disadvantaged social gro"%s in t e co"ntry.

T e De%artment of Environment and 5at"ral Reso"rces and t e niversal Declaration of t e Rig ts of Indigeno"s Peo%les recogni@e t eir rig t to self determination and self

governance: and t eir f"ll freedom to %"rs"e t eir economic: social and c"lt"ral

develo%ment.

Foreign

Mineral Resources

T e P ili%%ine mining ind"stry %rod"ces a variety of %rod"cts w ic comes from

si3 general categories of minerals: namely7 %recio"s metals> iron and ferro alloy metals>

base metals> fertili@er minerals> ind"strial minerals> gemstone and decorative minerals.

(or metallic minerals: t e %rinci%al %rod"cts consist of7

)*+ ORES , 5at"rally occ"rring materials e3cavated from t e gro"nd and sold

directly to t e market>

-*+ CONCENTRATE , *res %re%ared in t e mill to %rod"ced a marketable

%rod"ct by sim%le treatment %rocesses s"c as was ing: drying or


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classification. In t e case of leac ed gold and silver: t e %rod"ct is called a

b"tton.

T ere is a wide variation of %rod"ct classification in t e non metallic minerals

gro"%. T eir %rod"cts are directed de%endent on t e market needs. (or e3am%le blocks:

slabs: titles: c i%s and %owder are "sed for marbles> $# and $& for sand> /#: /&: and /'

for gravel or rock aggregates. $ome non metallic: s"c as limestone or rock % os% ate:

are classified based on t e grade analysis of t e most relevant c emical com%o"nds t ey

%ossess. T is analysis is largely dictated by s%ecifications so"g t in t e market.

Por yry co%%er %lays a ma=or role in t e co"ntryBs mineral

ind"stry. It was a ma=or commodity mined wit t e introd"ction of b"lk or

large scale met ods of mining. ile disseminated co%%er is t e most %o%"lar:

de%osits of vein: contact metasomatic: Cy%r"s: K"roko and !ess i ty%e are

also economic significance. In t e %ast: '< %ercent of t e co"ntryBs %rod"ction

val"e comes from co%%er.

/old is fo"nd t ro"g o"t t e co"ntry in t e form of lode or

%lacer de%osit. T e %rinci%al gold %rod"cing districts are !ag"io: Paracale:1asbate: $"rigao and 1asara. E3%erts ave observed t at t e largest and

ric est gold de%osits tend to lie in t e vicinity of t e P ili%%ine fa"lt @one: b"t

t ere are many e3%ectations. Recently gold e3%loration as been directed

towards e%it ermal de%osits. $ilver is a by %rod"ct of co%%er and gold mining.

T e b"lk of C romite de%osits in t e co"ntry are fo"nd in

Gambales Province and Dinagat Island: off nort eastern 1indanao. Individ"al

c romite bodies are of vario"s si@es from small %ods to several million tons.

T e c romite de%osit in Coto: Gambales was believed to be t e largest known

de%osit of refractory c romite in t e w ole world.

&&


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T e co"ntry is also greatly endowed wit nickel ric de%osits of

laterites w ic are c"rrently t e so"rce of its nickel e3%ort. T e vast laterite

de%osits of $"rigao in nort eastern 1indanao were first re%orted in #F#&: b"t

were not e3%loited "ntil #F


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Coal begins forming w en t ey swam% %lants die and %artially decay. Plants are

made "% of molec"les t at contain atoms of carbon: ydrogen: and o3ygen. Decay occ"rs

w en bacteria break a%art t ese molec"les: releasing o3ygen and ydrogen gases and

leaving carbon and im%"rities like s"lf"r be ind. en we b"rn coal: it is t e carbon t at

releases eat.

T e ne3t ste% occ"rs w en sediments begin %iling "% on to% of t e decaying

%lants. T e mass of t e sediments com%resses t e %artially decayed %lants: s6"ee@ing o"t

t e moist"re. After t e decaying %lants become b"ried: coal evolves in t e following

stages.

T e first stage is %eat. Peat is com%osed of water: decaying twigs: leaves: and

branc es: and is abo"t


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e b"rn vast 6"antities of %etrole"m and gas. In fact: every year we obtain twice

t e energy from %etrole"m and gas t an we do from coal. 5at"ral gas is "sed mostly for

eating and cooking. Petrole"m as many more "ses.

1ost %etrole"m is refined into f"els s"c as gasoline and aircraft f"el. *t er

%etrole"m is made into eating oil for f"rnaces: l"bricants: and %lastics. Did yo" reali@e

t at %lastic is made from %etrole"m

1ost geologists agree t at bot oil and nat"ral gas form over millions of years

from t e decay of tiny organisms in t e oceans. T e %rocess begins w en %lankton

organisms die: fall to t e seafloor: and %ile "%. -ater: ot er sediments are de%osited over

t em: in t e same way t at coal is b"ried. T ey are com%acted by t e weig t: and t is %ress"re on t e organic matter el%s c emical reactions occ"r. T is creates t e li6"id we

call %etrole"m: as well as gases we call nat"ral gas.

