Educational Technology Timeline ppt

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History of Educational Resources

Transcript of Educational Technology Timeline ppt

Page 1: Educational Technology Timeline ppt
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OBJECTIVE: Trace the development of education under the different era

and the corresponding educational technology used.

The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal

priests systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or

sign writing to record and transmit information.”

(Paul Saettler, 1990)

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OBJECTIVE: Trace the development of education under the different era

and the corresponding educational technology used.

“Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments,

machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to

technology as computers.” (Muffoletto, 1994)

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•Man started to use pointed sticks to in

script signs and symbol on the leaves of

trees and knives for the bark of trees.

•At about 3100 B.C. the Egyptians devised

a system for picture writing called

hieroglyphics.

•Rise of the class known as scribes, a

group of men trained in the art of writing.

•In ancient Greece, the Spartan education

Emphasized the Development of Physical

body coupled with discipline.

•The boys underwent exercises and

activities that promoted bodily strength,

endurance and vitality. They were taught by

the paidonomus, a military commander in

the public barracks.

•The girls on the other hand stayed by their

mothers who taught them the rudiments of

housekeeping and motherhood

•In Athens, the right of the individual to

develop to the fullest is recognized.

•Music schools with the kitharist

•Grammar schools with the grammatist and

•Gymnastics with the paedotribe

••With the help of the Sophist, cognitive

rules, systematically arranged subject matter

instructional technologies and effective

instructional materials were designed and

implemented.

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INQUIRY & THE SOCRATIC

METHODThrough the use of questioning, Socrates (and his

students Plato and Zenophon) guide the learner to their

inborn knowledge. AVID, a national program for college

readiness, still emphasizes the Socratic Method as an

integral part of the curriculum as students work in small

groups with a tutor to use questioning to guide their peers

to solve their homework questions.

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Saun-Pan and Soroban

•The earliest surviving counting board is the

Salamis Tablet which dates back to 400 BC. China (Saun-

pan) and Japan (Soroban) introduced computer trays at

about the same point in history (200 AD). The

Soroban (a type of abacus), in particular, is still used

today for calculating.

Abacus

•The invention of the abacusin 3,000 BC

marked the beginning of computers.

•For the first time, people had a calculating device with which to do math.

•Abacus( Babylonian 3000 B.C.)

•Saun Pan (China)

•Soroban (Japan)

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Around 2,300 BC the creators of Stonehenge first began work on what is now known as an astronomical calculator. This miraculous complex took over 2,000 years to complete. •Stonehenge stands on Salisbury Plain, two miles west of the town of Amesbury, Wiltshire, in Southern England.

The identification of the history of technology with the history of humanlike species does not help in fixing a precise point for its origin, because the estimates of prehistorians and anthropologists concerning the emergence of human species vary so widely. Animals occasionally use natural tools such as sticks or stones, and the creatures that became human doubtless did the same for hundreds of millennia before the first giant step of fashioning their own tools.

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Even then it was an interminable time before they put such tool

making on a regular basis, and still more aeons passed as they

arrived at the successive stages of standardizing their

simple stone choppers and pounders and of manufacturing them—

that is, providing sites and assigning specialists to the work.

A degree of specialization in tool making was achieved by the

time of the Neanderthals (70,000 BCE); more-advanced tools,

requiring assemblage of head and haft, were produced by Cro-

Magnons (perhaps as early as 35,000 BCE); while the application of

mechanical principles was achieved by pottery-making Neolithic

(New Stone Age; 6000 BCE)

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ra•The establishment of the Medieval

University

•Emperor Frederick I of Bologna in

1158 chartered the first University

degrees

•The Saracens or the Arabs among

the Moors of Spain aimed to search

for knowledge and the application of

scientific facts to their daily lives

•They originated the scientific method

of teaching.

During the Middle Age Advent of

Scholastic Philosophy, Pierre Abelard

introduced a technology of instructionwhich was really a new method of

structuring and presenting materials

that helped set the style of scholastic

education.

John Amos Comenius was

recognized as the pioneer

of modern instructional

technology by reason of his

book Orbis Pictus (The

World in Picture) which

was illustrated textbooks

for children studying Latin

& Sciences.

Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Herbart

and Montessori contributed their own

concept on educational technology

improving educative process.

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Their curriculum was the most organized and complete in the elementary, secondary and collegiate levels. Their universities and libraries were the models in the entire Europe because they invented the printing press. They also originated the scientific method of teaching.

Charles Martel was the first ruler who sought to educate the population. At first, he appointed several priests to educate the sons of important men. Gradually he changed education from being purely related to God to including more practical knowledge such as mathematics and Latin. By this time education had increased considerably but very few could read and write and even fewer pursued a higher education.

