Effect of Surface Convection on Stationary GTA Weld...

Effect of Surface Convection on Stationary GTA Weld Zone Temperatures

Weld pool surface temperature differences

are related to different surface flow patterns

BY W. H. CIEDT, X.-C. WEI, AND S.-R. WEI

ABSTRACT. Weld pool surface temperature variations during cooling of stationary GTA welds in Types 303S and 304 stainless steel were measured with a narrow band infrared radiation pyrometer. Extrapolations of the pyrometer responses indicated peak temperatures at the end of a 3.5 second heating time of around 2000°C (3632°F) at the weld pool center for Type 304 stainless steel, but only around 1750°C (3182°F) for the Type 303S.

The fusion zone joint penetration of 4.06 mm (0.16 in.) in the Type 303S stainless steel was almost twice the joint penetration (2.30 mm/0.09 in.) in the Type 304 stainless steel. These differences appear to be primarily attributable to different surface flow patterns.

Measured results are also compared with predictions of the transient temperature variations made with a two-dimensional finite difference computer program.

Introduction

Since bonding of materials during welding occurs in the fusion zone, a minimum specified fusion zone penetration into the joint is required to provide a desired weld strength. For some time, however, it has been known that welding conditions, which produced welds of acceptable penetration in materials from one heat, may not produce sufficient joint penetration when material from a new heat is used (Ref. 1). These anomalous results have been shown to be attributable to variations in the concen-

Professor Emeritus W. H. CIEDT and X.-C. WEI are with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California; and S.-R. WEI is with the Thermal Power Engineering Research Institute, Ministry of Electric Power, Xian, China.

trations of minor alloying elements. The mechanism (or possibly just one of

the mechanisms) responsible has been revealed in a recent series of experiments conducted by Heiple and Roper on the effect of minor alloying elements on fusion zone shapes during GTA welding of 21-6-9 steel (Refs. 2, 3). Photographic observations of the movement of aluminum oxide particles on the molten surface revealed that the flow was normally from the center toward the perimeter of the weld pool. However, relatively small additions of surface-active constituents such as sulfur or selenium caused the flow pattern to reverse, i.e., the particles were seen to flow from the sides to the center of the weld pool. Furthermore, the pool narrowed and the joint penetration was found to increase by as much as 50 to 100%.

The explanation proposed for these rather dramatic changes was that the addition of surface-active elements caused the surface tension variation of the molten metal to change from a normally decreasing trend with increasing temperature to an increasing trend with increasing temperature. The result was that the surface tension driven flow or Marangoni convection caused a strong inward and downward flow.

An analytical investigation of the role of convection in weld pools was recently reported by Oreper, Eagar, and Szekely (Ref. 4). Using measured stationary GTA fusion zone profiles for the location of the liquid-solid weld interface, they solved for the steady-state flow and temperature fields. Buoyancy, electromagnetic, and surface tension forces were included. Their results showed that surface tension forces were dominant in many instances and indicated that higher central surface temperatures would occur when the flow was inward. This trend, hqwever, was based on a fixed fusion zone geometry and hence would

not account for the effect of a change in joint penetration.

The objective of the present investigation was to measure the surface temperature variations of weld pools in materials with different surface tension characteristics, and to determine if such measurements provide an indication of different surface flow patterns. Stationary GTA arc welding on essentially adiabatic disk-shaped specimens was selected to reduce system complexity. Since direct observations through an arc are difficult to interpret, it was decided to make transient measurements immediately after the arc had been terminated.

Tests were initiated with disk-shaped specimens of Type 304 stainless steel. These were followed with measurements using Type 303S stainless steel for which thermal properties are similar to those of Type 304 stainless steel, but the surface tension variation with the temperature of the molten pool was expected to be substantially different than that of Type 304 stainless steel. A numerical analysis was also developed based on a conduction model. Although good agreement between predictions from this model and the Type 304 stainless steel measurements was achieved, comparison with the Type 303S stainless steel measurements demonstrated the limitations of a pure conduction model.

Experimental Apparatus

Stationary gas-tungsten-arc (GTA) welds were made at the center of 3.0 in. (76.2 mm) diameter specimens with a commercial GTA AC/DC 300 ampere (A) welding unit.1 The electrode holder was mounted in two adjustable jaws in an

'] "Model TIC-300/300 AC/DC Arc Welder" manufactured by Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio.

376-s j DECEMBER 1984

-Pyrometer -Fiber Optic Cable

Holder Elevated 2.0 Inches by Solenoid Coil

Probe -Optical System

Electrode Holder

— Chamber for Inert Gas

Specimen

Fig. 1—Schematic showing electrode and pyrometer arrangement (not to scale)

* \

15" Focal Length w Specimen

0.04" Diameter Target Spot

-GTA Weld Pool Fig. 2 —Schematic of temperature measuring system

- Photon Counter

"Electronical Digital Display Console

Light-Type Galvanometer Oscillograph Recorder

elevating mechanism. The initial gap between the tungsten electrode and the specimen surface was adjusted with a micrometer screw at the top of the elevating mechanism.

Surface temperature variations during cooling were measured with a small target IR radiation optical pyrometer.2 The sensing element of this unit was mounted above the test specimens at an angle of 10 deg to the vertical as illustrated in Fig. 1. Since the optical pyrometer was very sensitive to radiation from the welding arc, it was necessary to shield it until the arc was terminated. Shielding was conveniently provided during welding by the ceramic tube surrounding the electrode as shown in Fig. 1. The test specimen was enclosed in a small stainless steel cylindrical chamber —Fig. 1. This chamber was filled with argon gas to shield the specimen from oxidation during welding and cooling.

An electrical circuit was designed to: 1. Initiate the arc. 2. Stop it after a desired length of

time. 3. At the same time activate a sole

noid, which in about 0.005 second(s) lifted the welding electrode and the surrounding shield from the specimen to expose the molten weld pool to the optical pyrometer sensor.

The elements of the temperature measuring system are illustrated in Fig. 2.

2 Vanzetti Systems, model 1262.

Radiation from the emitting weld pool surface is focused by the optics of the infrared radiation-sensing probe onto the end of a fiber optic bundle. The target spot size is specified by the manufacturer to be 0.04 in. (1.0 mm) in diameter with a 15 in. (381 mm) focal length. The radiation is then transmitted through the fiber optic cable into an infrared detector head (photon counter). Here, the radiation is passed through a silicon filter to a lead sulfide cell where it is converted into an electrical signal.

The detector has a radiation wavelength response band of approximately 1.0 to 2.5 Mm (0.0001 in.). The manufacturer recommends treating instrument measurements as monochromatic at an effective wavelength X = 1.526 fim (0.00006 in.). Variation of this effective wavelength with temperature is indicated to be negligible.

The signal from the detector is amplified and displayed as a direct current potential by the electronic digital console. The full-scale response time of the pyrometer is approximately 0.1 sec-ond(s). The DC output potential was recorded with a light-beam galvanometer type oscillograph.3 The radiant temperature (blackbody temperature) was then determined from a calibration curve obtained with a blackbody source. Assuming the spectral emittance of the specimen is known, the surface tempera-

3Brush Instrument Company, model 16-2308.

ture can then be calculated as noted under "Surface Temperatures from Pyrometer Output."

It was not possible to observe the peak surface temperature due to the 0.1 s response time of the pyrometer. Consequently, tests were also conducted with AWG no. 40 platinum-platinum 13% rhodium and tungsten 5% rhenium-tungsten 26% rhenium thermocouples. These were mounted in 0.062 in. (1.58 mm) ceramic tubes and placed in holes drilled to within about 0.020 in. (0.508 mm) from the top surface of the specimens, directly under the location of the tungsten electrode.

Unfortunately, most of these thermocouples failed soon after the temperature reached the melting point. In the case of the Type 303S stainless steel, however, some initial pyrometer responses were exceptionally fast and higher in magnitude. Observation of the test specimens after testing indicated that the ceramic tubes had been exposed. This was caused by a depression in the center of the weld pool just above the thermocouple. This depression was evident in the upper surface of the solidified weld pools of Type 303S stainless steel specimens, and was apparently caused by downward flow of the molten metal in the central region of the weld.

Experimental Procedure and Representative Measurements

It was impossible to make all the mea-

WELDINC RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1377-s

SS-303S

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds Fig. 3 — Oscillograph records of surface temperature variation at center of stationary GTA welds in Types 304 and 303S stainless steel after the arc is interrupted

Fig. 4 —Cross sections of stationary GTA welds in stainless steels for welding times of 3.5 s made at 17 V and 200 A: A - Type 304, X7.4; B- Type 303S, X6.9 (reduced 49% on reproduction)

surements desired during a single weld. For this reason, welds were assumed repeatable, and data were obtained during several tests. Every effort was made to provide identical energy inputs and flux distributions to each of the specimens by using identical welding conditions. All tests were conducted with the welding unit operating in the DC mode.

After several exploratory tests, a 200 A, 3.5 s time duration GTA spot weld on a 3.0 in. (76.2 mm) diameter and % in. (4.76 mm) thick Type 304 or 303S stainless steel specimen was chosen for the final experiments. The same electrode material and shape were maintained — namely, a 3.2 mm (0.126 in.) diameter thoriated tungsten electrode with a tip machined to a slender, sharp point (about 30 deg). The shape of the tip was checked before and after each run. The initial gap between the tungsten electrode and the specimen was carefully adjusted to be 1.0 mm (0.04 in.) for each test. The argon shielding gas flow rate was 35 cfh (16.5L/min.) with 10 s pre-and postweld purges.

The welding electrode and round plate specimens were placed in a 80 mm (3.15 in.) diameter and 100 mm (3.93 in.) high stainless steel cylindrical chamber which was filled with argon to shield the weld pool surface from oxidation during welding and during cooling after the arc was turned off. The welding unit current control was set to 200 A for all tests. Measurements of the current and voltage across the arc yielded 200.2 A and 17 ± 0.3 volts (V), respectively.

Temperature histories for five Type 304 stainless steel specimens were recorded at five different radial locations, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mm (0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12 and 0.16 in.) from the weld center line. Because of the narrower and deeper

fusion zone of Type 303S stainless steel, temperature histories were recorded at only three different radial locations, i.e., 0, 1, 2 mm (0, 0.04 and 0.08 in.) from the weld centerline.

Tracings of oscillograph records of representative optical pyrometer responses for Types 304 and 303S stainless steel are shown in Fig. 3. The Type 304 stainless steel record is typical of the cooling of molten metal with solidification and then cooling of the solid. The occurrence of solidification is clearly evident for Type 304 where the temperature is almost constant for about 0.5 s.

In contrast, the curve for Type 303S stainless steel suggests that the temperature did not rise much above the melting temperature. The nearly horizontal portion of the curve is interpreted as the solidification period. The second peak of the curve is attributed to oxidation of the material which has just solidified. Quantitative interpretation of these records will be discussed in the following sections.

Cross sections of the weld regions in both stainless steels are shown in Fig. 4. The fusion zone in the Type 304 is relatively wide and shallow, while that in the Type 303S is narrower and about 100% deeper. Also, there is a slight rise at the center of the Type 304 stainless steel specimen, but a small depression at the center of the Type 303S stainless steel specimen. The different flow patterns proposed by Heiple and Roper (Ref. 3) shown in Fig. 5 provide a very logical explanation for the results presented in Figs. 3 and 4.

Interpretation of Experimental Data

Surface Temperatures from Pyrometer Output

The pyrometer output is proportional

to the energy flux at an effective wavelength of 1.526 (im (0.00006 in.) from a circular spot approximately 0.04 inch (1.0 mm) in diameter. The spectral intensity can be assumed to be equal to the blackbody spectral intensity ix multiplied by a spectral emittance ex. To determine the real surface temperature Ts, the blackbody temperature Tt,, which produces the same pyrometer DC potential, is determined from the pyrometer calibration curve. This temperature is referred to as the radiant temperature Tr. Equating the energy flux from the actual surface to that from a black surface at Tt, and solving for Ts yields:

T5 = 1/[(X/C2) hex + 1/Tr] (1)

where C2 is the second Planck constant (1.4387 X 104 Mm K). All of the quantities in this equation are known except ex-4

Since no data for ex were available, applicable values were determined from the experimental curves and additional measurements. At the almost horizontal region of a typical cooling curve (Fig. 3), the surface temperature is known to decrease from the liquidus to the solidus temperature. The mean radiant temperature Tr during this change can be determined from the pyrometer output record and the pyrometer calibration curve.

Using equation (1), the spectral emittance was calculated by substituting a

4This procedure yields an average value for the temperature over the 0.040 in. (1 mm) diameter spot viewed by the pyrometer probe. Maximum temperature changes across the spots viewed by the pyrometer were estimated from a predicted surface temperature distribution at arc termination to vary from 15"C (59°F) at the weld pool center to around 160°C (320°F) near the weld pool edge.

378-s I DECEMBER 1984

Table 1—Chemical Compositions of Stainless Steel Welding Specimens, %

®

WELDING DIRECTION

w Fig. 5 —Proposed fluid flow on and below the weld pool surface: A —negative surface tension temperature coefficient; B—positive surface tension temperature coefficient (Ref. 3)

melting temperature TM equal to the average of the solidus and liquidus temperatures, (Tso| 4- T,)/2, for TS/ the mean radiant temperature Tr described above and the effective 1.526 Mm wave length for X. This yielded a value of ex = 0.39, which agrees with the value obtained by Shintaku ef al. (Ref. 5) for Type 304 stainless steel in an electron beam welding chamber.

Test specimens were covered with a cylindrical chamber (Fig. 1) which was filled with the argon normally supplied by the welding unit for gas tungsten arc shielding. This procedure apparently inhibited surface oxidation up until the time solidification occurred. However, postweld examination of the surfaces indicated some oxidation of both types of specimens. Measurements of the normal spectral emittances with a spectro-photometer yielded values of around 0.7. This oxidation may have resulted from a small concentration of oxygen in the argon (about 20 ppm). A second possibility is that some air reached the surface when the electrode was raised. It is also apparent in Fig. 3 that more rapid oxidation of Type 303S stainless steel occurred after solidification than with the Type 304 stainless steel. This is probably due to the higher concentrations of manganese and silicon in the Type 303S material —Table 1.

To account for surface oxidation, gradually increasing spectral emittances were

used to evaluate the surface temperature histories in the solid state of both materials. e\ was taken to vary from 0.37 to 0.39 for the molten state and approximately linearly with time from 0.39 to 0.6 and from 0.39 to 0.7, respectively, for Types 304 and 303S stainless steel in the solid state.

The accuracy of the calibration equipment was approximately ± 1 % (about ±20°C or 36 °F in this case) and that of the oscillograph was also ± 1 % . The pyrometer has a temperature resolution of ± 1 - 2 % (or about ±20-40° C, i.e., 36-72 °F). In the evaluation of the surface temperature, it was found that an error of 10% in ex caused a difference of around 1% for Ts. Therefore, the accuracy of the experimental surface temperatures was estimated to be approximately ± 4 - 5 % (±80-100°C or 144-180°F). Measurements of the fusion zone profile were estimated to be accurate within about ± 3 % (0.1 mm or 0.004 in.).

