EFEK PERTANIAN TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN

EFEK PERTANIAN TERHADAP

LINGKUNGAN

Diabstraksikan oleh: smno.jurstnh.fpub.sept2013

Bahan kajian pada MK. Pertanian Berlanjut

GENESIS TANAH

PEMBENTUKAN TANAH

Lima faktor pembentukan tanah:1) Climate (temp. & precipitation)

physical & chemical changes in soil/rock (weathering) – clay, leaching

2) Parent material- weathering in place or transported- outwash plain, alluvial, lacustrine, dunes, tephra

Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012

Lima faktor:3) Organisms (macro and micro)

4) Topography – relation to water movement & soil condition/type

5) Time *4.5 - 3.5 billion yrs before present(ybp)* relation to other 4 factors


PEMBENTUKAN TANAH

Proses-prose Pedogenik

The pedogenic processes can be grouped into four. These are:

– Additions or Gains – Losses or Removals – Translocations or Transfers– Transformations

Each major pedogenic process is made up of a number of processes acting singly or in combination

DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013

Additions or Gains• Enrichment

– General term for addition of material to a soil body. e.g., adjoining pedons as in depressions.

• Cummulization– Aeolian and hydrologic additions of mineral particles to the surface of a soil.

The effects are more pronounced in depressions. • Littering

– The accumulation of vegetable and associated faunal debris (litter) including humus on the mineral soil surface to a depth of less than 30cm

• Melanization– The darkening of light-colored mineral materials which are initially

unconsolidated by admixture of organic matter. Melanization involves some translocation.


Kehilangan atau Pengusiran• Erosi

– surficial removal of material from the surface layer of a soil This is effected by raindrop splash, runoff waters, wind, creep, and other mass wasting processes.

• Pencucian– General term for washing out or eluviating soluble

material from the solum.


Translokasi - Transfer • Eluviation

– Movement of material out of a portion of a soil profile as in an albic horizon.

• Illuviation– Movement of material into a portion of soil profile as in argillic or

spodic horizon• Lessivage

– Washing in suspension of fine clay and lesser amounts of coarse clay and fine silt down cracks and other voids in a soil body; leading to the depletion of clay in the A horizon and enrichment of clay in the B horizon.

• Pedoturbation– Biologic, physical (freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles) churning and cycling

of soil materials thereby homogenizing the solum in varying degrees


• Calcification– Processes including the accumulation of calcium carbonate in a Ck

and possibly other horizons of a soil. • Deca1cification

– Reactions that remove calcium carbonate from one or more soil horizons.

• Salinization– The accumulation of soluble salts such as sulfates and chlorides of

calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in salty (salic) 'horizons. • Desalinization

– The removal of soluble salts from salic horizons. • Alkalization (solonization)

– The accumulation of sodium ions on the exchange sites in a soil. • Dealkalization (solodization)

– The leaching of sodium ions and salts from sodium-rich (natric) horizons.


• Leucinization – The paling of soil horizons by disappearance of dark organic materials either

through transformation to light- colored ones or through removal from the horizons.

• Braunification, Rubification and Ferrugination-– Release of iron from primary minerals and the dispersion of particles of iron oxide

in increasing amounts; the progressive oxidation or hydration, giving the soil mass brownish, reddish-brown and red colors, respectively. (Also transformation).

• Gleization– The reduction of iron under anaerobic water-logged soil conditions, with the

production of bluish to greenish-gray matrix colors, with or without yellowish-brown, brown and black mottles and ferric and manganiferous concretions. (Also transformation:

• Podzolization (silication)– The chemical migration of aluminum and iron and/or organic matter, resulting in

the concentration of silica (i.e. silication) in the layer eluviated. (Also transformation)

• Laterization (desilication, ferrugination, ferritization, allitization)– The chemical migration of silica out of the soil solum and thus the concentration

of sesquioxides in the solum (goethite, gibbsite, etc.)