The most common language in the medieval world was Latin, even though most countries had their own language. Latin a thousand years ago was like English today: The language that most people understood and did business with. Many nobles were taught to read and write in Latin which was taught mostly in monasteries and abbeys.

Those who studied in a monastery often became monks and worked by writing books and preserving Greek and Roman texts. They translated many classical works into Latin. Few professions existed for those who were educated - those who were skilled in fighting generally earned more than those who weren't. For example, most politicians and rulers ascended to power rarely by education, but rather by warfare and inheritance.

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dAuthorities agree that modern times began

with the movement known as age of Renaissance or Reawakening. The period has three main lines of concern:

-Intellectual to which education belongs-Aesthetic-Scientific

Along the intellectual development, movements like:- Humanism-Reformation-Realism-Disciplinism-Rationalism All these contributed to the development of educational technology especially along theories and practices. Bacon , Rabelais, Vivesand Milton advance their own ideas about education John Locke came out with his idea about the nature of the child's mind at birth in Tabula Rasa.

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Most peasants were never allowed to study as the fees required by the church were beyond their reach. In addition, by keeping the population ignorant, the upper class could get away with almost anything. Study books were extremely expensive so the only viable way to learn was with the help of a teacher. From an early age a boy's role was determined. Some became fighters, others became merchants and so on.

Most elite fighting troops were educated. The knights, with their famous Code of Chivalry are a perfect example. They were educated from a very early age and excelled in reading, writing and other practical skills. A knight was usually appointed to teach them everything they needed to know.

During the High Middle Ages many European nations became more stable. The Viking raids were over, Law and Order improved and periods of peace ensued. The first real universities were constructed during this period. Even though still reserved mostly for the rich, they allowed a gradual shift towards education that had been lost since the times of the Romans.

Women had been virtually ignored up to this point. Even though only a small minority of them began to study in universities, this was a changing point towards a more equal society. However, women were still required to do everything his husband or lord pleased.

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dLeonardo da Vinci Calculator

In 1452 AD it is believed that Leonardo da Vinci conceived of a calculation device.

Johannes Gutenberg (Germany) developed the printing press, sometimes considered the greatest invention of all time. •Between 1452 and 1456, Gutenberg printed the first book ever, the Bible. •John Amos Comenius developed

the first picture book known as the

Orbis Pictus (the World in Pictures)

•He was considered as the pioneer

in instructional technology

development

Maria Montessori used multi-

sensory materials to teaching.

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The invention of the printing press in the late 15th century gave rise to some of the first forms of mass communication, by enabling the publication of books and newspapers on a scale much larger than was previously possible. The invention also transformed the way the world received printed materials, although books remained too expensive really to be called a mass-medium for at least a century after that.

Humanist educators designed teaching methods to prepare well-rounded, liberally educated persons. Dutch humanist DesideriusErasmus was particularly influential. Erasmus believed that understanding and conversing about the meaning of literature was more important than memorizing it, as had been required at many of the medieval religious schools. He advised teachers to study such fields as archaeology, astronomy, mythology, history, and Scripture

One of Luther’s colleagues, German religious reformer Melanchthon, wrote the

school code for the German region of Württemberg, which became a model for other regions of Germany and influenced

education throughout Europe. According to this code, the government was responsible

for supervising schools and licensing teachers.

The Protestant reformers retained the dual-class school system that had developed in

the Renaissance. Vernacular schools provided primary instruction for the lower classes, and the various classical humanist and Latin grammar schools prepared upper-

class males for higher education.

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Jean Jacques Rousseau’s educational views were contained in a book titled Emile, which he authored.

The aim of education was the preservation of the natural goodness of the individual and the formation of society based upon the recognition of natural individual rights.

Herbart also came out with the five formal steps to teaching now known as the Herbartian Method of Teaching with the following steps: preparation, presentation, comparison and abstraction, generalization and application.

Peztallozi believed that teaching is more effective if it proceeds from concrete to abstract, hence the use of actual and real objects that involve most of the senses. Froebel, who was known as the Father of Kindergarten emphasized the use of actual objects, which could be manipulated by the learners.D

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John Napier, the inventor of logarithms, created an aid to calculation known as 'Napier's Bones'in 1617. •He described a method of multiplication using "numbering rods"with numbers marked off on them. Napier's numbering rods were made of ivory, so that they looked like bones. This explains why they are now known as Napier's bones. To multiply numbers, the bones were placed side by side and the appropriate products read off.