Accounting for Pyrometer Time Response

Sudden exposure of the pyrometer sensing element to the center of the molten weld pool resulted in the pyrometer output rising in about 0.1 s to an indicated maximum temperature of around 1560°C (2840°F)-Fig. 3. During this time period, the surface rapidly cooled from its maximum value to the value of about 1560°C (2840°F). In the

Cr Ni Mn Si C S

Type 303S

-^19.0 -vIO.O

2.00 1.00 0.08 0.32

Type 304

17.18 9.09 1.05 0.44 0.056 0.015

next 0.1 s period, the pyrometer output decreased about 100°C (180°F) and during solidification the rate of decrease was around 50°C (90°F) in about 0.2 s intervals. These changes were small compared to the initial rise during the first 0.1 s; hence, after this the pyrometer measurements were considered to be close to the actual surface temperature variation. This was also true after solidification since the rate of change was then much slower.

To estimate the surface temperature variation during initial rapid cooling, the pyrometer response was investigated by exposing it to several step changes over the output range occurring in the experimental measurements. The output was found to be essentially exponential and could be described with a single average time constant of T = 0.09 s. The reason for this relatively simple result is hypothesized to be due to the fact that the primary factor controlling the transient behavior of the pyrometer was the amplifier response. The delay introduced by the radiation detector is apparently negligible in comparison. The actual surface temperature variation was then estimated with the above value of T using time steps of 0.025 s. Details are given in Ref. 6.

Temperature Variation Predictions

To provide some knowledge about the temperature rise during the heating period and the peak surface temperatures reached, a two-dimensional finite difference computer program was developed. A Gaussian heat flux distribution given by:

q(r) = ( 3 Q / * r2)exp[-3(r/r)2 ] (2)

was assumed; here q(r) is the local heat flux at radius r from the arc centerline, Q is the arc power times the efficiency, and r the radius within which 95% of the energy is transferred.

The variations of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity with temperature were included. Melting or solidification over the range from the solidus temperature TSOi to the liquidus temperature T( was accounted for by expressing

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1379-s

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

For

kj/ks = 4.0

k|/k s = 2.5 k|/ks = 3.0

k | / ks = Ratio of Liquid to

Solid Thermal Conductivity

_L _L J_

T

Experimental Predicted k| Extrapolated

3.5 .

1600

1500

1400

1300

120C

-I ' ' ' -\\\\ Experimental Vi\. Predicted « & k | , k s = 3.5

^ V

For \

k,/ks = 4.0 V

y ^ = 3,o \ k,/ ks = 2.5 \

k | / k s = Ratio of Liquid to \

Solid Thermal Conductivity \

@ 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 _ 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

( B ) Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds

Fig. 6 -Experimental and predicted surface temperature variations at center of stationary GTA weld in Type 304 stainless steel

energy storage in terms of enthalpy. The effect of convec t ion was approx imated by specifying the thermal conduct iv i ty of the mo l ten liquid t o be several t imes the value of the solid at its mel t ing temperature . A l though this is no t an accurate representat ion o f convect ive effects, it reduces the p rob lem to heat transfer by conduc t ion only, and the transient fusion zone prof i le can be determined f r o m the calculated tempera tu re distr ibut ions. This is in contrast t o the analysis descr ibed by Orepe r ef al. (Ref. 4) w h o specif ied the fusion zone as a boundary condi t ion.

The 3.0 in. (76.2 mm) d iameter and %e in. (4.76 mm) thick specimens w e r e d i v ided into 288 vo lume elements, each w i t h 0.031 in. (0.794 mm) radial and dep th dimensions. An implicit solut ion technique was used w i th a t ime step of 0.05 s. Radiation heat loss f r o m the upper surface was specif ied; the other surfaces

w e r e taken to be adiabatic. Addi t ional details and a listing o f the p rogram are g iven by W e i (Ref. 6).

Results a n d Discussion

Interpretat ions of the exper imental records f r o m the Type 304 stainless steel tests, as descr ibed previously, are presented in Figs. 6 - 1 0 ; numerically p red ic ted tempera tu re variations are also inc luded.

Comparison of Predicted and Experimental Results for Type 304 Stainless Steel

Compu te r p rog ram calculations w e r e made fo r a series o f values of:

1. Arc eff ic iency 17. 2. Radius o f the heated region r. 3. The ef fect ive thermal conduct iv i ty

k| of the l iquid.

Specimen thermal propert ies selected f r o m the l i terature (Refs. 7, 8) are listed be low :

p = density = 493.1 (!b>m/ft3) ks = thermal conduct iv i ty o f solid

= 8.4 + 0.0038 (T - T0) (Btu/h- f t°F)

k| = thermal conduct iv i ty of l iquid = (KR)ks at the melt ing tempera

ture w h e r e KR is the conduct iv i ty rat io, and :

cps = specific heat of solid = 0 . 1 1 5 5 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 5 (T - T 0 )

(Btu/ lb-°F) cp = specific heat of l iquid

= 0.20055 (Btu/ lb °F) hf = latent heat o f fusion

= 117.62 (Btu/ lb) TSOi = solidus tempera tu re

= 1400°C (2552°F) t, = liquidus tempera tu re

= 1455°C(2651°F )

1500

1400

1300

1200

1100

k | / k . = Ratio ol Liquid to Solid Thermal Conductivity

• Experimental • Extrapolated -Predicted k. /k s

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds

Fig. 7—Experimental and predicted surface temperature variations 1.0 mm from center of stationary GTA weld in Type 304 stainless steel during cooling

1500

1400

1300

1200

1100

1

_\J

-

-

1 1 1

Extrapolated

V Predicted k / k =3.5

N\ \

k | / KS = Ratio of Liquid to V \

Solid Thermal Conductivity ^ x "

, , ,N 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0


Fig. 8 — Experimental and predicted surface temperature variations 2.0 mm from center of stationary GTA weld in Type 304 stainless steel during cooling

1500

1400

1300

1200

1100

i

-

\ ?

k , / k s

Solid

1 1 Experimental

Extrapolated

Predicted k.

\

NaN = Ratio of Liquid to

thermal Conductivity

1 1

1

ks = 3 . 5 ~

-

-

Ks 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Time Fron Arc Initiation-Seconds

Fig. 9 — Experimental and predicted surface temperature variations 3.0 mm from center of stationary GTA we/din Type 304 stainless steel during cooling

380-s I DECEMBER 1 9 8 4

o

1

1

1500

1400

1300

1200

1100

$ \.

>

1 1 1 Experimental

Predicted k j / L = 3.5

-

k | / k s = Ratio of Liquid to

Solid Thermal Conductivity

\ \ \ \

\ \ -

, \ \ I 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0


Fig. 10' — Experimental and predicted surface temperature variations 4.0 mm from center of stationary GTA weld in Type 304 stainless steel during cooling

Selection of applicable values for the arc efficiency T), the heated region radius r, and the effective thermal conductivity of the liquid k| = (KR)ks was based on obtaining agreement between the experimental and predicted width and depth of the fusion zone. Results showed that the arc efficiency and the heated region radius had stronger effects on the depth of the fusion zone than did the effective liquid thermal conductivity. However, k| did significantly influence the maximum surface temperature. Since the maximum heat flux [see equation (2)] varies inversely with r, the fusion depth decreased rapidly with increasing r, while the width decreased less rapidly. Although surface temperature distributions were also lowered, they were less sensitive to increasing r than was the maximum fusion depth.

Observation of results lead to the selection of r = 5.9 mm to achieve matching of the experimental fusion zone width. This location coincided with the radius of the discolored area on the

Experimental

Predicted

0 1 2 3 4 5

Distance From Centerpoint - rr,m

Fig. 11 -Predicted and experimental weld pool profiles of Type 304 stainless steel

o

cu CL E <1)

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300

1200

k" "

4JLr303S

1 1 1 1

1 ' '

*̂N**̂ J *̂ —

1 , .

1 ' 1

* " ^ ^

I . 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

- 3 0 3

-304

— Extrapolated

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

\ \ \ \

\ \

i i i i K \

T ~

-

—

—

—

1

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds Fig. 12 — Experimental surface temperature variation at center of stationary GTA welds in Types 304 and 303S stainless steel

heated surface outside the fusion region. With this value for r, good agreement between the predicted and the experimental fusion zone profiles was achieved with r) = 40% and KR = 3.5 as shown in Fig. 11. The differences near the outer edge and near the bottom are due to the inadequate modeling of the effect of convective heat transfer. A value of 40% for 17 is noted to be in the upper part of the range of values for GTA welding reported by Christensen et al. (Ref. 11) for an arc power of around 3.4 kW.

Predicted temperature variations at the weld pool center for values of the conductivity ratio KR equal to 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and an arc efficiency of 40 percent are presented in Fig. 6. As can be noted, the main effect of changing KR is on the peak surface temperature reached at the end of the welding period. This value decreases from about 2150 to 1880°C (3902 to 3416°F) as KR increases from 2.5 to 4.0.

The best agreement between measured and predicted fusion zone widths (Fig. 11) was obtained with KR = 3.5. This value is consistent with values found by other investigators (Ref. 9), and it yielded a predicted peak surface temperature of 1950°C (3542°F), which is within 50°C (90°F) of the value of 2000°C (3632°F)

estimated from the pyrometer response. Changing KR did not have a large effect on the predicted fusion zone geometry. Note that good agreement between the experimental and the predicted values at locations of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mm (0.04, 0.08, 0.12, and 0.16 in.) from the center (see Figs. 7-10) was also achieved with KR = 3.5. The differences are within 5%.

Two of the thermocouples mounted in the weld specimens under the surface provided measurements up to the end of the arc heating period and indicated peak temperatures around 1750°C (3182°F). The junctions were located about 0.8 mm (0.03 in.) below the heated surface. A linear estimate of the surface temperature based on the melting temperature at the penetration depth of 2.4 mm (0.09 in.) yielded a value of 1900°C (3452°F). Recognizing that the effective location of the thermocouple junction is not very precise, this value is considered to add support to the estimated peak value of around 2000° C (3632 °F).

Surface Temperature Results for Type 303S

Interpretations of the Type 303S stainless steel experimental records are shown in Figs. 12-14. The experimental results


o o

•4—'

re o. CO

1—

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300

1200

i i—r

\

1 \

1 1 l_

1 1 1 1 1 !

303S

1 ' '

304

Extrapolated

1 1 1 1 1 1

\ \ \ \

1

1 1 .

' ' l

a \

\ \ \ \ \ \

i i \ i \

T—|—

-

—

' "

o o

a>

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300

1200

L , , , , ,

\

\

\ a \

_ i _ i i_ i 1

i—i—n—1—i—i—i—r"TT

304 Extrapolated

^ ^

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

. , . 1 . . , ,v4\

- 1 -

—

-

' 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds Fig. 13 —Experimental surface temperature variation 1.0 mm from center of stationary GTA welds in Types 304 and 303S stainless steel

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Time From Arc Initiation-Seconds Fig. 14 — Experimental surface temperature variation 2.0 mm from center of stationary GTA welds in Types 304 and 303S stainless steel

for Type 304 stainless steel are also included for comparison.

As indicated in Fig. 12, the temperature of Type 303S stainless steel did not rise much above the melting temperature. This means that the molten pool surface temperature distributions should be different for Type 303S compared to Type 304 stainless steel welds.

Figure 4 shows the sharp contrast between the weld fusion zones in Types 303S and 304 stainless steel. The approximately 100% greater joint penetration in Type 3Q3S stainless steel indicated that the flow of molten metal was inward rather than outward as suggested in Fig. 5. This difference in f low direction is attributed to the relatively high concentration of the surface active element sulfur in Type 303S stainless steel —Table 1.

Extrapolation of the experimental curve (as described in a previous section) for Type 303S stainless steel in Fig. 12 indicated that the peak surface temperature at the weld pool center was around 1700-1750°C (3092-3182°F); this was about 250°C (450°F) lower than that for the Type 304 stainless steel welds.

The extrapolated peak surface temperature was verified indirectly by measurements with AWG no. 40 platinum-platinum 13% rhodium thermocouples mounted in 0.062 in. (1.57 mm) diameter ceramic tubes and installed in the specimens about 0.030 in. (0.762 mm) from the top surface right under the weld pool

center. Linear extrapolation of the measured peak temperature of 1550°C (2882 °F) from the melting temperature at the maximum penetration depth of 4.0 mm (0.16 in.) yielded a surface temperature of 1650°C (3002°F), which is in reasonable agreement with the value of 1750°C.

In view of the lower peak surface temperature for Type 303S stainless steel, calculations with the computer program were made with higher values of the conductivity ratio KR as suggested by the trend of the results shown in Fig. 6A. With values of KR = 6, r, = 40%, and r = 5.9 mm or 0.23 in. (this was the radius of the discolored region which was about the same as for the Type 304 stainless steel specimens), the predicted peak surface temperature was approximately 1750°C (3182°F).

Although this is in satisfactory agreement with the measurements, the predicted fusion zone was not in good agreement with the experimental. The maximum width predicted at the surface was about 9.2 mm (0.36 in.). This is 15% greater than the 8.0 mm (0.31 in.) shown in Fig. 4. The disagreement in penetration depth was even greater. The measured value was about 4.0 mm (0.16 in.), which is 60% greater than the predicted. This indicates that the use of a fictitiously high liquid thermal conductivity does not account properly for convection in the weld zone of Type 303S stainless steel.

In several cases when thermocouples

were installed in the Type 303S stainless steel specimens, a very rapid initial pyrometer response occurred (i.e., a rise to a maximum of 1700°C (3092°F) in about 0.05 s). Postweld inspection of these specimens revealed that a central depression had developed and indicated that the top of the ceramic tube had been exposed to direct heating of the welding arc. This could have been caused by a central flow as described above — Fig. 5. This result also adds strong support to the surface tension mechanism proposed by Heiple and Roper (Ref. 3).

Conclusion: Comparison With Other Results

The measurements described in this paper indicate that surface convection has an effect on weld pool surface temperature distribution. It is recognized, however, that the results presented are for relatively large differences in the sulfur concentration. A point of particular interest is whether the central region temperatures are higher, or lower when the surface flow changes from an outward to an inward direction.

As mentioned in the Introduction, higher central temperatures were predicted by Oreper ef al. (Ref. 4) when the surface tension of the liquid increased with temperature. However, this could have been influenced by the assumption of a fixed liquid-solid boundary profile {i.e., possible change in penetration was not accounted

382-s | DECEMBER 1984

for). Although the opposite trend was found in the present experiments, this may have been due to exceptionally strong surface convection. Additional measurements using a series of specimens with surface-active element concentrations varying in selected steps over the range of interest should be made. The possibility of improving pyrometer response should also be investigated.

The peak central temperature in Type 304 stainless steel indicated by the measurements was around 2000°C (3632°F). Based on absolute temperatures, this is approximately 1.3 times the melting temperature. Results presented by Oreper ef al. (Ref. 4) showed central region isotherms of over 1.6 times the melting temperature for a carbon steel. Recent weld pool temperature measurements by Sundell ef al. (Ref. 10), during bead-on-plate GTA welding in ]A in. (6.4 mm) thick carbon steel plates, using 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) tungsten-tungsten rhenium thermocouples, and located approximately 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) below the surface, indicated average peak central temperatures of around 3100°F (1700°C). Assuming the surface temperature to be about 150°C (270°F) higher, the ratio of the peak surface temperature to the melt temperature is about 1.2; this is consistent with present results. Thermocouple measurements in spot welds of approximately 8 s duration in Type 304 stainless steel were also presented by Sundell ef al. (Ref. 10). The peak value recorded was 2700°F (1480°C). This is

only about 25 °C (45 °F) above the liquidus temperature and appears to be low.

The effect of sulfur addition was also investigated in the study reported by Sundell ef al. (Ref. 10). FeS2 powder was added in a small hole drilled in Type 304 stainless steel weld specimens. An oscillating thermocouple output was obtained with indicated peak temperatures of around 3000°F (1650°C). This is similar in magnitude to the results obtained in this study for Type 303S stainless steel.