!eca"se %etrole"m and nat"ral gas are les dense t an water: t ey migrate "%ward

to get on to% of water sat"rated rock layers. $ometimes t is movement is sto%%ed by

im%ermeable rock: s"c as s ale. T is rock tra%s t e %etrole"m and gas below it. en

t is a%%ens: a reservoir of %etrole"m or nat"ral gas forms "nder t e im%ermeable rock.

1ost of t e energy so"rces we are "sing to generate electricity rig t now are

nonrenewable. Nonrene0a/le energ1 sources are t ose t at we are "sing "% faster t an

Eart can re%lace t em. Remember t at fossil f"els take millions of years to form.

Today: coal %rovides abo"t '; %ercent of worldwide energy needs for ome

eating: man"fact"ring: and generating electricity. *il and nat"ral gas %rovide almost ,;

%ercent of o"r energy needs. At t e rate weBre "sing t ese f"els: we will r"n o"t someday.

e will likely r"n o"t of %etrole"m in less t an


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1any of t e nonrenewable energy so"rces we "se today are act"ally stored solar

energy. Plants t at formed coal grew "sing solar energy. *rganisms t at formed oil and

nat"ral gas ate %lants: so t ey also "sed solar energy. en fossil f"els are b"rned: stored

solar energy is released. T ese are indirect "ses of solar energy

Solar energ1 is energy from t e s"n. eno"g energy: from t e s"n reac es Eart

in one o"r to s"%%ly all t e energy we need for a w ole yearN T e %roblem is t at we

canBt collect and store all t is energy. e can collect %art of it: t o"g . *ne way of doing

t is is to "se solar cells. A solar cell collects energy from t e s"n and transforms it into

electricity. $olar energy is free and doesnBt create any %oll"tion. $olar cells were invented

to generate electricity on satellites: b"t now t eyBre "sed to %ower calc"lators: T2s:

streetlig ts: and e3%erimental cars. $olar energy is also "sed to eat and cool omes and b"ildings and to eat water. *ne way t is is done is wit t ermal collectors. $olar energy

eats air or water is %i%ed to w ere t e eat is needed. T ey ave done some

disadvantages. $olar energy can be received only w en t e s"n is s ining. T at means

solar cells work less well on clo"dy days: and t ey donBt work at all at nig t. en

seasons ca"se days to be s orter: solar cells generate less electricity. T e closer a solar

cell is to t e e6"ator: t e more direct solar radiation it receives. $olar cells closer to t e

5ort Pole or t e $o"t Pole receive less solar radiation.

A 0in' far( is a location w ere a n"mber of windmills are %laced to gat er wind

and generate electricity. ind farms "s"ally are on ridges w ere t e wind is strong and

steady. T e energy from t e s%inning windmill t"rns a generator t at makes electricity. If

t e wind c anges direction: com%"ters control motors t at kee% t e blades facing into t e

wind.

*btaining energy from moving water is not new. 1ills t"rned by tidal energy

gro"nd grain in England: (rance: and $%ain a t o"sand years ago. Today: energy from

r"nning water is "sed to t"rn t"rbines to make electricity. T e %rod"ction of electricity by

water %ower is called h1'roelectric energ1 . eBve b"ilt dams on many large rivers to

generate ydroelectric %ower.

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A s1nfuel is made by "mans by c anging fossil f"els into a different form. Coal

gasification makes nat"ral gas from coal. T is is done by mi3ing coal wit steam and

o3ygen in a com%le3 %rocess. $ome rocks called oil s ales contain a wa3y oil material.

T e oil can only be removed in a com%le3 %rocess of cr"s ing and eating.

If yo" ave ever b"ilt a cam%fire wit wood: yo" ave "sed a biomass f"el.

Bio(ass fuel is organic matter "sed as f"el. $ome %ower %lants add tras and garbage to

coal to generate electricity.

/aso ol is a biomass f"el "sed in cars and tr"cks. It is F; %ercent gasoline and #;

%ercent alco ol. T e alco ol is made from corn or s"garcane.

Alt o"g t ese renewable energy so"rces are limited at t e %resent time: t ey

mig t become more effective in re%lacing fossil f"els in t e f"t"re. Recent advances in

solar cell tec nology ave red"ced t e %rice or solar cells and increased t eir efficiency.