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m Founding of the firstpublic schools

1650 – The Horn-Book

Wooden paddles with printed lessons were popular in the colonial era. Perhaps this is where fraternities got the idea? On the paper there was usually the alphabet and a religious verse which children would copy to help them learn how to write.

•Robert Bissaker first created the slide rule in 1654, an instrument used by engineers and scientists until the 1970s.•The slide rule was a precursor to the electronic calculator.

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The Magin Catacopricaor magic lantern, invented in 1646, led to the eventual zoetrope.•Magic lantern, or slide, shows played an important role, attracting young and old to schools, theaters, and homes to watch depictions of fables, legends, and current events. The magic lanterns projected hand-painted or photographic glass slides, which were inserted into the projector one at a time for small audiences to view together. A skilled projectionist could move them quickly, making the screen images appear to move.

•In 1725, Joseph-Marie Jacquard(French) invented a way to weave silk using punched cards. These punched cards would become the predecessors of those used in the first computers. •The idea of using punched cards to control machines was considered to be the birth of modern day computer programming.

Benjamin Franklindiscovered by when he flew his kite one stormy day in June, 1752. This discovery would eventually allow us to power the computers we have come to rely on so heavily in our modern society.

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The 19th century paved in the advent of effective technological development including

the production of textbooks, use of blackboards and improvements in writing

implements like pen and ink. Photography was invented, giving a way to a movement called

“Visual Instruction”.

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Advent of the first calculating machines invented by Leibniz and produced in large numbers.

Calculating Machine

•Charles Babbage'scalculating engines (1822) are among the most celebrated icons in the prehistory of computing. •Babbage is often considered the "Grandfather of Modern Digital Computing". •He was the first person to realize that a computing machine must be composed of –input device (the card reader) –memory (the store), –central processing unit (the mill), –and output device (the printer).

Charles Babbage’s calculating engine

Peter Mark Roget,1824, first envisioned motion pictures. •In 1912 the Victor Animatograph Company produced the first portable lantern-slide projector and 16 mm projector.

Motion Pictures

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In1876, Alexander Graham Bellinvented the electrical speech machine which we now call the telephone.This machine would one day make distance learning and the Internet possible.

Telephone

Bell Telephone

•Hollerith, in 1884, applied for a patent for his automatic punch-card tabulating machine and then in the 1890s he developed an electromechanical machine to help with the US census. •Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started his own business (Tabulating Machine Company) to market the device. This company eventually became International Business Machines (IBM).

Hollerth and IBM

In the late 1800s Thomas Edisoninventedthe Kinetoscope, disk phonograph, and electric light bulb.

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During the late 1800s distance education was first introduced by Issac Pittman in England.•Distance university study began in America in 1874 at Illinois Wesleyan University at both the graduate and undergraduate levels. A Correspondence University was also founded in Ithica, New York in 1883. •Today interactive television, computer based E-Mail and conferencing, as well as exchange of messages by audio and video tape are the norm.

1850 – 1870 – Ferule

This is a pointer and also a corporal punishment device. Seems like both this and the Horn-Book had dual purposes in terms of ‘educating’ the youths of that era.

1870 – Magic LanternThe precursor to a slide projector, the ‘magic lantern’ projected images printed on glass plates and showed them in darkened rooms to students. By the end of World War I, Chicago’s public school system had roughly 8,000 lantern slides.

1890 – School Slate

Used throughout the 19th century in nearly all classrooms, a Boston school superintendent in 1870 described the slate as being “if the result of the work should, at any time, be found infelicitous, a sponge will readily banish from the slate all disheartening recollections, and leave it free for new attempts.

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In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi successfully sent signals using electromagnetic waves between a transmitter and a receiving antenna.

Wireless Communication: Radio

Radio Transmission

1900 – Pencil

Just like the chalkboard, the pencil is also found in basically all classrooms in the U.S. In the late 19th century, mass-produced paper and pencils became more readily available and pencils eventually replaced the school slate.

The earliest forerunners of the educational film were the newsreel, travelogue, and the scientific motion picture. •In 1902 Charles Urban exhibited films which showed the growth of plants, emergence of a butterfly, and undersea views. These films are thought to be the first educational films. •Thomas Edison was one of the first to produce films for classrooms.

Educational Film

1901Radio signals sent

across Atlantic

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In 1912, the first experimental telephonic broadcast was conducted in the Physics Department of the University of Wisconsin. This year also saw the introduction of 16 mm projectors.

It is believed that the oldest educational radio station is WHA, owned by the state of Wisconsin and operated by the University of Wisconsin since 1917.