Since inward surface fluid f low was observed in these tests, it is possible that the thermocouple probe introduced some disturbance and that conditions immediately above the ceramic support tube varied with time. Further study to investigate this hypothesis is recommended.

Acknowledgment

The assistance of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in supplying the material for the SS-304 test specimens is gratefully acknowledged.

References

1. Glickstein, S. S., and Yeniscavich, W. 1977 (May). A review of minor element effects on the welding arc and weld penetration. WRC bulletin 226. New York: Welding Research Council.

2. Heiple, C. R., and Roper, I. R. 1981. Effects of minor elements on GTAW fusion

zone shape. Trends in welding research in the United States, ed. S. A. David, pp. 489-522. Metals Park, Ohio: American Society for Metals.

3. Heiple, C. R., and Roper, |. R. 1982. Mechanism for minor element effect on GTA fusion zone geometry. Welding journal 61 (4): 97-s to 102-s.

4. Oreper, G. M., Eagar, T. W., and Szeke-ly, J. 1983. Convection in arc weld pools. Welding journal 62 (3): 307-s to 312-s.

5. Shintaku, S. M „ Giedt, W. H., and Schauer, D. A. 1978. Surface temperatures in electron beam welding cavities. Sixth international heat transfer conference, vol. 4, 85-90. Washington, D. C: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.

6. Wei, X.-C. 1983. Weld zone temperature variation during stationary GTA welding. MS thesis, University of California, Davis.

7. Goldsmith, A., Waterman, T. E., and Hirschhorn, H. ). 1961. Handbook of thermo-physical properties of solid materials, revised edition, vol. 2. New York: MacMillan Co.

8. Lyman, T., ed. 1964. Properties and selection of metals. Metals handbook, vol. 1. Metals Park, Ohio: American Society for Metals.

9. Kou, S., Kanevsky, T., and Fyfitch, S. 1982. Welding thin plates of aluminum alloys —a quantitative heat f low analysis. Welding Journal bl (6): 175-s to 181-s.

10. Sundell, R. E., Solomon, H. D., Harris, L. P., Wojcik, L. A., Savage, W. F., and Walsh, D. W. 1983 (Dec). Minor element effects on gas tungsten arc weld penetration. Interim report, NSF contract no. MEA-8208950. General Electric Co.

11. Christensen, N., Davies, V., and Gjer-mundsen, K. 1965. The distribution of temperature in arc welding. British Welding Journal 12 (2): 54-75.

WRC Bulletin 294 May 1984

Creep of Bolted Flanged Connections by H. Kraus and W. Rosenkrans

In this report, a previous analysis of the creep of bolted flanged connections by E. 0 . Waters is extended to include strain hardening creep and an unspecified distr ibution of stress over the flange rings. The results are compared to a finite element analysis and to results obtained with Waters' equations.

Short Term Creep and Relaxation Behavior of Gaskets by A. Bazergui

This report presents the results of short te rm creep tests at constant stress levels, cyclic creep tests, and relaxation tests for four types of gaskets.

Publication of this bulletin was sponsored by the Subcommit tee on Bolted Flanged Connections of the Pressure Vessel Research Commit tee of the Welding Research Council. The price of WRC Bulletin 294 is $12.75 per copy plus $5.00 for postage and handling. Orders should be sent with payment to the Welding Research Council, Room 1301 , 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017.


WELDING JOURNAL INDEX VOLUME 63—1984

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY, P.O. BOX 351040, Miami, FL 33135

Part 1—WELDING JOURNAL

SUBJECT INDEX

Aluminum Alloy 5052, Laser-CTA Welding o f - T . P. Diebold and C. E. Albright, 18 to 24 (Jun).

•Aluminum Armor Weldments Earns Patent and Award, Test f o r - B . Lessels, 62 (Dec).

Aluminum, Effects of Contact Resistance in Resistance Welding o f - U . D. Mallya, 41 to 44 (Feb).

•Aluminum Sports Tubing, High Frequency System Keys Switch from Seamless to Welded — 49 (Aug).

Aluminum Spot Welds Observed by Electrical Measurements, Flaws i n - R . L. Cohen and K. W. West, 21 to 23 (Aug).

Aluminum under Vacuum, Process Control Criteria for Brazi n g - W . L. Winterbottom, 33 to 39 (Oct).

Aluminum with Variable Polarity Power, Keyhole Plasma Arc Welding of — M. Tomsic and S. Barhorst, 25 to 32 (Feb).

American Workplace — Are We Ready? Welding Robots in t h e - ) . Weber, P. Schmitt, and M. Bock, 23 to 33 (Nov).

Arc Control with Pulsed GMA Welding —W. C. Essers and M. R. M. Van Compel, 26 to 32 (Jun).

Arc Strikes on Steels Used in Nuclear Construction, The Effects o f - S . H. Van Malssen, 29 to 37 (Jul).

Arc Welding Robot —A Guide to Equipment and Features, Selecting Your First —J. Hanright, 40 to 45 (Nov).

*Arc Welding Robot Finds the Angle to Success at Crawler Plant-53 (Nov).

*Arc Welding System Boosts Tractor Assembly Production, Robot ic -60 to 61 (Nov).

Attracting, Training and Qualifying NDT Personnel - R. L. Hold-ren, 18 to 20 (Aug).

•Auto Components, Temperature Indicating Crayons Ease Repair of High Strength Steel — 52 (Apr).

•Automaker, Programmable Spot Welding Controls Assure Flexibility for —54 (Nov).

Automated GMAW Process, Components for the —A. H. Kuhne, B. Frassek, and G. Starke, 31 to 34 (Jan).

•Automatic Plasma Arc Hardfacing Smooths the Way for Valve M a k e r - 6 3 (Jun).

•Automatic Shape Cutting Equipment, Steel Service Center Enters Computer Age With — 57 to 58 (Jan).

*Auto Radiators, Improved Solder Alloy Enhances —J. W. Lane and D. T. Brennan, 41 to 45 (Oct).

*Auto Underbodies, Transport/Positioning Systems Speed Assembly of —56 to 57 (Nov).

*A Practical Welder article

*Battery Trays, Smallest Diameter Flux Cored Wire Passes Acid Test o n - 5 8 to 61 (Mar).

•Boat Yard, Welding Electrode Means Smooth Sailing for Florida - P. Schmitt, 48 (Oct).

Boiler Support Steel, Inspection of Fabricated — E. R. Holby, 25 to 38 (Aug).

Brazing Aluminum under Vacuum, Process Control Criteria f o r - W . L. Winterbottom, 33 to 39 (Oct).

Brazing and Soldering Machines, Short-Run, Multiple Product — C. A. Napor and A. G. Forbes, 23 to 25 (Oct).

Brazing Foils, Rapidly Solidified Copper-Phosphorus Base —A. Datta, A. Rabinkin, and D. Bose, 14 to 21 (Oct).

Brazing of Laser Beam Cut Stainless Steel, Nickel —J. R. Thyssen, 26 to 30 (Oct).

Brazing of Small Diameter Copper Wires to Laminated Copper Circuit Boards, Laser Beam —T. A. Jones and C. E. Albright, 34 to 47 (Dec).

Bridge Structures, Examination and Repair of —A.W. Pense, R. Dias, and J. W. Fisher, 19 to 25 (Apr).

•Bumper Production, Robot Goes the Distance in — 50 (Nov).

Calculating Cooling Rates by Computer Programming —O. W. Blodgett, 19 to 34 (Mar).

Chemical Plant Piping Systems, Repair Welding of Refinery a n d - H . W. Ebert, 18 to 23 (Feb).

Clinch River Modular Steam Generator Tube-to-Tubesheet and Shell Closure Welding - D . P. Viri and W. F. Iceland, 18 to 21 (Jun).

Coaxial Arc Weld Pool Viewing for Process Monitoring and Control —R. W. Richardson, A. Gutow, R. A. Anderson, and D. F. Farson, 43 to 50 (Mar).

*Codes and Specifications, Welding and Inspection: Looking Beyond —R. Johnson, 62 (Mar).

•Collecting System's Unusual Design, Welding Fumes Controlled at Source by —55 to 56 (Jan).

•College Welding Department Survey Proves a Blueprint for the Future-L. Defreitas, 59 to 60 (Jun).

Components for the Automated GMAW Process —A. H. Kuhne, B. Frassek, and G. Starke, 31 to 34 (Jan).

•Computerized Plasma Arc Cutting Speeds Production of Sheet Metal Fitt ings-49 (Sep).

Computer Programming, Calculating Cooling Rates by —O. W. Blodgett, 19 to 34 (Mar).

•Computer To Solve Typical Layout Problems, Using The Business and Personal — R. E. Yates and C. Day, 46 to 47 (Feb).

•Consumable Spacer Simplifies GTAW Pipe Welding —R. W. Von Ahrens, 55 (Jul).

Cooling Rates by Computer Programming, Calculating —O. W. Blodgett, 19 to 34 (Mar).

Copper-Phosphorus Base Brazing Foils, Rapidly Solidified —A. Datta, A. Rabinkin, and D. Bose, 14 to 21 (Oct).

Cracking in Thick Sections of Austenitic Stainless Steels — Part I, Heat-Affected Zone -R . D. Thomas, Jr., 24 to 32 (Dec).

•Crayons Ease Repair of High Strength Steel Auto Components, Temperature Indicating —52 (Apr).

•Dock Repair Demands Extensive Hyperbaric Welding, Underwater - 54 (Aug).

Eddy Current Testing of Welded Tubing, Production — B. Roberts, 41 to 44 (Aug).

Effects of Arc Strikes on Steels Used in Nuclear Construction — S. H. Van Malssen, 29 to 37 (Jul).

Effects of Contact Resistance in Resistance Welding of Alumin u m - U . D. Mallya, 41 to 44 (Feb).

•Electrode Means Smooth Sailing for Florida Boat Yard, Weldi ng -P . Schmitt, 48 (Oct).

Electrodes at Extended Exposure Times, Evaluation of Moisture-Resistant E70XX-L. P. Earvolino, 36 to 38 (Mar).

•Electrode Saves Washing Machine Production Time, Metal Powder Continuous —53 to 54 (Jan).

•Electrode's Low Temperature Strength Buoys Geophysical Vibrators - 49 to 50 (Feb).

•Electron Beam Welding —Application and Equipment Improvements—). Powers, 39 to 40 (May).

•Electron Beam Welding, Jet Engine Blade Rejects Nosedive Unde r -47 to 48 (Sep).

•Electron Beam Welding On the Mark for Specialty Motor Designer —64 (Jun).

Electron Beam Welding, The Origin and Effects of Magnetic Fields in — P. J. Blakeley and A. Sanderson, 42 to 49 (Jan).

Electroslag Welding, High Speed — F. Eichhom, J. Remmel, and B. Wubbels, 37 to 41 (Jan).

•End Mills' Cutting Edge, Robotics Maintains —50 to 51 (Apr). •Engine Blade Rejects Nosedive Under Electron Beam Welding,

Jet - 47 to 48 (Sep). Evaluation of Moisture-Resistant E70XX Electrodes at Extended

Exposure Times —L. P. Earvolino, 36 to 38 (Mar). Examination and Repair of Bridge Structures —A. W. Pense, R.

Dias, and J. W. Fisher, 19 to 25 (Apr). •Extinguishers Combat Welding Fires, Various —A. W. Krulee,

46 to 47 (Oct).

Fabrication of a Tantalum Neutral Source Heat Exchanger — R. D. Dixon, H. M. Crane, T. L. Crisler, and V. Vigil, 43 to 44 (Apr).

Factory-of-the-Future, Robotic Welding in the —J. Lee, 35 to 37 (Nov).

•FCAW Speeds High-Rise Construction, Self-Shielded - 47 to 49 (Apr).

Field Heat Treatment of Small Diameter Carbon Steel Valves —J. I. Danis, 29 to 30 (May).

Flaws in Aluminum Spot Welds Observed by Electrical Measurements-R. L. Cohen and K. W. West, 21 to 23 (Aug).

•Flux Cored Wire Passes Acid Test on Battery Trays, Smallest Diameter-58 to 61 (Mar).

Four-Pole Oscillation, Reducing Hot-Short Cracking in Iridium GTA Welds Using —J. D. Scarbrough and C. E. Burgan (jun).


•Fumes Controlled at Source by Collecting System's Unusual Design, Welding —55 to 56 (Jan).

•Gas Metal Arc Welding?, How Difficult Is It to Lea rn -M . J. Gellerman, 41 (May).

•Geophysical Vibrators, Electrode's Low Temperature Strength Buoys-49 to 50 (Feb).

GMA Spot Welding of Copper-Nickel to Steel, Pulsed-L. W. Sandor, 35 to 50 (Jun).

GMA Welding, Arc Control with Pulsed-W. G. Essers and M. R. M. Van Gompel, 26 to 32 (Jun).

GMAW Process, Components for the Automated —A. H. Kuhne, B. Frassek, and G. Starke, 31 to 34 (Jan).

GTA Welding of Aluminum Alloy 5052, Laser-T. P. Diebold and C. E. Albright, 18 to 24 (Jun).

•GTA Welding on Desert Pipeline Project, Teamwork Tests Automat ic -D. C. Ellis, 53 to 54 (Jul).

GTA Welds Using Four-Pole Oscillation, Reducing Hot-Short Cracking in Iridium —J. D. Scarbrough and C. E. Burgan, 54 to 56 (Jun).

•GTAW Pipe Welding, Consumable Spacer Simplifies —R. W. Von Ahrens, 55 (Jul).

•Hardfacing Smooths the Way for Valve Maker, Automatic Plasma —63 (Jun).

Health Standards and Regulations, Welding —O. J. Fisher, 21 to 24 (Sep).

Heat-Affected Zone Cracking in Thick Sections of Austenitic Stainless Steels-Part l - R . D. Thomas, Jr., 24 to 32 (Dec).

Heat Exchanger, Fabrication of a Tantalum Neutral Source —R. D. Dixon, H. M. Crane, T. L. Crisler, and V. Vigil, 43 to 44 (Apr).

Heat Treatment of Small Diameter Carbon Steel Valves, Field — J. I. Danis, 29 to 30 (May).

High Capacity Robots in Demanding Resistance Welding Applications—J. S. Messer, 46 to 49 (Nov).

•High Frequency System Keys Switch from Seamless to Welded Aluminum Sports Tubing —49 (Aug).

•High Frequency Welded Beams, Strong, Lightweight Ship Panels Fabricated from — 43 (May).

High Speed Electroslag Welding —F. Eichhorn, J. Remmel, and B. Wubbels, 37 to 41 (Jan).

•High Strength Steel Auto Components, Temperature Indicating Crayons Ease Repair of —52 (Apr).

Homopolar Pulse Upset Welding of API X-60 High Strength Line P ipe-T. A. Aanstoos and J. M. Weldon, 23 to 28 (Jul).

Hot-Short Cracking in Iridium GTA Welds Using Four-Pole Oscillation, Reducing-). D. Scarbrough and C. E. Burgan, 54 to 56 (Jun).

•How Difficult Is It to Learn Gas Metal Arc We ld ing? -M. J. Gellerman, 41 (May).

How Plasma Arc Cutting Gases Affect Productivity —W. S. Severance and D. G. Anderson, 35 to 39 (Feb).

•Hydraulics Save Time by Preventing Inaccurate Bends —35 (Feb).

•Hyperbaric Welding, Underwater Dock Repair Demands Extensive — 54 (Aug).