Transformasi• Dekomposisi

– The breakdown of mineral and organic materials • Mineralisasi

– The release of oxide solids during decomposition of organic. It concerns the biochemical breakdown of dead plant tissues by soil micro-organisms to produce simple-structured soluble organic substances, purely mineral compounds like nitrates, and metal cations and gases (mostly carbon dioxide)

• Humifikasi– Transformation of raw organic material into humus. In this the

simple structured soluble organic substances are grouped into lager molecules by polymerization They then become poorly soluble and are stabilized to form a major component of humus

• Sintesis– The formation of new particles of mineral and organic species.


• Paludisasi– The accumulation of deep (> 30cm) layers of organic

matter- as in mucks and peats.

• Penuaan – Pematangan (Ripening)– This refers to the chemical, biological, and physical

changes in organic soil after air penetrates the organic deposits, making it possible for microbial activity to flourish.


Proses-prosesnya• Each of the major pedogenic processes may affect many compounds and

components which make up the soil. • For example, there may be additions, losses, transfers and

transformations of organic matter, soluble salts, carbonates, sesquioxides.

• Organic matter may be added to the soil by littering; it may be transformed by decomposition; it may be translocated by podzolization and it may be lost by erosion.

• These processes can all be going on singly or in combination with other processes to give rise to the soil profile.

• However, not all of the processes will necessarily promote horizon differentiation.

• Some of the processes may actually retard or offset differentiation e.g. pedoturbation.

DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013

Proses-proses nya

Losses

Translocations Translocations

Additions

Transformations


• Perkembangan Horison A– Accumulation of organic matter– Clumping of individual soil particles– Distinct from parent material and other layers

• Perkembangan Horison B dan C– Carbonic and organic acids are carried by water into soil where dissolve

various minerals (transformations)– Soluble materials (ions –Ca2+, CO32-, SO42-, etc) are carried by water and

precipitate in the soil from upper to lower horizons (translocation)– Weathering of primary minerals into secondary minerals– Wetting and drying cracks soils and makes structures.


Perkembangan Horison Tanah

Perkembangan Horison Tanah


PROFIL TANAH

• soil profile: cross-section view of soil horizons

• horizon: layers of soil that share attributes of texture, structure, etc…


Horizon Utama:• O horizon (organic layer)• A horizon (topsoil, humus, life)• E horizon (leaching zone)• B horizon (subsoil, accumulation zone)• C horizon (parent material, field stone)• R horizon (bedrock)


PROFIL TANAH

SUMBERDAYA AIR

Kelangkaan air?1) Human Population2) Consumption - ag.,industry,resident

3) Efficiency4) Problematik Distribusinya5) Pencemaran (udara, tanah dan air)


Water Cycle?

replacement period: time to complete cycle (9 days to 37,000 years)

• Unequal distribution of precipitation- US 102 cm - MI 81 cm- Death Valley 4 cm- Pacific NW 368 cm

• Evaporation & TranspirationDiunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012

AIR PERMUKAAN & Groundwater

• Surface water (lakes, streams) - may be potable, municipal use

• Groundwater – water infiltrates into soil• percolation into aquifer (porous soil stratum of

sandstone or limestone) • zone of aeration: plant roots, capillary water in

pore spaces• zone of saturation: pore filled from water table

down to bedrock


DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI

watershed: area drained stream/river• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Flood Control 1) Levees – raise river banks with

earthen/stone dikes • develop floodplains• floods prevented, almost• increase flood severity?


Pengendalian Banjir2) Pengerukan (Dredging )– pengambilan

sedimen dan polutannya

3) Channelization – straightening streams (NRCS) – floods & drainage, Everglades

4) Dams – pembendungan aliran nsungai– Pekerjaan umum• potable water, irrigation, recreation,

energy• loss of habitat, evaporation,

sedimentation, $$Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012

Proteksi DAS dan Lembah sungainya

• watershed protection as proactive & sustainable flood control mgt.