Educational Radio1905 – Stereoscope

At the turn of the century, the Keystone View Company began to market stereoscopes which are basically three-dimensional viewing tools that were popular in homes as a source of entertainment. Keystone View Company marketed these stereoscopes to schools and created hundreds of images that were meant to be used to illustrate points made during lectures.

1925 – Film Projector

Similar to the motion-picture projector, Thomas Edison predicted that, thanks to the invention of projected images, “books will soon be obsolete in schools. Scholars will soon be instructed through the eye.”

1925 – Radio New York City’s Board of Education was actually the first organization to send lessons to schools through a radio station. Over the next couple of decades, “schools of the air” began broadcasting programs to millions of American students.

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By 1920, visual media became widely accepted.

Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts.

In 1926, educational films were used as

instructional media.

In 1927, Pressey wrote on programmed learning

through a machine which tested and confirmed a learning

task.

Educational Technology

•John Dewey formulated the scientific theory of learning

•Edward Lee Thorndike advanced the three primary laws of

learning

•Production of books, use of blackboard, pen and inks

•Photography

•Visual media widely accepted, 1920

•Audio-visual materials

•Educational films,1926

•First TV instructional program,1932

•16 mm sound motion picture was developed

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•The first public demonstration on television was conducted in 1927. •The birth of the electronic television age is almost impossible to pinpoint exactly.•Due to the numerous contributors that helped to develop this new medium, it is even more difficult to acknowledge any one person for its invention.

•Bush, Vannevar (1890-1974), an American scientist. From 1919 to 1971 Bush worked and taught at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where he invented the differential analyzer, a forerunner to the modern computer.

Differential Analyzer

Turing, a British Mathematician, often known as the founder of computer science, developed the Turing machine in 1936. •Turing's Machine is the cornerstone of the modern theory of computation and computability even though it was invented nine years before the creation of the first electronic digital computer.

Turing Machine

•In 1941 , the ENIAC computer was introduced.•ENIAC was unveiled in Philadelphia. It represented a stepping stone towards the true computer. •It was built out of some 17,468 electronic vacuum tubes, ENIAC was in its time the largest single electronic apparatus in the world.

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1930 – Overhead Projector

Initially used by the U.S. military for training purposes in World War II, overhead projectors quickly spread to schools and other organizations around the country.

In 1932, the first instructional

television program was aired at the

State University of Iowa.

About the same time, the 16 mm

sound motion picture was developed

and this served as the educational

workhorse during the audio-visual

movement of the time.

During World War II, the

U.S. government

encouraged the

implementation of

technology of instruction for

military training programs.

This gave impetus to a

system approach to

instruction to include:

micro-teaching,

individualized instruction,

Language laboratories,

behavioral laboratories,

behavioral objectives,

computer assisted

instruction and among

others

1940 – Ballpoint Pen

While it was originally invented in 1888, it was not until 1940 that the ballpoint pen started to gain worldwide recognition as being a useful tool in the classroom and life in general.

1940 – Mimeograph

Surviving into the Xerox age, the mimeograph made copies by being hand-cranked. Makes you appreciate your current copier at least a little bit now.

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Electronic Computer

Systems

Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.

Used punch cards to input and externally store data.

Up to 4K of memory.

Programming in machine language and assembly language.

Required a compiler.

First Generation:1943-1956

First Generation:

1943-1956

World’s first electronic digital computer.

Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department.

Electronic Numerical

Integrator

and Calculator (ENIAC)

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1950 – Headphones

Thanks to theories that students could learn lessons through repeated drills and repetition (and repeated repetition) schools began to install listening stations that used headphones and audio tapes. Most were used in what were dubbed ‘language labs’ and this practice is still in use today, except now computers are used instead of audio tapes

1950 – Slide Rule

The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as digital computing devices were being gradually introduced; but around 1974 the electronic scientific calculator made it largely obsolete and most suppliers left the business.

1951 – Videotapes

The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby’s production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world’s first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as “blurred and indistinct” images, using a modified Ampex 200 tape recorder and standard quarter-inch (0.6 cm) audio tape moving at 360 inches (9.1 m) per second.

William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 17th century based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier. Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering.

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1957 – Reading AcceleratorEducational Television Programs

Some accounts of the origin of classroom television mark May 25, 1953 as the day when KUHT in Houston, Texas began broadcasting. Others point to commercial programs beamed into homes early in the morning, such as the Continental Classroom.

With an adjustable metal bar that helped students tamp down a page, the reading accelerator was a simple device designed to help students read more efficiently. Personally, this looks like a torture device and is probably the least portable thing to bring along with a book. 1957 – Skinner Teaching Machine

B. F. Skinner, a behavioral scientist,

developed a series of devices that allowed a

student to proceed at his or her own pace through a regimented program of

instruction.