•Improved Solder Alloy Enhances Auto Radiators —J. W. Lane and D. T. Brennan, 41 to 45 (Oct).

Improving Welder Performance through Management Quality Teams — E. G. Hornberger and W. B. Flowers, 17 to 19 (Sep).

•Industrial Robotics and the Japanese Market: A Primer —62 to 63 (Nov).

•Inspection: Looking Beyond Codes and Specifications, Welding and — R. Johnson, 62 (Mar).

Inspection of Fabricated Boiler Support Steel — E. R. Holby, 25 to 38 (Aug).

Inspection of Welds, Underwater Magnetic Particle —W. C. Chedister, 24 to 26 (May).

•Japanese Market: A Primer, Industrial Robotics and the —62 to 63 (Nov).

•Jet Engine Blade Rejects Nosedive Under Electron Beam Weld ing-47 to 48 (Sep).

•Jet Engine Parts, Precision Buildup Method Draws A Bead on Condemned —M. Tecklenburg, 51 to 52 (Jul).

Keyhole Plasma Arc Welding of Aluminum with Variable Polarity Power —M. Tomsic and S. Barhorst, 25 to 32 (Feb).

Laser Beam Brazing on Small Diameter Copper Wires to Laminated Copper Circuit Boards —T. A. Jones and C. E. Albright, 34 to 47 (Dec).

Laser Beam Cut Stainless Steel, Nickel Brazing of — J. R. Thyssen, 26 to 30 (Oct).

Laser Beam Welds, Mechanical Properties of — E. A. Metzbower, P. E. Denney, F. W. Fraser and D. W. Moon, 39 to 43 (Jul).

Laser-GTA Welding of Aluminum Alloy 5052 — T. P. Diebold and C. E. Albright, 18 to 24 (Jun).

•Lift Crane Boom, Weld Metal Stretches W i t h - 4 4 to 45 (Sep).

Line Pipe, Homopolar Pulse Upset Welding of API X-60 High Strength —T. A. Aanstoos and J. M. Weldon, 23 to 28 (Jul).

Magnetic Fields in Electron Beam Welding, The Origin and Effects o f - P . J. Blakeley and A. Sanderson, 42 to 49 (Jan).

Magnetic Particle Inspection of Welds, Underwater —W. C. Chedister, 24 to 26 (May).

•Material Planning System to Reduce Inventory, Welding Equipment Firm Uses New —55 to 56 (Feb).

Mechanical Properties of Laser Beam Welds —E. A. Metzbower, P. E. Denney, F. W. Fraser and D. W. Moon, 39 to 43 CM).

•Metal Powder Continuous Electrode Saves Washing Machine Production Time —53 to 54 (Jan).

Microtracking of Edge Welds on Welded Metal Bellows, Optica l -R . R. Larsen, 19 to 23 (May).

•Minnesota Welder Builds Mini-Sub for Great Lakes Shipwreck Venture-J. Weber, 57 to 59 (Dec).

•Motor Designer, Electron Beam Welding On The Mark for Specialty —64 (Jun).

NDT Personnel, Attracting, Training and Qualifying —R. L. Hold-ren, 18 to 20 (Aug).

Nickel Brazing of Laser Beam Cut Stainless Steel — J. R. Thyssen, 26 to 30 (Oct).

Nuclear Construction, The Effects of Arc Strikes on Steels Used i n - S . H. Van Malssen, 29 to 37 (Jul).

Optical Microtracking of Edge Welds on Welded Metal Bellows - R . R. Larsen, 19 to 23 (May).

Origin and Effects of Magnetic Fields in Electron Beam Welding, T h e - P . J. Blakeley and A. Sanderson, 42 to 49 (Jan).

Performance of Ship Structural Details —C. R. Jordan and R. P. Krumpen, Jr., 18 to 28 (Jan).


•Pipeline Project, Teamwork Tests Automatic GTA Welding on Dese r t -D . C. Ellis, 53 to 54 (Jul).

•Pipe Welding, Consumable Spacer Simplifies GTAW —R. W. Von Ahrens, 55 (Jul).

Pipe, Welding Installation of A120-A53 Stee l -H. A. Sosnin, 28 to 31 (Apr).

Piping Systems, Repair Welding of Refinery and Chemical P lant -H. W. Ebert, 18 to 23 (Feb).

Plasma Arc Cutting Gases Affect Productivity, H o w - W . S. Severance and D. G. Anderson, 35 to 39 (Feb).

•Plasma Arc Cutting Speeds Production of Sheet Metal Fitt ings-49 (Sep).

•Plasma Arc Hardfacing Smooths the Way for Valve Maker, Automatic —63 (Jun).

Plasma Arc Welding of Aluminum with Variable Polarity Power, Keyhole —M. Tomsic and S. Barhorst, 25 to 32 (Feb).

Plasma Arc Welding on the Space Shuttle External Tank, Variable Polari ty-A. C. Nunes, Jr., E. O. Bayless, Jr., C. S. Jones III, P. M. Munafo, A. P. Biddle, and W. A. Wilson, 27 to 35 (Sep).

•Positioning Systems Speed Assembly of Auto Underbodies, Transport/ — 56 to 57 (Nov).

•Precision Buildup Method Draws A Bead on Condemned Jet Engine Parts —M. Tecklenburg, 51 to 52 (Jul).

Process Control Criteria for Brazing Aluminum under Vacuum — W. L. Winterbottom, 33 to 39 (Oct).

Process Monitoring and Control, Coaxial Arc Weld Pool Viewing for —R. W. Richardson, A. Gutow, R. A. Anderson, and D. F. Farson, 43 to 50 (Mar).

Production Eddy Current Testing of Welded Tubing —B. Roberts, 41 to 44 (Aug).

Productivity, How Plasma Arc Cutting Gases Affect —W. S. Severance and D. G. Anderson, 35 to 39 (Feb).

•Programmable Spot Welding Controls Assure Flexibility for Automaker —54 (Nov).

Pulsed GMA Spot Welding of Copper-Nickel to Steel —L. W. Sandor, 36 to 50 (Jun).

Pulsed GMA Welding, Arc Control with —W. G. Essers and M. R. M. Van Gompel, 26 to 32 (Jun).

Qualifying NDT Personnel, Attracting, Training and —R. L. Hold-ren, 18 to 20 (Aug).

Quality Teams, Improving Welder Performance through Management—E. G. Hornberger and W. B. Flowers, 17 to 19 (Sep).

•Railroad Repair Shop, Three-D Vision-Guided Robotic Welding System Aids —D. Lacoe and L. Seibert, 53 to 56 (Mar).

Rapidly Solidified Copper-Phosphorus Base Brazing Foils-A. Datta, A Rabinkin, and D. Bose, 14 to 21 (Oct).

•'Real Time' Weld Quality Monitor Locates Defects as They Happen —50 (Aug).

Reduced Fillet Weld Sizes for Naval Ships-R. P. Krumpen, Jr., 34 to 41 (Apr).

Reducing Hot-Short Cracking in Iridium GTA Welds Using Four-Pole Oscillation-J. D. Scarbrough and C. E. Burgan, 54 to 56 (Jun).

Refinery and Chemical Plant Piping Systems, Repair Welding o f - H . W. Ebert, 18 to 23 (Feb).

Repair of Bridge Structures, Examination and —A. W. Pense, R. Dias, and J. W. Fisher, 19 to 25 (Apr).

Repair Welding of Refinery and Chemical Plant Piping Syst e m s - H . W. Ebert, 18 to 23 (Feb).

Resistance Welding Applications, High Capacity Robots in Demanding —J. S. Messer, 46 to 49 (Nov).

Resistance Welding of Aluminum, Effects of Contact Resistance i n - U . D. Mallya, 41 to 44 (Feb).

Robot —A Guide to Equipment and Features, Selecting Your

First Arc Weld ing-J . Hanright, 40 to 45 (Nov). •Robot Finds the Angle to Success at Crawler Plant, Arc

Weld ing-53 (Nov). •Robot Goes the Distance in Bumper Production — 50 (Nov). •Robotic Arc Welding System Boosts Tractor Assembly Produc

t i o n - 6 0 to 61 (Nov). •Robotics and the Japanese Market: A Primer, Industrial —62 to

63 (Nov). •Robotics Halves Welding Time for Heavy Equipment Manufac

tu re r -R. Kraicinski, 58 to 59 (Nov). •Robotics Maintains End Mills' Cutting Edge-50 to 51 (Apr). Robotic Welding in the Factory-of-the-Future — J. Lee, 35 to 37

(Nov). •Robotic Welding System Aids Railroad Repair Shop, Three-D

Vision-Guided — D. Lacoe and L. Seibert, 53 to 56 (Mar). •Robot Produces Flexible Manufacturing System, Track-

Mounted Welding —64 (Dec). Robots in Demanding Resistance Welding Applications, High

Capacity —J. S. Messer, 46 to 49 (Nov). Robots in the American Workplace —Are we Ready? Weld

i ng -J . Weber, P. Schmitt, and M. Bock, 23 to 33 (Nov).

Spot Weld Strength Determined from Simple Electrical Measurements-R. L. Cohen and K. W. West, 17 to 23 (Dec).

Stainless Steel, Nickel Brazing of Laser Beam C u t - J . R. Thyssen, 26 to 30 (Oct).

Stainless Steels —Part II, Heat-Affected Zone Cracking in Thick Sections of Austenitic —R. D. Thomas, Jr., 24 to 32 (Dec).

Steam Generator Tube-to-Tubesheet and Shell Closure Welding, Clinch River M o d u l a r - D . P. Viri and W. F. Iceland, 18 to 21 (Jul).

Steel, Inspection of Fabricated Boiler Support —E. R. Holby, 25 to 38 (Aug).

•Steel Service Center Enters Computer Age With Automatic Shape Cutting Equipment — 57 to 58 (Jan).

•Strong, Lightweight Ship Panels Fabricated from High Frequency Welded Beams - 43 (May).

•Students Find Sacrifice Paying Off, Welding Night Students — 57 (Mar).

•Students Weld Mascot for College Centennial — H. Hankes, 60 to 61 (Dec).

•Submerged Arc Welding Builds Widest Water Pipeline in Southeast - 42 (May).

•Sculptor Flies His Colors Welding The King of Birds,' Utah —P. Schmitt, 47 to 49 (Jul).

Selecting Your First Arc Welding Robot — A Guide to Equipment and Features —J. Hanright, 40 to 45 (Nov).

•Self-Shielded FCAW Speeds High-Rise Construction - 47 to 49 (Apr).

•Shear Strength Data Provided by Tests at R & D Center, Soldered A l l o y - 5 1 (Feb).

•Sheet Metal Fittings, Computerized Plasma Arc Cutting Speeds Production of —49 (Sep).

Shell Closure Welding, Clinch River Modular Steam Generator Tube-to-Tubesheet and - D. P. Viri and W. F. Iceland, 18 to 21 (Jul).

•Ship Panels Fabricated from High Frequency Welded Beams, Strong, Lightweight — 43 (May).

Ship Structural Details, Performance of — C. R. Jordan and R. P. Krumpen, Jr., 18 to 28 (Jan).

Short-Run, Multiple Product Brazing and Soldering Machines — C. A. Napor and A. G. Forbes, 23 to 25 (Oct).

•Smallest Diameter Flux Cored Wire Passes Acid Test on Battery Trays-58 to 61 (Mar).

•Solder Alloy Enhances Auto Radiators, Improved — J. W. Lane and D. T. Brennan, 41 to 45 (Oct).

•Soldered Alloy Shear Strength Data Provided by Tests at R & D Cen te r -51 (Feb).

Soldering Machines, Short-Run, Multiple Products Brazing and — C. A. Napor and A. G. Forbes, 23 to 25 (Oct).

Space Shuttle External Tank, Variable Polarity Plasma Arc Welding on the — A. C. Nunes, Jr., E. O. Bayless, Jr., C. S. Jones III, P. M. Munafo, A. P. Biddle, and W. A. Wilson, 27 to 35 (Sep).

•Specifications, Welding and Inspection: Looking Beyond Codes and —R. Johnson, 62 (Mar).

•Spot Welding Controls Assure Flexibility for Automaker, Programmable — 54 (Nov).

Spot Welding of Copper-Nickel to Steel, Pulsed GMA —L. W. Sandor, 35 to 50 (Jun).

Spot Welds Observed by Electrical Measurements, Flaws in Aluminum-R. L. Cohen and K. W. West, 21 to 23 (Aug).


Tantalum, Neutral Source Heat Exchanger, Fabrication of a —R. D. Dixon, H. M. Crane, T. L. Crisler, and V. Vigil, 43 to 44 (Apr).

•Teamwork Tests Automatic GTA Welding on Desert Pipeline Pro jec t -D . C. Ellis, 53 to 54 (Jul).

•Temperature Indicating Crayons Ease Repair of High Strength Steel Auto Components —52 (Apr).

•Test for Aluminum Armor Weldments Earns Patent and Award — B. Lessels, 62 (Dec).

•Three-D Vision-Guided Robotic Welding System Aids Railroad Repair Shop —D. Lacoe and L. Seibert, 53 to 56 (Mar).

•Track-Mounted Welding Robot Produces Flexible Manufacturing System — 64 (Dec).

•Tractor Assembly Production, Robotic Arc Welding System Boosts-60 to 61 (Nov).

•Transport/Positioning Systems Speed Assembly of Auto Underbodies —56 to 57 (Nov).

•Two Sources Supply Welding Power for 26 Arcs Across 2,700 Ft Span-51 to 52 (Jan).

•Ultrasonic Microscope Aids in Spotting Unsound Welds —T. Adams, 47 to 48 (Aug).

•Underwater Dock Repair Demands Extensive Hyperbaric We ld ing -54 (Aug).

Underwater Magnetic Particle Inspection of Welds —W. C. Chedister, 24 to 26 (May).

•Using The Business and Personal Computer To Solve Typical Layout Problems-R. E. Yates and C. Day, 46 to 47 (Feb).

•Utah Sculptor Flies His Colors Welding The King of Birds'-P. Schmitt, 47 to 49 (Jul).

Vacuum, Process Control Criteria for Brazing Aluminum u n d e r - W . L. Winterbottom, 33 to 39 (Oct).

•Valve Maker, Automatic Plasma Arc Hardfacing Smooths the Way f o r - 6 3 (Jun).

Variable Polarity Plasma Arc Welding on the Space Shuttle External Tank —A. C. Nunes, Jr., E. O. Bayless, Jr., C. S. Jones 111, P. M. Munafo, A. P. Biddle, and W. A. Wilson, 27 to 35 (Sep).

•Various Extinguishers Combat Welding Fires —A. W. Krulee, 46 to 47 (Oct).

•Vision-Guided Robotic Welding System Aids Railroad Repair Shop, Three-D —D. Lacoe and L. Seibert, 53 to 56 (Mar).

IV

•Washing Machine Production Time, Metal Powder Continuous Electrode Saves —53 to 54 (Jan).

•Water Pipeline in Southeast, Submerged Arc Welding Builds Widest - 42 (May).

Weld Appearances May Be Deceiving —E. R. Holby, 33 to 36 (May).

•Welded Aluminum Sports Tubing, High Frequency System Keys Switch from Seamless to - 49 (Aug).

Welded Metal Bellows, Optical Microtracking of Edge Welds o n - R . R. Larsen, 19 to 23 (May).

Welded Tubing, Production Eddy Current Testing of — B. Roberts, 41 to 44 (Aug).

Welder Performance through Management Quality Teams, Improving —E. C. Hornberger and W. B. Flowers, 17 to 19 (Sep).