• Zonasi DAS• Kontrol banjir nonstructural


TIPE-TIPE PENCEMARAN

1) Sediment2) Inorganic Nutrient3) Thermal4) Disease-Producing Microorganisms5) Toxic Organic Chemicals6) Heavy Metals7) Organic Wastes


PENGELOLAAN PENCEMARAN

pollution control: (output control)manage pollutant post hoc- pollutant dispersion

pollution prevention: (input control)avoid pollution a priori


1) Pencemaran SedimenBerkaitan dnegan erosi tanah dan penggunaan lahan

Sources: agriculture, logging, construction, strip mines

Biaya: $1 million per day in USclog irrigation canals, hydro- electric

turbines, harbors, life of dams shortened

- carries toxins- turbid water & sedimentation “kills” coldwater

fish/bivalve habitat


Pengendalian Pencemaran Sedimen

- Kontrol input sedimen, termasuk: conservation tillagecontour-strip farmingshelter beltsterracingcover crops/increase OM

- Kontrol Output, termasuk:sediment filtration systems (artificial & natural)dredging


2) Pencemaran oleh Hara Anorganik

- Sistem akuatik memerlukan hara kimia tertentu untuk mendukung kehidupan akuatik:

- includes C, O, N, H, P among others- N & P often are limiting factors because of their

reduced abundance;- P > N in importance as limiting factor

- > N & P = > produktivitas sistem akuatik


Gradien Produktivitas Danau

1) Oligotrophic: Danau miskin hara- Productivitasntya rendah- Biomasa tumbuhan/binatang – Rendah- e.g., Lake Superior = young lake

2) mesotrophic: moderate nutrient base- swimming, fishing

3) Eutrophic: Kaya hara- dense algal blooms- reduced dissolved oxygen, diminished fishery


3) Polusi Thermal

- Peningkatan temperatur sistem akuatik- Harmful effects:

- reduced dissolved oxygen- reduced fish reproduction- spread of disease

- Manfaat:- increase growth rate of some fish- heating homes

- Use of coolant towersDiunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012

4) Organisme yg menghasilkan penyakit

- infectious organisms introduced to water; cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, polio, Cryptosporidium

- better sanitation & water treatment can reduce diseasee.g., chlorination for bacteria and oxygenation

for enteric disease (intestine-dwelling; anaerobic)

- coliform bacteria count: index of microorganism-based water pollutioncoliform = usually harmless bacteria in human gut Diunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012

5) Toxic Organic Chemicals

- Carbon-based compounds; synthetic derivatives such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) = toluene

- Synthetic Organics = resist decomposition & therefore persistent

- Disrupt normal enzyme function in organisms; interfere with normal chemical reactions in cells


Polutan air

Pilihlah satu jenis polutan dan jelaskan:

a) Nama polutan; b) provide an explanation of its use;c) indicate its source & its prevalence in the Great Lakes; andd) Efek terhadap kesehatan manusia


Logam berat:

e.g., lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium (fundamental chemical elements)

- Tambang & groundwater yang tercemar- Mines & tailings (Clarks Fork of Yellowstone)

- Mengganggu fungsi ensim yang normal- lead contamination (soil & water) from

paint & plumbing pipe (solder)- mercury contamination (methyl Hg in air

& water) from industry; in muscle tissueDiunduh dari sumbernya: www.cst.cmich.edu/.../lecture%20240-%20lan.... ………… 22/10/2012

7) Limbah Organik: Mengurangi oksigen terlarut dalam air

- decomposition of wastes by bacteria uses oxygen; release of nutrients -- cyclic

- Oxygen-demanding organic wastesbiological oxygen demand (BOD): index of

amount of organic matter in water sample; indexed via rate of oxygen use by bacteria

- aquatic indicator species (bio-sentinels or bio-indicators) – also application to other pollutants (may flies, trout, bullheads, carp, sludge worms, mink)


Limbah organik: Mengurangi oksigen tersedia

- decomposition of wastes by bacteria uses oxygen; release of nutrients -- cyclic

- Oxygen-demanding organic wastesbiological oxygen demand (BOD): index of

amount of organic matter in water sample; indexed via rate of oxygen use by bacteria

- aquatic indicator species (bio-sentinels or bio-indicators) – also application to other pollutants (may flies, trout, bullheads, carp, sludge worms, mink)


Gulf of Mexico - Watershed

• Zone Hiposik• Konsentrasi

oksigen terlarut kurang dari 2 mg/L, atau 2 ppm



Gulf of Mexico - Watershed

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