*t er advances in t e develo%ment of electric cars will el% "s to be less de%endent on

oil for trans%ortation. ("rt er im%rovements in solar and wind tec nology may enable t e

s"n and wind to be ma=or energy so"rces in t e f"t"re.

Nuclear energ1 is energy %rod"ced from atomic reactions. Fission is t e s%litting

of n"clei of atoms in eavy elements s"c as "rani"m. T e most commonly "sed f"el in

fission %ower %lants is a "rani"m isoto%e: "rani"m &'


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C%APTER $$$

MET%ODOLO#2

T is c a%ter disc"ssed t e met odology em%loyed by t e researc er.

#. Researc Design

In t is st"dy: t e researc er em%loyed t e descri%tive researc design. It

involves t e descri%tion: recording: analysis and inter%retation of data. It describes t e

nat"re of a sit"ation: as it e3ists at t e time of t e st"dy. It may attem%t to discover a

ca"se effect relations i% t at %revail and t at are going on between mani%"lated

variables.

&. Res%ondent of t e $t"dy

T e res%ondents of t e st"dy were teac ers from different sc ools.

'. Researc $etting

T e researc was cond"cted at 55H$.

+. Researc Instr"ment

T e researc "sed a self %re%ared 6"estionnaire: w ic was "sed as t e

instr"ment in gat ering t e data needed in t e st"dy.


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C%APTER $V

ANAL2S$S AND F$ND$N#S

Summary of #nalysis and Findings

Table #7 Ranking of t e negative moral val"es w ic t e res%ondents believe can

greatly affect t e deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines.

5egative 1oral 2al"es

#. "ngodly

&. lack of concern'. disobedience

+. armf"l


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(ig"re #

(ig"re # s ows t at in t e '0O of votes by t e ten res%ondents it wo"ld greatly

affect t e nat"ral reso"rces w ic leads to t eir deterioration.

';


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onclusion

It can: t erefore: be concl"ded t at t e negative moral val"e: "ngodly: as t e

greatest %ercentage w ic t e res%ondents believe t at can greatly affect t e deterioration

of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines. 1oreover: by contin"es %racticing of t ose val"es

t e nat"ral reso"rces will be destroyed and ab"sed. -ike w at ad a%%ened last landslide

in Real: 4"e@on Province beca"se of bad t reatening of t ose reso"rces t ey became very

limited for %eo%le.

However: t ere are some organi@ations w ic el% "s to recover t ese negative

moral val"es7 t e civic organi@ations: %"blic and %rivate sc ool: De%artment of

Environment and 5at"ral Reso"rces: !"rea" of (orestry and !"rea" of -ands by givingseminars: trainings: massive ed"cation cam%aign and by "sing media.

$ecommendation

5ow t at we already ave knowledge t at t e nat"ral reso"rces ere in t e

P ili%%ines ave greatly destroyed beca"se of negative moral val"es: it is a m"st we

lessen and control it. e m"st also care and love t ose reso"rces w ic ave great im%act

on t e develo%ment of o"r economy. $elf disci%line is t e first and most factor t at we

s o"ld ave to kee% o"r reso"rces well cared.

%ibliography

-a"rentina Paler Calmorin and 1elc or A. Calmorin: 1et ods of Researc and

T esis riting> &;;&.

1agdaraog. Environment and 5at"ral Reso"rces: Atlas of t e P ili%%ines: #FF0. . /rolier $cience Encyclo%edia: 2ol. 0. .$.A. /rolier Incor%orated:

#FF


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(allaria: A%olinario and Ron6"illo. $cience $%ectr"m: &;;'.

1arcos. T e Eart e -ive In: #F0#.

. Encyclo%edia Americana: #FF .

'&


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APPEND$3 A

RESEARC% 4&EST$ONNA$RE

5Surve1+

Please Answer HonestlyN

#. Rank t e following negative moral val"es w ic yo" believe can greatly affect t e

deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces in t e P ili%%ines.

"ngodly armf"l

im%atience disobedience

lack of concern disres%ectf"l "ndedicated lack of dignity

&. How do t ese affect t e nat"ral reso"rces

'. at wo"ld yo" s"ggest to recover t ese negative moral val"es

+. Do yo" know any re%orted incidence t at t ese moral val"es greatly affect t e

deterioration of nat"ral reso"rces


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APPEND$3 B

List of Res on'ents

1ila -im

?es%er Gamora

/erlie ?asa

1arites (ranco Abanador

1arilo" Ermino

Ronnie 1alabayElvira Cabatay

2irgie (abella

Abella 1arie 1alvar

Paciana Armamento

'+


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C&RR$C&L&M V$TAE

PERSONAL DATA

5ame 7 C arito 1. 1olato

5ickname 7 Ate C ari: C ari

!irt day 7 ?an"ary &

Effects of Negative Moral Values

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