•Welding and Inspection: Looking Beyond Codes and Specifications—R. Johnson, 62 (Mar).

•Welding Department Survey Proves a Blueprint for the Future, College - L Defreitas, 59 to 60 (Jun).

•Welding Electrode Means Smooth Sailing for Florida Boat Ya rd -P . Schmitt, 48 (Oct).

•Welding Equipment Firm Uses New Material Planning System to Reduce Inventory —55 to 56 (Feb).

•Welding Fires, Various Extinguishers Combat —A. W. Krulee, 46 to 47 (Oct).

•Welding Fumes Controlled at Source by Collecting System's Unusual Design - 55 to 56 (Jan).

Welding Health Standards and Regulations — O. J. Fisher, 21 to 24 (Sep).

Welding Installation of A120-A53 Steel Pipe - H. A. Sosnin, 28 to 31 (Apr).

•Welding Night Students Find Sacrifice Paying Off —57 (Mar). •Welding Power for 26 Arcs Across 2,700 Ft Span, Two Sources

Supp ly -51 to 52 (Jan). Welding Robots in the American Workplace — Are We

Ready?-J. Weber, P. Schmitt, and M. Bock, 23 to 33 (Nov).

•Welding System Aids Railroad Repair Shop, Three-D Vision-Guided Robotic — D. Lacoe and L. Seibert, 53 to 56 (Mar).

•Weld Metal Stretches With Lift Crane B o o m - 4 4 to 45 (Sep).

Weld Modeling Applications —S. S. Glickstein and E. Friedman, 38 to 42 (Sep).

Weld Pool Viewing for Process Monitoring and Control, Coaxial Arc —R. W. Richardson, A. Gutow, R. A. Anderson, and D. F. Farson, 43 to 50 (Mar).

•Weld Quality Monitor Locates Defects As They Happen, 'Real Time' - 50 (Aug).

Weld Strength Determined from Simple Electrical Measurements, Spot -R. L. Cohen and K. W. West, 17 to 23 (Dec).

•Wire Passes Acid Test on Battery Trays, Smallest Diameter Flux C o r e d - 5 8 to 61 (Mar).

•Women in Welding —A Welcome Alternative to Traditional Careers —L. Tressler, 51 to 52 (Aug).

AUTHOR INDEX

Aanstoos, T. A. and Weldon, J. M. — Homopolar Pulse Upset Welding of API X-60 High Strength Line Pipe, 23 to 28 (Jul).

•Adams, T. — Ultrasonic Microscope Aids in Spotting Unsound Welds, 47 to 48 (Aug).

Albright, C. E. and Diebold, T. P. - 'Laser-CTA' Welding of Aluminum Alloy 5052, 18 to 24 (Jun).

Albright, C. E. and Jones, T. A. — Laser Beam Brazing of Small Diameter Copper Wires to Laminated Copper Circuit Boards, 34 to 47 (Dec).

Anderson, D. G. and Severance, W. S. — How Plasma Arc Cutting Gases Affect Productivity, 35 to 39 (Feb).

Anderson, R. A., Richardson, R. W., Gutow, A., and Farson, D. F. — Coaxial Arc Weld Pool Viewing for Process Monitoring and Control, 43 to 50 (Mar).

Barhorst, S. and Tomsic, M. — Keyhole Plasma Arc Welding of Aluminum with Variable Polarity Power, 25 to 32 (Feb).

Blakeley, P. J. and Sanderson, A.—The Origin and Effects of Magnetic Fields in Electron Beam Welding, 42 to 49 (Jan).

Blodgett, O. W. — Calculating Cooling Rates by Computer Programming, 19 to 34 (Mar).

Bock, M., Weber, J., and Schmitt, P.— Welding Robots in the American Workplace —Are We Ready? 23 to 33 (Nov).

Bose, D., Datta, A., and Rabinkin, A. —Rapidly Solidified Copper-Phosphorus Base Brazing Foils, 14 to 21 (Oct).

•Brennan, D. T. — Improved Solder Alloy Enhances Auto Radiators, 41 to 45 (Oct).

Burgan, C. E. and Scarbrough, J. D. —Reducing Hot-Short Cracking in Iridium GTA Welds Using Four-Pole Oscillation, 54 to 56 (Jun).


Chedister, W. C. — Underwater Magnetic Particle Inspection of Welds, 24 to 26 (May).

Cohen, R. L. and West, K. W. — Flaws in Aluminum Spot Welds Observed by Electrical Measurements, 21 to 23 (Aug).

Cohen, R. L. and West, K. W . - S p o t Weld Strength Determined from Simple Electrical Measurements, 17 to 23 (Dec).

Crane, H. M., Dixon, R. D., Crisler, T. L, and Vigil, V . -Fabrication of a Tantalum Neutral Source Heat Exchanger, 43 to 44 (Apr).

Crisler, T. L, Dixon, R. D., Crane, H. M., and Vigil, V . -Fabrication of a Tantulum Neutral Source Heat Exchanger, 43 to 44 (Apr).

Danis, J. I. — Field Heat Treatment of Small Diameter Carbon Steel Valves, 29 to 30 (May).

Datta, A., Rabinkin, A., and Bose, D. — Rapidly Solidified Copper-Phosphorus Base Brazing Foils, 14 to 21 (Oct).

•Day, C. and Yates, R. W. — Using the Business and Personal Computer To Solve Typical Layout Problems, 46 to 47 (Feb.)

•Defreitas, L. — College Welding Department Survey Proves a Blueprint for the Future, 59 to 60 (Jun).

Denney, P. E., Metzbower, E. A., Fraser, F. W., and Moon, D. W. — Mechanical Properties of Laser Beam Welds, 39 to 43 (Jul).

Dias, R., Pense, A. W., and Fisher, J. W. — Examination and Repair of Bridge Structures, 19 to 25 (Apr).

Diebold, T. P. and Albright, C. E. -'Laser-GTA' Welding of Aluminum Alloy 5052, 18 to 24 (Jun).

Dixon, R. D., Crane, H. M., Crisler, T. L, and Vigil, V -Fabrication of a Tantalum Neutral Source Heat Exchanger, 43 to 44 (Apr).

Earvolino, L. P.— Evaluation of Moisture-Resistant E70XX Electrodes at Extended Exposure Times, 36 to 38 (Mar),

Ebert, H. W. - Repair Welding of Refinery and Chemical Plant Piping Systems, 18 to 23 (Feb).

Eichhom, F., Remmel, J., and Wubbels, B. - High Speed Electroslag Welding, 37 to 41 (Jan).

•Ellis, D. C. — Teamwork Tests Automatic GTA Welding on Desert Pipeline Project, 53 to 54 (Jul).

Essers, W. G. and Van Gompel, M. R. M. — Arc Control with Pulsed GMA Welding, 26 to 32 (Jun).

Farson, D. F., Richardson, R. W., Gutow, A., and Anderson, R. A. — Coaxial Arc Weld Pool Viewing for Process Monitoring and Control, 43 to 50 (Mar).

Fisher, J. W., Pense, A. W., and Dias, R. — Examination and Repair of Bridge Structures, 19 to 25 (Apr).

Frassek, B., Kuhne, A. H., and Starke, G. — Components for the Automated GMAW Process,-31 to 34 (Jan).

•Gellerman, M. J. — How Difficult Is It to Learn Gas Metal Arc Welding? 41 (May).

Gutow, A., Richardson, R. W., Anderson, R. A., and Farson, D. F. — Coaxial Arc Weld Pool Viewing for Process Monitoring and Control, 43 to 50 (Mar).

*Hankes, H. — Students Weld Mascot for College Centennial, 60 to 61 (Dec).

Hanright, J. —Selecting Your First Arc Welding Robot —A Guide to Equipment and Features, 35 to 37 (Nov).

Holby, E. R. — Inspection of Fabricated Boiler Support Steel, 25 to 38 (Aug).

Holby, E. R. — Weld Appearances May Be Deceiving, 33 to 36 (May).

Holdren, R. L. — Attracting, Training and Qualifying NDT Personnel, 18 to 20 (Aug).

Iceland, W. F. and Viri, D. P.— Clinch River Modular Steam Generator Tube-to-Tubesheet and Shell Closure Welding, 18 to 21 (Jul).

Johnson, R. — Welding and Inspection: Looking Beyond Codes and Specifications, 62 (Mar).

Jones, T. A. and Albright, C. E. — Laser Beam Brazing of Small Diameter Copper Wires to Laminated Copper Circuit Boards, 34 to 47 (Dec).

Jordan, C. R. and Krumpen, Jr., R. P. — Performance of Ship Structural Details, 18 to 28 (Jan).

Jordan, C. R. and Krumpen, Jr., R. P. —Reduced Fillet Weld Sizes for Naval Ships, 34 to 41 (Apr).

•Krulee, A. W. — Various Extinguishers Combat Welding Fires, 46 to 47 (Oct).

Krumpen, Jr., R. P. and Jordan, C. R. — Performance of Ship Structural Details, 18 to 28 (Jan).

Krumpen, Jr., R. P. and Jordan, C. R. —Reduced Fillet Weld Sizes for Naval Ships, 34 to 41 (Apr).

Kuhne, A. H., Frassek, B., and Starke, G. — Components for the Automated GMAW Process, 31 to 34 (Jan).

•Lacoe, D. and Seibert, L. — Three-D Vision-Guided Robotic Welding System Aids Railroad Repair Shop, 53 to 56 (Mar).

•Lane, J. W. and Brennan, D. T . - Improved Solder Alloy Enhances Auto Radiators, 41 to 45 (Oct).

Larsen, R. R. — Optical Microtracking of Edge Welds on Welded


Metal Bellows, 19 to 23 (May). Lee, J. — Robot Welding in the Factory-of-the-Future, 35 to 37

(Nov). •Lessels, B. — Test for Aluminum Armor Weldments Earns Patent

and Award, 62 (Dec).

Mallya, U. D. — Effects of Contact Resistance in Resistance Welding of Aluminum, 41 to 44 (Feb).

Messer, J. S. — High Capacity Robots in Demanding Resistance Welding Applications, 46 to 49 (Nov).

Metzbower, E. A., Denney, P. E., Fraser, F. W., and Moon, D. W. — Mechanical Properties of Laser Beam Welds, 39 to 43 (Jul).

Napor, C. A. and Forbes, A. G. —Short-Run, Multiple Product Brazing and Soldering Machines, 23 to 25 (Oct).

Pense, A. W., Dias, R., and Fisher, J. W. —Examination and Repair of Bridge Structures, 19 to 25 (Apr).

•Powers, J. —Electron Beam Welding —Applications and Equipment Improvements, 39 to 40 (May).

Rabinkin, A., Datta, A., and Bose, D. — Rapidly Solidified Copper-Phosphorus Base Brazing Foils, 14 to 21 (Oct).

Remmel, J., Eichhom, F., and Wubbels, B. — High Speed Electroslag Welding, 37 to 41 (Jan).

Richardson, R. W., Gutow, A., Anderson, R. A., and Farson, D. F. — Coaxial Arc Weld Pool Viewing for Process Monitoring and Control, 43 to 50 (Mar).

Roberts, B. — Production Eddy Current Testing of Welded Tubing, 41 to 44 (Aug).

Sanderson, A. and Blakeley, P. J . -The Origin and Effects of Magnetic Fields in Electron Beam Welding, 42 to 49 (Jan).

Sandor, L. W. — Pulsed GMA Spot Welding of Copper-Nickel to Steel, 35 to 50 (Jun).

Scarbrough, J. D. and Burgan, C. E. — Reducing Hot-Short Cracking in Iridium GTA Welds Using Four-Pole Oscillation, 54 to 56 (Jun).

•Schmitt, P. - Utah Sculptor Flies His Colors Welding 'The King of Birds,' 47 to 49 (Jul).

Schmitt, P., Weber, J., and Bock, M. —Welding Robots in the American Workplace — Are We Ready? 23 to 33 (Nov).

•Schmitt, P. — Welding Electrode Means Smooth Sailing for Florida Boat Yard, 48 (Oct).

•Seibert, L. and Lacoe, D. —Three-D Vision-Guided Robotic Welding System Aids Railroad Repair Shop, 53 to 56 (Mar).

Severance, W. S. and Anderson, D. G . - H o w Plasma Arc Cutting Gases Affect Productivity, 35 to 39 (Feb).

Sosnin, H. A . -We ld ing Installation of A120-A53 Steel Pipe, 28 to 31 (Apr).

Starke, G., Kuhne, A. H., and Frassek, B.— Components for the Automated GMAW Process, 31 to 34 (Jan).

•Tecklenburg, M. — Precision Buildup Method Draws a Bead on Condemned Jet Engine Parts, 51 to 52 (Jul).

Thomas, R. D., Jr. — Heat-Affected Zone Cracking in Thick Sections of Austenitic Stainless Steels —Part I, 24 to 32 (Dec).

Thyssen, J. R. — Nickel Brazing of Laser Beam Cut Stainless Steel, 26 to 30 (Oct).

Tomsic, M. and Barhorst, S. — Keyhole Plasma Arc Welding of Aluminum with Variable Polarity Power, 25 to 32 (Feb).

•Tressler, L. — Women in Welding —A Welcome Alternative to Traditional Careers, 51 to 52 (Aug).

VI

Van Gompel, M. R. M. and Essers, W. G. — Arc Control with Pulsed GMA Welding, 26 to 32 (Jun).

Van Malssen, S. H. — The Effects of Arc Strikes on Steels Used in Nuclear Construction, 29 to 31 (Jul).

Vigil, V., Dixon, R. D., Crane, H. M., and Crisler, T. L -Fabrication of a Tantalum Neutral Source Heat Exchanger, 43 to 44 (Apr).

Viri, D. P. and Iceland, W. F. — Clinch River Modular Steam Generator Tube-to-Tubesheet and Shell Closure Welding, 18 to 21 (Jul).

•Von Ahrens — Consumable Spacer Simplifies GTAW Pipe Welding, 55 (Jul).

•Weber, J. —Minnesota Welder Builds Mini-Sub for Great Lakes Shipwreck Venture, 57 to 59 (Dec).

Weber, J., Schmitt, P., and Bock, M. — Welding Robots in the American Workplace — Are We Ready? 23 to 33 (Nov).

Weldon, J. M. and Aanstoos, T. A.— Homopolar Pulse Upset Welding of API X-60 High Strength Line Pipe, 23 to 28 (Jul).

West, K. W. and Cohen, R. L. — Flaws in Aluminum Spot Welds Observed by Electrical Measurements, 21 to 23 (Aug).

West, K. W. and Cohen, R. L.-Spot Weld Strength Determined from Simple Electrical Measurements, 17 to 23 (Dec).

Winterbottom, W. L. — Process Control Criteria for Brazing Aluminum under Vacuum, 33 to 39 (Oct).

Wubbels, B., Eichhom, F., and Remmel, J. — High Speed Electroslag Welding, 37 to 41 (Jan).

•Yates, R. E. and Day, C. — Using the Business and Personal Computer To Solve Typical Layout Problems, 46 to 47 (Feb).

Part 2—WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT

SUBJECT INDEX

Aging Behavior of Types 308 and 308CRE Stainless Steel Welds, The Solidification and — J. M. Vitek and S. A. David, 246-s to 253-s (Aug).

Alloy 718 Weldments, Effect of Heat Treatment on the Tensile and Fracture Toughness o f - W . J. Mills, 237-s to 245-s (Aug).

Alloy 800, An Investigation of Weld Cracking in —J.C. Lippold, 91-s to 103-s (Mar).

Aluminum Alloy Sheet, The Influence of External Local Heating in Preventing Cracking During Welding of — I . E. Hernandez and T. H. North, 84-s to 90-s (Mar).

Aluminum Brazing Filler Metals Using Hot Stage Scanning Electron Microscopy, A Study of —B. McGurran and M. G. Nicholas, 295-s to 299-s (Oct).

Aluminum on C-Mn-Nb Steel Submerged Arc Weld Metal Properties, Effect of —H. Terashima and P. H. M. Hart, 173-s to 183-s (Jun).

Aluminum Welds, A Study of the Mechanical Properties of Cast-to-Wrought — S. P. Sunday and D. D. Rager, 47-s to 57-s (Feb).

Analysis of Inclusions of Submerged Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, T h e - A . R. Bhatti, M. E. Saggese, D. N. Hawkins, J. A. Whiteman and M. S. Golding, 224-s to 230-s (Jul).

Analytical Modeling of Thermal Stress Relieving in Stainless and High Strength Steel Weldments —J. E. Agapakis and K. Masubuchi, 187-s to 196-s (Jun).

Assessment Criterion for Variability of Delta Ferrite in Austenitic Weld and Clad Metals —K. Prasad Rao and S. Prasannaku-mar, 231-s to 236-s (Jul).

Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni Weld Metal for Dissimilar Metal Welding, An Evaluation o f - J . A. Self, D. K. Matlock, and D. L. Olson, 282-s to 288-s (Sep).

Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part II —Porosity, Cracking and Creep Properties, The Weldability of Nitrogen-Containing —T. Ogawa, K. Suzuki, and T. Zaizen, 213-s to 223-s (Jul).

Austenitic Stainless Steels, Technical Note: Microstructural Evolution During Inertia Friction Welding of — J. C. Lippold and


B. Odegard, 35-s to 38-s (Jan). Austenitic Stainless Steel Strips, Role of Shielding Gases in Flaw

Formation in GTAW of —V. P. Kujanpaa, L. P. Karjalainen and H. A. V. Sikanen, 151-s to 155-s (May).

Austenitic Weld and Clad Metals, Assessment Criterion for Variability of Delta Ferrite in — K. Prasad Rao and S. Prasan-nakumar, 231-s to 236-s (Jul).

Brazed with Silver-Base Filler Metals, Effect of Composition on the Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels —T. Takemoto and I. Okamoto, 300-s to 307-s (Oct).

Braze Joints as a Function of Thermal Exposure, Microstructural Characterization of Nickel —E. I. Savage and J. J. Kane, 316-s to 323-s (Oct).

Brazing Cemented Carbides, An Explanation of Wettability Problems When —K. A. Thorsen, H. Fordsmand, and P. L. Praestgaard, 308-s to 315-s (Oct).

Brazing Filler Metals Using Hot Stage Scanning Electron Microscopy, A Study of Aluminum —B. McGurran and M. G. Nicholas, 295-s to 299-s (Oct).

Brazing Investigations, Optical Hot Stage Microscopy for —K. A. Thorsen, H. Fordsmand, and P. L. Praestgaard, 339-s to 344-s (Nov).

Cast Steels —Part I, Optimizing Repair Welding Techniques i n - D . K. Aidun and W. F. Savage, 345-s to 353-s (Nov).

Cast-to-Wrought Aluminum Welds, A Study of the Mechanical Properties of — S. P. Sunday and D. D. Rager, 47-s to 57-s (Feb).

Cemented Carbides, An Explanation of Wettability Problems When Brazing —K. A. Thorsen, H. Fordsmand, and P. L. Praestgaard, 308-s to 315-s (Oct).

Chi-Phase Formation During Solidification and Cooling of CF-8M Weld M e t a l - M . J. Cieslak, A. M. Ritter, and W. F. Savage, 133-s to 140-s (Apr).

Cluster Porosity Effects on Transverse Fillet Weld Strength — E. P. Cox and H. S. Lamba, 1-s to 8-s (Jan).

Comparison of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Susceptibility of Cast and Rolled HY-130 Steel Plate-K. D. Challenger and B. J. Mason, 39-s to 46-s (Feb).

VII

Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels Brazed with Silver-Base Filler Metals, Effect of Composition on the —T. Takemoto and I. Okamoto, 300-s to 307-s (Oct).

Cracking, A Fundamental Study of the Beneficial Effects of Delta Ferrite in Reducing Weld —J. A. Brooks, A. W. Thompson and J. C. Williams, 71-s to 83-s (Mar).

Cracking and Creep Properties, The Weldability of Nitrogen-Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part II - Porosity — T. Ogawa, K. Suzuki, and T. Zaizen, 213-s to 223-s (Jul).

Cracking During Welding of Aluminum Alloy Sheet, The Influence of External Local Heating in Preventing — I . E. Hernandez and T. H. North, 84-s to 90-s (Mar).

Cracking in Alloy 800, An Investigation of W e l d - J . C. Lippold, 91-s to 103-s (Mar).

Cracking in Thick Sections of Austenitic Stainless Steels — Part II, Heat-Affected Zone -R . D. Thomas, Jr., 355-s to 368-s (Dec).

Cracking in Weld Metal, A Predicition Diagram For Preventing Hydrogen-Assisted — N. G. Alcantara and J. H. Rogerson, 116-s to 122-s (Apr).

Cracking Susceptibility of Cast and Rolled HY-130 Steel Plate, Comparison of Hydrogen Assisted —K. D. Challenger and B. J. Mason, 39-s to 46-s (Feb).

Critical Evaluation of the Glycerin Test —M. A. Quintana, 141-s to 150-s (May).

Dew Point/Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/Metal Oxide Systems in Hydrogen Atmospheres —M. C. Rey, D. P. Kramer, W. R. Henderson and L. D. Abney, 162-s to 166-s (May).

Diffusion Welding, Use of Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid i n - J . W. Dini, W. K. Kelley, W. C. Cowden and E. M. Lopez, 28-s to 34-s (Jan).

Discontinuities in Welds, Inherent Through-Wall Depth Limitations on Blunt —M. B. Kasen, G. E. Hicho and R. C. Placious, 184-s to 186-s (Jun).

Dissimilar Metal Welding, An Evaluation of Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni Weld Metal f o r - J . A. Self, D. K. Matlock, and D. L. Olson, 282-s to 288-s (Sep).

Effect of Aluminum on C-Mn-Nb Steel Submerged Arc Weld Metal Properties —H. Terashima and P. H. M. Hart, 173-s to 183-s (Jun).

Effect of Composition of the Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels Brazed with Silver-Base Filler Metals —T. Takemoto and I. Okamoto, 300-s to 307-s (Oct).

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Tensile and Fracture Toughness of Alloy 718 We ldments -W. J. Mills, 237-s to 245-s (Aug).

Effect of Sigma Phase Formation on the Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Nb-Stabilized Stainless Steel Cladding, T h e - K . Klemetti, H. Hanninen and J. Kivilahti, 17-s to 27-s (Jan).

Effect of Surface Convection on GTA Weld Zone Temperat u r e s - W . H. Giedt, X.-C. Wei and S.-R. Wei, 376-s to 383-s (Dec).

Effects of Electrode Extension on Deposit Characteristics and Metal Transfer of E70T-4 Electrodes-1. E. French, 167-s to 172-s (Jun).

Electrode Extension on Deposit Characteristics and Metal Transfer of E70T-4 Electrodes, Effects o f - I . E. French, 167-s to 172-s (Jun).

Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid in Diffusion Welding, Use o f - J . W. Dini, W. K. Kelley, W. C. Cowden and E. M. Lopez, 28-s to 34-s (Jan).

Electrodes, Fume Generation and Melting Rates of Shielded Metal Arc Weld ing-R. K. Tandon, J. Ellis, P. T. Crisp, and R. S. Baker, 263-s to 266-s (Aug).

Electron Beam Welding of C/Mn Steels — Toughness and Fatigue Properties-S. Elliott, 9-s to 16-s (Jan).

Electron Beam Welds in Alloy Fe-0.2%C-12%Cr-1%Mo, Mechanical Properties and Structure of —K. Kussmaul, D. Blind, P. Deimel, and W. Gaudig, 267-s to 272-s (Sep).

Evaluation of Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni Weld Metal for Dissimilar Metal We ld ing- ) . A. Self, D. K. Matlock, and D. L. Olson, 282-s to 288-s (Sep).

Evaluation of Copper-Stainless Steel Inertia Friction Welds — R. A. Bell, J. C. Lippold, and D. R. Anderson, 325-s to 332-s (Nov).

Explanation of Wettability Problems When Brazing Cemented Carbides —K. A. Thorsen, H. Fordsmand, and P. L. Praestgaard, 308-s to 315-s (Oct).

Expulsion — A Comparative Study, Spot Weld Properties When Welding With - M. Kimchi, 58-s to 63-s (Feb).

Fatigue Properties, Electron Beam Welding of C /Mn Steels — Toughness and — S. Elliott, 9-s to 16-s (Jan).

Ferrite in Austenitic Weld and Clad Metals, Assessment Criterion for Variability of Delta —K. Prasad Rao andS. Prasannaku-mar, 231-s to 236-s (Jul).

Ferrite in Reducing Weld Cracking, A Fundamental Study of the Beneficial Effects of Delta —J. A. Brooks, A. W. Thompson and J. C. Williams, 71-s to 83-s (Mar).

Ferrite, Manganese Effect on Stainless Steel Weld Metal —E. R. Szumachowski and D. J. Kotecki, 156-s to 161-s (May).

Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel to Enhance Safety and Economy, Matching —F. Koshiga, J. Tanaka, I. Watanabe, and T. Takamura, 105-s to 115-s (Apr).

Filler Metals, Effect of Composition on the Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels Brazed with Silver-Base —T. Takemoto and I. Okamoto, 300-s to 307-s (Oct).

Filler Metals Using Hot Stage Scanning Electron Microscopy, A Study of Aluminum Brazing —B. McGurran and M. G. Nicholas, 295-s to 299-s (Oct).

Fillet Welded T-Joints, Significance of Weld Undercut in Design o f - C . -L. Tsai and M.-J. Tsai (Feb).

Fillet Weld Strength, Cluster Porosity Effects on Transverse — E. P. Cox and H. S. Lamba, 1-s to 8-s (Jan).

Finite Element Modeling of the Resistance Spot Welding Process, T h e - H . A. Nied, 123-s to 132-s (Apr).

Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel Strips, Role of Shielding Gases i n - V . P. Kujanpaa, L. P. Karjalainen and H. A. V. Sikanen, 151-s to 155-s (May).

Fracture Toughness of Alloy 718 Weldments, Effect of Heat Treatment on the Tensile a n d - W . J. Mills, 237-s to 245-s (Aug).

Fracture Toughness of HY-130 Steel Weld Me ta l s -D . F. Has-son, C. A. Zanis and D. R. Anderson, 197-s to 202-s (Jun).

Friction Welding for Low Alloy Steel Pipes, A Parametric Study of Inertia - M. D. Tumuluru, 289-s to 294-s (Sep).

Friction Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels, Technical Note: Microstructural Evolution During Inertia —J. C. Lippold and B. C. Odegard, 35-s to 38-s (Jan).

Friction Welds, An Evaluation of Copper-Stainless Steel Inertia — R. A. Bell, J. C. Lippold, and D. R. Anderson, 325-s to 332-s (Nov).

Fume Generation and Melting Rates of Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes —R. K. Tandon, J. Ellis, P. T. Crisp, and R. S. Baker, 263-s to 266-s (Aug).

Fundamental Study of the Beneficial Effects of Delta Ferrite in Reducing Weld Cracking, A —J. A. Brooks, A. W. Thompson and J. C. Williams, 71-s to 83-s (Mar).

Glycerin Test, A Critical Evaluation of the —M. A. Quintana, 141-s to 149-s (May).

GTA Weld Zone Temperatures, Effect of Surface Convection on Stat ionary-W. H. Giedt, X.C Wei and S.-R. Wei, 376-s to 383-s (Dec).

GTAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel Strips, Role of Shielding

VIII

Gases in Flaw Formation i n - V . P. Kujanpaa, L. P. Karjalain-en and H. A. V. Sikanen, 151-s to 155-s (May).

Heat-Affected Zone Cracking in Thick Sections of Austenitic Stainless Steels-Part I I -R . D. Thomas, Jr., 355-s to 368-s (Dec).

Heating in Preventing Cracking During Welding of Aluminum Alloy Sheet, The Influence of External Local — I . E. Hernandez and T. H. North, 84-s to 90-s (Mar).

Heat Treatment on the Tensile and Fracture Toughness of Alloy 718 Weldments, Effect o f - W . J. Mills, 237-s to 245-s (Aug).

HSLA Steels, The Weldability of Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and —G. A. Ratz, E. F. Nippes, J. Mathew, and W. H. Baek, 333-s to 338-s (Nov).

Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in Weld Metal, A Prediction Diagram for Preventing —N. G. Alcantara and J. H. Rogerson, 116-s to 122-s(Apr).

Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Susceptibility of Cast and Rolled HY-130 Steel Plate, Comparison o f - K . D. Challenger and B. J. Mason, 39-s to 46-s (Feb).

Hydrogen Atmospheres, Dew Point/Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/Metal Oxide Systems in —M. C. Rey, D. P. Kramer, W. R. Henderson and L. D. Abney, 162-s to 166-s (May).

Inertia Friction Welding for Low Alloy Steel Pipes, A Parametric Study o f - M . D. Tumuluru, 289-s to 294-s (Sep).

Inertia Friction Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels, Technical Note: Microstructural Evolution During —J. C. Lippold and B. C. Odegard, 35-s to 38-s (Jan).

Inertia Friction Welds, An Evaluation of Copper-Stainless Steel — R. A. Bell, J. C. Lippold, and D. R. Anderson, 325-s to 332-s (Nov).

Influence of External Local Heating in Preventing Cracking During Welding of Aluminum Alloy Sheet, The — I . E. Hernandez and T. H. North, 84-s to 90-s (Mar).

Inherent Through-Wall Depth Limitations on Blunt Discontinuities in Welds —M. B. Kasen, G. E. Hicho and R. C. Placious, 184-s to 186-s (Jun).

Investigation of Weld Cracking in Alloy 800 —J. C. Lippold, 91-s to 103-s (Mar).

Linepipe and HSLA Steels, The Weldability of Sulfide Shape Contro l led-G. A. Ratz, E. F. Nippes, J. Mathew, and W. H. Baek, 333-s to 338-s (Nov).

Manganese Effect on Stainless Steel Weld Metal Ferrite —E. R. Szumachowski and D. J. Kotecki, 156-s to 161-s (May).

Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel to Enhance Safety and Economy — F. Koshiga, J. Tanaka, I. Watanabe, and T. Takamura, 105-s to 115-s (Apr).

Mechanical Properties and Structure of Electron Beam Welds in Alloy Fe-0.2%C-12%Cr-1%Mo-K. Kussmaul, D. Blind, P. Deimel, and W. G. Gaudig, 267-s to 272-s (Sep).

Mechanical Properties of Cast-to-Wrought Aluminum Welds, A Study of t h e - S . P. Sunday and D. D. Rager, 47-s to 57-s (Feb).

Microstructural Characterization of Nickel Braze Joints as a Function of Thermal Exposure — E. I. Savage and J. J. Kane, 316-s to 323-s (Oct).

Microstructural Evolution During Inertia Friction Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels, Technical Note: —J. C. Lippold and B. C. Odegard, 35-s to 38-s (Jan).

Microstructure-Thermal History Correlations for HY-130 Thick Section Weldments —K. D. Challenger, R. B. Brucker, W. M. Elger, and M. J. Sorek, 254-s to 262-s (Aug).

Nickel Braze Joints as a Function of Thermal Exposure, Micro-structural Characterization of —E. I. Savage and J. J. Kane,

316-s to 323-s (Oct). Nickel Steel to Enhance Safety and Economy, Matching Ferritic

Consumable Welding of 9% —F. Koshiga, J. Tanaka, I. Watanabe, and T. Takamura, 105-s to 115-s (Apr).

Nitrogen-Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part II —Porosity, Cracking and Creep Properties, The Weldability of —T. Ogawa, K. Suzuki, and T. Zaizen, 213-s to 223-s (Jul).

Optical Hot Stage Microscopy for Brazing Investigations —K. A. Thorsen, H. Fordsmand, and P. L. Praestgaard, 339-s to 344-s (Nov).

Optimizing Repair Welding Techniques in Cast Steels —Part l - D . K. Aidun and W. F. Savage, 345-s to 353-s (Nov).

Parametric Study of Inertia Friction Welding for Low Alloy Steel P ipes-M. D. Tumuluru, 289-s to 294-s (Sep).

Prediction Diagram for Preventing Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in Weld Metal, A —N. G. Alcantara and J. H. Rogerson, 116-s to 122-s(Apr).

Repair Welding Techniques in Cast Steels —Part I, Optimizing — D. K. Aidun and W. F. Savage, 345-s to 353-s (Nov).

Resistance Spot Welding Process, The Finite Element Modeling of t h e - H . A. Nied, 123-s to 132-s (Apr).

Role of Shielding Gases in Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel Strips —V. P. Kujanpaa, L. P. Karjalainen, and H. A. V. Sikanen, 151-s to 155-s (May).

Safety and Economy, Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel to Enhance —F. Koshiga, J. Tanaka, I. Watanabe, and T. Takamura, 105-s to 115-s (Apr).

Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes, Fume Generation and Melting Rates o f - R . K. Tandon, J. Ellis, P. T. Crisp, and R. S. Baker, 263-s to 266-s (Aug).

Shielding Gases in Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel Strips, Role of —V. P. Kujanpaa, L. P. Karjalainen and H. A. V. Sikanen, 151-s to 155-s (May).

Sigma Phase Formation on the Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Nb-Stabilized Stainless Steel Cladding, The Effect o f - K . Klemetti, H. Hanninen and J. Kivilahti, 17-s to 27-s (Jan).

Significance of Weld Undercut in Design of Fillet Welded T-Joints-C. -L. Tsai and M. -J. Tsai, 64-s to 70-s (Feb).

Silver as an Aid in Diffusion Welding, Use of Electrodeposited — J. W. Dini, W. K. Kelley, W. C. Cowden and E. M. Lopez, 28-s to 34-s (Jan).

Solidification and Aging Behavior of Types 308 and 308CRE Stainless Steel Welds, The -J . M. Vitek and S. A. David, 246-s to 253-s (Aug).

Solidification and Cooling of CF-8M Weld Metal, Chi-Phase Formation During —M. J. Cieslak, A. M. Ritter, and W. F. Savage, 133-s to 140-s (Apr).

Spot Weld Properties When Welding With Expulsion — A Comparative Study —M. Kimchi, 58-s to 63-s (Feb).

Stainless and High Strength Steel Weldments, Analytical Modeling of Thermal Stress Relieving in — J. E. Agapakis and K. Masubuchi, 187-s to 196-s (Jun).

Stainless Steel Cladding, The Effect of Sigma Phase Formation on the Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Nb-Stabilized — K. Klemetti, H. Hanninen and J. Kivilahti, 17-s to 27-s (Jan).

Stainless Steel —Part II, Heat-Affected Zone Cracking in Thick Sections of Austenitic — R. D. Thomas, Jr., 355-s to 368-s (Dec).

Stainless Steel: Part II —Porosity, Cracking and Creep Properties, The Weldability of Nitrogen-Containing Austenitic —T. Ogawa, K. Suzuki, and T. Zaizen, 213-s to 223-s (Jul).

Stainless Steels Brazed with Silver-Base Filler Metals, Effect of Composition on the Corrosion Behavior of —T. Takemoto

IX

and I. Okamoto, 300-s to 307-s (Oct). Stainless Steel Sheets — Effect of Impurities and Solidification

Mode, Weld Discontinuities in Austenitic —V. P. Kujanpaa, 369-s to 375-s (Dec).

Stainless Steels, Technical Note: Microstructural Evolution During Inertia Friction Welding of Austenitic —J. C. Lippold and B. C. Odegard, 35-s to 38-s (Jan).

Stainless Steel Strips, Role of Shielding Gases in Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austenitic —V. P. Kujanpaa, L. P. Karjalainen and H. A. V. Sikanen, 150-s to 155-s (May).

Stainless Steel Weld Metal Ferrite, Manganese Effect on — E. R. Szumachowski and D. J. Kotecki, 156-s to 161-s (May).

Stainless Steel Welds, The Solidification and Aging Behavior of Types 308 and 308CRE-J. M. Vitek and S. A. David, 246-s to 253-s (Aug).

Steel Pipes, A Parametric Study of Inertia Friction Welding for Low Alloy - M. D. Tumuluru, 289-s to 294-s (Sep).

Steel Plate, Comparison of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Susceptibility of Cast and Rolled HY-130-K. D. Challenger and B. J. Mason, 39-s to 46-s (Feb).

Steels, The Analysis of Inclusions in Submerged Arc Welds in Microalloyed — A. R. Bhatti, M. E. Saggese, D. N. Hawkins, J. A. Whiteman and M. S. Golding, 224-s to 230-s (Jul).

Steel Submerged Arc Weld Metal Properties, Effect of Aluminum on C-Mn-Nb-H. Terashima and P. H. M. Hart, 173-s to 183-s (Jun).

Steels, Weldability Considerations in the Development of High-Strength Sheet-J. M. Sawhill, Jr., and S. T. Furr, 203-s to 212-s (Jul).

Steel to Enhance Safety and Economy, Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel —F. Koshiga, J. Tanaka, I. Watanabe, and T. Takamura, 105-s to 115-s (Apr).

Steel Weldments, Analytical Modeling of Thermal Stress Relieving in Stainless and High Strength —J. E. Agapakis and K. Masubuchi, 187-s to 196-s (Jun).

Steel Weld Metals, Fracture Toughness of HY-130-D. F. Hasson, C. A. Zanis and D. R. Anderson, 197-s to 202-s (Jun).

Stress Relieving in Stainless and High Strength Steel Weldments, Analytical Modeling of Thermal —J. E. Agapakis and K. Masubuchi, 187-s to 196-s (Jun).

Study of Aluminum Brazing Filler Metals Using Hot Stage Scanning Electron Microscopy — B. McGurran and M. G. Nicholas, 295-s to 299-s (Oct).

Study of the Mechanical Properties of Cast-to-Wrought Aluminum Welds —S. P. Sunday and D. D. Rager, 47-s to 57-s (Feb).

Submerged Arc Weld Metal Properties, Effect of Aluminum on C-Mn-Nb Stee l -H. Terashima and P. H. M. Hart, 173-s to 183-s (Jun).

Submerged Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, The Analysis of Inclusions in —A. R. Bhatti, M. E. Saggese, D. N. Hawkins, J. A. Whiteman and M. A. Golding, 224-s to 230-s (Jul).

Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and HSLA Steels, The Weldability of — G. A. Ratz, E. F. Nippes, J. Mathew, and W. H. Baek, 333-s to 338-s (Nov).

Technical Note: Microstructural Evolution During Inertia Friction

Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels —J. C. Lippold and B. C. Odegard, 35-s to 38-s (Jan).

Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/Metal Oxide Systems in Hydrogen Atmospheres, Dew Point —M. C. Rey, D. P. Kramer, W. R. Henderson and L. D. Abney, 162-s to 166-s (May).

Tensile and Fracture Toughness of Alloy 718 Weldments, Effect of Heat Treatment on t h e - W . ). Mills, 237-s to 245-s (Aug).

T-Joints, Significance of Weld Undercut in Design of Fillet W e l d e d - C . -L. Tsai and M. -J. Tsai (Feb).

Toughness and Fatigue Properties, Electron Beam Welding of C /Mn Steels-S. Elliott, 9-s to 16-s (Jan).

Ultrasonic Measurement of Weld Penetration —D. E. Hardt and J. M. Katz, 273-s to 281-s (Sep).

Undercut in Design of Fillet Welded T-Joints, Significance of W e l d - C . -L. Tsai and M.-J. Tsai (Feb).

Use of Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid in Diffusion Welding — J. W. Dini, W. K. Kelley, W. C. Cowden and E. M. Lopez, 28-s to 34-s (Jan).

Weldability Considerations in the Development of High-Strength Sheet Steels - J. M. Sawhill, Jr., and S. T. Furr, 203-s to 212-s (Jul).

Weldability of Nitrogen-Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part II —Porosity, Cracking and Creep Properties —T. Ogawa, K. Suzuki, and T. Zaizen, 213-s to 223-s (Jul).

Weldability of Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and HSLA Steels-C. A. Ratz, E. F. Nippes, J. Mathew, and W. H. Baek, 333-s to 338-s (Nov).

Weld Discontinuities in Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheets — Effect of Impurities and Solidification Mode —V. P. Kujanpaa, 369-s to 375-s (Dec).

Welding of Aluminum Alloy Sheet, The Influence of External Local Heating in Preventing Cracking During — I . E. Hernandez and T. H. North, 84-s to 90-s (Mar).

Welding of C/Mn Steels — Toughness and Fatigue Properties, Electron Beam-S. Elliott, 9-s to 16-s (Jan).

Welding of 9% Nickel Steel to Enhance Safety and Economy, Matching Ferritic Consumable —F. Koshiga, J. Tanaka, I. Watanabe, and T. Takamura, 105-s to 115-s (Apr).

Weld Metal, A Prediction Diagram For Preventing Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in —N. G. Alcantara and J. H. Rogerson, 116-s to 122-s (Apr).

Weld Metal, Chi-Phase Formation During Solidification and Cooling of C F - 8 M - M . J. Cieslak, A. M. Ritter, and W. F. Savage, 133-s to 140-s (Apr).

Weld Metal Ferrite, Manganese Effect on Stainless Steel — E. R. Szumachowski and D. J. Kotecki, 156-s to 161-s (May).

Weld Metal for Dissimilar Metal Welding, An Evaluation of Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni-J. A. Self, D. K. Matlock, and D. L. Olson, 282-s to 288-s (Sep).

Weld Penetration, Ultrasonic Measurement of — D. E. Hardt and J. M. Katz, 273-s to 281-s (Sep).

Wettability Problems When Brazing Cemented Carbides, An Explanation of —K. A. Thorsen, H. Fordsmand, and P. L. Praestgaard, 308-s to 315-s (Oct).

AUTHOR INDEX

Abney, L. D., Rey, M. C , Kramer, D. P., and Henderson, W. R. — Dew Point/Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/ Metal Oxide Systems in Hydrogen Atmospheres, 162-s to

166-s (May). Agapakis, J. E. and Masubuchi, K. - Analytical Modeling of

Thermal Stress Relieving in Stainless and High Strength Steel

Weldments, 187-s to 196-s (Jun). Aidun, D. K. and Savage, W. F. —Optimizing Repair Welding

Techniques in Cast Steels, 345-s to 353-s (Nov). Alcantara, N. G. and Rogerson, J. H. — A Prediction Diagram For

Preventing Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in Weld Metal, 116-s to 122-s(Apr).

Anderson, D. R., Bell, R. A., and Lippold, J. C. — An Evaluation of Copper-Stainless Steel Inertia Friction Welds, 325-s to 332-s (Nov).

Anderson, D. R., Hasson, D. F. and Zanis, C. A. —Fracture Toughness of HY-130 Steel Weld Metals, 197-s to 202-s (Jun).

Baek, W. H„ Ratz, G. A., Nippes, E. F., and Mathew, J . -The Weldability of Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and HSLA Steels, 333-s to 338-s (Nov).

Baker, R. S., Tandon, R. K., Ellis, J., and Crisp, P. T . -Fume Generation and Melting Rates of Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes, 262-s to 266-s (Aug).

Bell, R. A., Lippold, J. C , and Anderson, D. R. —An Evaluation of Copper Stainless-Steel Inertia Friction Welds, 325-s to 332-s (Nov).

Bhatti, R., Saggese, M. E., Hawkins, D. N , Whiteman, J. A., and Golding, M. S. — The Analysis of Inclusions in Submerged Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, 224-s to 230-s (Jul).

Blind, D., Kussmaul, K., Deimel, P., and Gaudig, W. — Mechanical Properties and Structure of Electron Beam Welds in Alloy Fe-0.2%C-l2%Cr-1%Mo, 267-s to 272-s (Sept).

Brooks, J. A., Thompson, A. W. and Williams, J. C —A Fundamental Study of the Beneficial Effects of Delta Ferrite in Reducing Weld Cracking, 71-s to 83-s (Mar).

Brucker, R. B., Challenger, K. D., Elger, W. M. and Sorek, M. J. —Microstructure-Thermal History Correlations for HY-130 Thick Section Weldments, 254-s to 262-s (Aug).

Challenger, K. D. and Mason, B. J. — Comparison of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Susceptibility of Cast and Rolled HY-130 Steel Plate, 39-s to 46-s (Feb).

Challenger, K. D., Brucker, R. B., Elger, W. M. and Sorek, M. J. — Microstructure-Thermal History Correlations for HY-130 Thick Section Weldments, 254-s to 262-s (Aug).

Cieslak, M. J., Ritter, A. M., and Savage, W. F. — Chi-Phase Formation During Solidification and Cooling of CF-8M Weld Metal, 133-s to 140-s (Apr).

Cowden, W. C , Dini, J. W „ Kelley, W. K., and Lopez, E. M. — Use of Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid in Diffusion Welding, 28-s to 34-s (Jan).

Cox, E. P. and Lamba, H. S. — Cluster Porosity Effects on Transverse Fillet Weld Strength, 1-s to 8-s (Jan).

Crisp, P. T., Tandon, R. K., Ellis, J., and Baker, R. S.-Fume Generation and Melting Rates of Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes, 262-s to 266-s (Aug).

David, S. A. and Vitek, J. M. — The Solidification and Aging Behavior of Types 308 and 308CRE Stainless Steel Welds, 246-s to 253-s (Aug).

Deimel, P., Kussmaul, K., Blind, D., and Gaudig, W. — Mechanical Properties and Structure of Electron Beam Welds in Alloy Fe-0.2%C-12%Cr-1%Mo, 267-s to 272-s (Sept).

Dini, J. W., Kelley, W. K., Cowden, W. C , and Lopez, E. M. — Use of Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid in Diffusion Welding, 28-s to 34-s (Jan).

Elger, W. M., Challenger, K. D „ Brucker, R. B., and Sorek, M. J. —Microstructure-Thermal History Correlations for HY-130 Thick Section Weldments, 254-s to 262-s (Aug).

Elliott, S. — Electron Beam Welding of C/Mn Steels — Toughness and Fatigue Properties, 9-s to 16-s (Jan).

Ellis, J., Tandon, R. K., Crisp, P. T., and Baker, R. S.-Fume Generation and Melting Rates of Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes, 262-s to 266-s (Aug).

Fordsmand, H., Thorsen, K. A., and Praestgaard, P. L. — An Explanation of Wettability Problems When Brazing Cemented Carbides, 308-s to 315-s (Oct).

Fordsmand, H., Thorsen, K. A., and Praestgaard, P. L. — Optical Hot Stage Microscopy for Brazing Investigations, 339-s to 344-s (Nov).

French, I. E. — Effects of Electrode Extension on Deposit Characteristics and Metal Transfer of E70T-4 Electrodes, 167-s to 172-s (Jun).

Friedman, E. and Glickstein, S. S. — Weld Modeling Applications, 38 to 42 (Sept).

Furr, S. T. and Sawhill, Jr., J. M.— Weldability Considerations in the Development of High-Strength Sheet Steels, 203-s to 212-s (Jul).

Gaudig, W., Kussmaul, K., Blind, D., and Deimel, P. — Mechanical Properties and Structure of Electron Beam Welds in Alloy Fe-0.2%C-12%Cr-1%Mo, 267-s to 272-s (Sept).

Giedt, W. H., Wei, X.-C, and Wei, S.-R.-Effect of Surface Convection on Stationary GTA Weld Zone Temperatures, 376-s to 383-s (Dec).

Glickstein, S. S. and Friedman, E. —Weld Modeling Applications, 38 to 42 (Sept).

Golding, M. S., Bhatti, R., Saggese, M. E., Hawkins, D. N , and Whiteman, J. A. — The Analysis of Inclusions in Submerged Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, 224-s to 230-s (Jul).

Hanninen, H., Klemetti, K., and Kivilahti, J. —The Effect of Sigma Phase Formation on the Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Nb-Stabilized Stainless Steel Cladding, 17-s to 27-s (Jan).

Hardt, D. E. and Katz, J. M. — Ultrasonic Measurement of Weld Penetration, 273-s to 281-s (Sep).

Hart, P. H. M. and Terashima, M. —Effect of Aluminum on C-Mn-Nb Steel Submerged Arc Weld Metal Properties, 173-s to 183-s (Jun).

Hasson, D. F., Zanis, C. A. and Anderson, D. R. —Fracture Toughness of HY-130 Steel Weld Metals, 197-s to 202-s (Jun).

Hawkins, D. N., Bhatti, R., Saggese, M. E., Whiteman, J. A., and Golding, M. S. — The Analysis of Inclusions in Submerged Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, 224-s to 230-s (Jul).

Henderson, W. R., Rey, M. C , Kramer, D. P., and Abney, L. D. — Dew Point/Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/ Metal Oxide Systems in Hydrogen Atmospheres, 162-s to 166-s (May).

Hernandez, I. E. and North, T. H. — The Influence of External Local Heating in Preventing Cracking During Welding of Aluminum Alloy Sheet, 84-s to 90-s (Mar).

Hicho, G. E., Kasen, M. B., and Placious, R. C. — Inherent Through-Wall Depth Limitations on Blunt Discontinuities in Welds, 184-s to 186-s (Jun).

Kane, J. J. and Savage, E. I. —Microstructural Characterization of Nickel Braze Joints as a Function of Thermal Exposure, 316-s to 323-s (Oct).

Karjalainen, L. P., Kujanpaa, V. P., and Sikanen, H. A. V. — Role of Shielding Gases in Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel Strips, 151-s to 155-s (May).

Kasen, M. B., Hicho, G. E., and Placious, R. C. — Inherent Through-Wall Depth Limitations on Blunt Discontinuities in Welds, 184-s to 186-s (Jun).

Katz, J. M. and Hardt, D. E. - Ultrasonic Measurement of Weld Penetration, 273-s to 281-s (Sep).

Kelley, W. K., Dini, J. W., Cowden, W. C , and Lopez, E. M. — Use of Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid in Diffusion

XI

Welding, 28-s to 34-s (Jan). Kimchi, M. — Spot Weld Properties When Welding With Expul

sion, 58-s to 63-s (Feb). Kivilahti, J., Klemetti, K., and Hanninen, H. — The Effect of Sigma

Phase Formation on the Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Nb-Stabilized Stainless Steel Cladding, 17-s to 27-s (Jan).

Klemetti, K., Hanninen, H., and Kivilahti, J. —The Effect of Sigma Phase Formation on the Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Nb-Stabilized Stainless Steel Cladding, 17-s to 27-s (Jan).

Koshiga, F., Tanaka, J., Watanabe, I., and Takamura, T.— Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel to Enhance Safety and Economy, 105-s to 115-s (Apr).

Kotecki, D. J. and Szumachowski, E. R. —Manganese Effect on Stainless Steel Weld Metal Ferrite, 156-s to 161-s (May).

Kramer, D. P., Rey, M. C , Henderson, W. R., and Abney, L. D. — Dew Point/Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/ Metal Oxide Systems in Hydrogen Atmospheres, 162-s to 166-s (May).

Kujanpaa, V. P., Karjalainen, L. P., and Sikanen, H. A. V. - Role of Shielding Gases in Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel Strips, 151-s to 155-s (May).

Kujanpaa, V. P.— Weld Discontinuities in Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheets — Effect of Impurities and Solidification Mode, 369-s to 375-s (Dec).

Kussmaul, K., Blind, D., Deimel, P., and Gaudig, W. — Mechanical Properties and Structure of Electron Beam Welds in Alloy Fe-0.2%C-12%Cr-1%Mo, 267-s to 272-s (Sept).

Lamba, H. S. and Cox, E. P. —Cluster Porosity Effects on Transverse Fillet Weld Strength, 1-s to 8-s (Jan).

Lippold, J. C. and Odegard, B. C. —Technical Note: Microstructural Evolution During Inertia Friction Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels, 35-s to 38-s (Jan).

Lippold, J. C. — An Investigation of Weld Cracking in Alloy 800, 91-s to 104-s (Mar).

Lippold, J. C , Bell, R. A., and Anderson, D. R. — An Evaluation of Copper-Stainless Steel Inertia Friction Welds, 325-s to 332-s (Nov).

Lopez, E. M., Dini, J. W., Kelley, W. K., and Cowden, W. C. — Use of Electrodeposited Silver as an Aid in Diffusion Welding, 28-s to 34-s (Jan).

Mason, B. J. and Challenger, K. D. —Comparison of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Susceptibility of Cast and Rolled HY-130 Steel Plate, 39-s to 46-s (Feb).

Masubuchi, K. and Agapakis, ). E. —Analytical Modeling of Thermal Stress Relieving in Stainless and High Strength Steel Weldments, 187-s to 196-s (Jun).

Mathew, J., Ratz, G. A., Nippes, E. F„ and Baek, W. H . -The Weldability of Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and HSLA Steels, 333-s to 338-s (Nov).

Matlock, D. K., Self, J. A., and Olson, D. L . - A n Evaluation of Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni Weld Metal for Dissimilar Metal Welding, 282-s to 288-s (Sep).

McGurran, B. and Nicholas, M. C —A Study of Aluminum Brazing Filler Metals Using Hot Stage Scanning Electron Microscopy, 295-s to 299-s (Oct).

Mills, W. J. —Effect of Heat Treatment on the Tensile and Fracture Toughness of Alloy 718 Weldments, 237-s to 245-s (Aug).

Nicholas, M. G. and McGurran, B. —A Study of Aluminum Brazing Filler Metals Using Hot Stage Scanning Electron Microscopy, 295-s to 299-s (Oct).

Nied, H. A. — The Finite Element Modeling of the Resistance Spot Welding Process, 123-s to 132-s (Apr).

Nippes, E. F., Ratz, G. A., Mathew, J., and Baek, W. H . - T h e

Weldability of Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and HSLA Steels, 333-s to 338-s (Nov).

North, T. H. and Hernandez, I. E— The Influence of External Local Heating in Preventing Cracking During Welding of Aluminum Alloy Sheet, 84-s to 90-s (Mar).

Odegard, B. C. and Lippold, J. C. — Technical Note: Microstructural Evolution During Inertia Friction Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steels, 35-s to 38-s (Jan).

Ogawa, T., Suzuki, K., and Zaizen, T— The Weldability of Nitrogen-Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part ll — Porosity, Cracking and Creep Properties, 213-s to 223-s (Jul).

Okamoto, I. and Takemoto, T. — Effect of Composition on the Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels Brazed with Silver-Base Filler Metals, 300-s to 307-s (Oct).

Olson, D. L., Self, J. A., and Matlock, D. K . - A n Evaluation of Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni Weld Metal for Dissimilar Metal Welding, 282-s to 288-s (Sep).

Placious, R. C , Kasen, M. B. and Hicho, G. E. — Inherent Through-Wall Depth Limitations on Blunt Discontinuities in Welds, 184-s to 186-s (Jun).

Praestgaard, P. L., Thorsen, K. A., and Fordsmand, H. —An Explanation of Wettability Problems When Brazing Cemented Carbides, 308-s to 315-s (Oct).

Praestgaard, P. L., Thorsen, K. A., and Fordsmand, H. —Optical Hot Stage Microscopy for Brazing Investigations, 345-s to 353-s (Nov).

Prasad Rao, K. and Prasannakumar, S. —Assessment Criterion for Variability of Delta Ferrite in Austenitic Weld and Clad Metals, 231-s to 236-s (Jul).

Prasannakumar, S. and Prasad Rao, K. — Assessment Criterion for Variability of Delta Ferrite in Austenitic Weld and Clad Metals, 231-s to 236-s (Jul).

Quintana, M. A.— A Critical Evaluation of the Glycerin Test, 141-s to 150-s (May).

Rager, D. D. and Sunday, S. P.— A Study of the Mechanical Properties of Cast-to-Wrought Aluminum Welds, 47-s to 57-s (Feb).

Ratz, G. A., Nippes, E. F., Mathew, J., and Baek, W. H . -The Weldability of Sulfide Shape Controlled Linepipe and HSLA Steels, 333-s to 338-s (Nov).

Rey, M. C , Kramer, D. P., Henderson, W. R., and Abney, L. D. — Dew Point/Temperature Curves for Selected Metal/ Metal Oxide Systems in Hydrogen Atmospheres, 162-s to 166-s (May).

Ritter, A. M., Cieslak, M. J. and Savage, W. F. —Chi-Phase Formation During Solidification and Cooling of CF-8M Weld Metal, 133-s to 140-s (Apr).

Rogerson, J. H. and Alcantara, N. C —A Prediction Diagram For Preventing Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking in Weld Metal, 116-s to 122-s(Apr).

Saggese, M. E., Bhatti, R., Hawkins, D. N , Whiteman, J. A., and Golding, M. S. — The Analysis of Inclusions in Submerged Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, 224-s to 230-s (Jul).

Savage, E. I. and Kane, J. J. —Microstructural Characterization of Nickel Braze Joints as a Function of Thermal Exposure, 316-s to 323-s (Oct).

Savage, W. F., Cieslak, M. J. and Ritter, A. M. — Chi-Phase Formation During Solidification and Cooling of CF-8M Weld Metal, 133-s to 140-s (Apr).

Sawhill, Jr., J. M. and Furr, S. T. — Weldability Considerations in the Development of High-Strength Sheet Steels, 203-s to 212-s (Jul).

XII

Self, J. A., Matlock, D. K., and Olson, D. L. - An Evaluation of Austenitic Fe-Mn-Ni Weld Metal for Dissimilar Metal Welding, 282-s to 294-s (Sep).

Sikanen, H. A. V., Kujanpaa, V. P., and Karjalainen, L. P. — Role of Shielding Gases in Flaw Formation in GTAW of Austenitic Stainless Steel Strips, 151-s to 155-s (May).

Sorek, M. J., Challenger, K. D., Brucker, R. B., and Elger, W. M. — Microstructure-Thermal History Correlations for HY-130 Thick Section Weldments, 254-s to 262-s (Aug).

Sunday, S. P. and Rager, D. D. — A Study of the Mechanical Properties of Cast-to-Wrought Aluminum Welds, 47-s to 57-s (Feb).

Suzuki, K., Ogawa, T., and Zaizen, T. — The Weldability of Nitrogen-Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part II — Porosity, Cracking and Creep Properties, 213-s to 223-s (Jul).

Szumachowski, E. R. and Kotecki, D. J.-Manganese Effect on Stainless Steel Weld Metal Ferrite, 156-s to 161-s (May).

Takamura, T., Koshiga, F., Tanaka, J., and Watanabe, I.— Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel to Enhance Safety and Economy, 105-s to 115-s (Apr).

Takemoto, T. and Okamoto, I. — Effects of Composition on the Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels Brazed with Silver-Base Filler Metals, 300-s to 307-s (Oct).

Tanaka, J., Koshiga, F., Watanabe, I., and Takamura, T.— Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel to Enhance Safety and Economy, 105-s to 115-s (Apr).

Tandon, R. K., Ellis, J., Crisp, P. T., and Baker, R. S. — Fume Generation and Melting Rates of Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes, 262-s to 266-s (Aug).

Terashima, H. and Hart, P. H. M. — Effect of Aluminum on C-Mn-Nb Steel Submerged Arc Weld Metal Properties, 173-s to 183-s (Jun).

Thomas, Jr., R. D.— Heat-Affected Zone Cracking in Thick Sections of Austenitic Stainless Steels —Part II, 355-s to 368-s (Dec).

Thompson, A. W., Brooks, J. A., and Williams, J. C —A Fundamental Study of the Beneficial Effects of Delta Ferrite in Reducing Weld Cracking, 71-s to 83-s (Mar).

Thorsen, K. A., Fordsmand, H., and Praestgaard, P. L. — An Explanation of Wettability Problems When Brazing Cemented Carbides, 308-s to 315-s (Oct).

Thorsen, K. A., Fordsmand, H., and Praestgaard, P. L. — Optical Hot Stage Microscopy for Brazing Investigations, 339-s to 344-s (Nov).

Tsai, C. -L. and Tsai, M. -J. — Significance of Weld Undercut in Design of Fillet Welded T-Joints, 64-s to 70-s (Feb).

Tsai, M. -J. and Tsai, C. -L.—Significance of Weld Undercut in Design of Fillet Welded T-Joints, 64-s to 70-s (Feb).

Tumuluru, M. D. — A Parametric Study of Inertia Friction Welding for Low Alloy Steel Pipes, 289-s to 294-s (Sep).

Vitek, J. M. and David, S. A.— The Solidification and Aging Behavior of Types 308 and 308CRE Stainless Steel Welds, 246-s to 253-s (Aug).

Watanabe, I., Koshiga, F., Tanaka, J., and Takamura, T. — Matching Ferritic Consumable Welding of 9% Nickel Steel to Enhance Safety and Economy, 105-s to 115-s (Apr).

Wei, S.-R., Giedt, W. H., and Wei, X.-C.-Effect of Surface Convection on Stationary GTA Weld Zone Temperatures, 376-s to 383-s (Dec).

Wei, X.-C, Giedt, W. H., and Wei, S.-R.-Effect of Surface Convection on Stationary GTA Weld Zone Temperatures, 376-s to 383-s (Dec).

Whiteman, J. A., Bhatti, R., Saggese, M. E., Hawkins, D. N , and Golding, M. S. — The Analysis of Inclusions in Submerged Arc Welds in Microalloyed Steels, 224-s to 230-s (Jul).

Williams, J. C , Brooks, A. W., and Thompson, J. A. —A Fundamental Study of the Beneficial Effects of Delta Ferrite in Reducing Weld Cracking, 71-s to 83-s (Mar).

Zaizen, T., Ogawa, T., and Suzuki, K. — The Weldability of Nitrogen Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel: Part II — Porosity, Cracking and Creep Properties, 213-s to 223-s (Jul).

Zanis, C. A., Hasson, D. F., and Anderson, D. R. — Fracture Toughness of HY-130 Steel Weld Metals, 197-s to 202-s (Jun).

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