1956 IBM 350

RAMAC

Second Generation: 1957-1964

• Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.

• Up to 32K of memory.

• Programming in computer languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL.

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On October 4, 1957, the former Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball, weighed only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path.

In 1957, programmed instruction materials based on Skinner’s behaviorism are used at the Mystic School in Massachusetts

Programmed Instruction

1958,Texas Instruments began manufacturing integrated circuits on one piece of silicon.

Integrated Circuits

•1960Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL)was developed by a team drawn from several computer manufacturers and the Pentagon.•COBOL, the first packaged programs which were sold by the Computer Science Corporation.

COBOL Language

Communication Satellites

In 1962, we saw the advent of communication satellites.

In 1963CAD and Sketchpad were first introduced and a patent was received on the mouse pointing device.

Mouse

Third Generation:

1965-1971

• Used integrated circuits.

• Up to 3 million bytes of memory.

• Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.

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Mini-Computers

Mini-computers and BASIC were both introduced in 1964.

The first Ph.D. of Computer Science

The first Ph.D. was awarded in computer science to Dr. Wexelblat at the University of Pennsylvania in 1965.

PDP-8 in 1965the First TRUE Minicomputer

In 1967, IBM began producing floppy disks.

During 1972, three engineers from Texas Instruments, Kilby, Maryman and Van Tasel, invented the electronic pocket calculator.

In 1973, the first international connections were made to ARPANET

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1971, Intel develops 4004, the first microprocessor chip.

Altair sold in 1975, the first personal computer. It is a kit that must be assembled.

Apple Computer is formed in 1976 and sells 50 Apple I.

Advances increase memory size, storage space, and processing speeds.

Fourth Generation:

1972-NowMicrocomputer Revolution Begins.

• Personal computers or PCs.

• Usually cost about $2,000 or less.

• Process over 1 billion operations per second.

• “Stand-alone” or connected to other computers as a network system.

Microcomputers

1970 – The Hand-Held Calculator

The predecessor of the much-loved and much-used TI-83, this calculator paved the way for the calculators used today. There were initial concerns however as teachers were slow to adopt them for fear they would undermine the learning of basic skills.

1972 – Scantron

The Scantron Corporation removed the need for grading multiple-choice exams. The Scantron machines were free to use but the company made money by charging for their proprietary grading forms.

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1980 – Plato Computer

Public schools in the U.S. averaged about one computer for every 92 students in 1984. The Plato was one of the most-used early computers to gain a foothold in the education market. Currently, there is about one computer for every 4 students.

1985 – CD-ROM Drive

A single CD could store an entire encyclopedia plus video and audio. The CD-ROM and eventually the CD-RW paved the way for flash drives and easy personal storage.

1985 – Hand-Held Graphing Calculator

The successor to the hand-held calculator , the graphing calculator made far more advanced math much easier as it let you plot out points, do long equations, and play ‘Snake’ as a game when you got bored in class.

1999 – Interactive Whiteboard

The chalkboard got a facelift with the whiteboard. That got turned into a more interactive system that uses a touch-sensitive white screen, a projector, and a computer.

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The Internet•In 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. •In 1986, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated the development of the NSFNET which, today, provides a major backbone communication service for the Internet.

8800 Computer 1975

First Mass Produced and Marketed Personal Computer

By 1975 the market for the personal computer (PC) was demanding a product that did not require an electrical engineering background and thus the first mass produced and marketed personal computer (available both as a kit or assembled) was welcomed with open arms.

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•1975saw the introduction of the MS DOS Operating System by Microsoft•PC/IBM -DOS was developed for IBM by Bill Gates. He retained the rights and later developed MS-DOS. MS-DOS was derived from Seattle Computer Products' 86-QDOS and renamed DOS v.1.0 in 1981

MS DOS

Bill Gates

1977 microcomputers were placed in schools and Apple was formed.

1980s CAI: Computer-Assisted Instruction

•In 1980, Seymour Papert GO, a constructivist programming tool for children. •It was the first language specifically designed to enable children to learn by discovery.

•In 1984, Apple first introduced the Macintosh Computer. •The mouse and the icon became the major tools for computer interaction.

Macintosh Computer

•In 1990, Windows 3.01 was developed and networked systems were introduced. •During 1991, GOPHER and the World Wide Web (WWW) were released.•In 1992, Windows 3.1, the Pentium processor by Intel and Hewlett-Packard laser jet printers were all introduced. •In 1994, shopping malls arrived on the Internet, allowing a new method to shop at home. •1995 saw the introduction of Windows '95.

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Technologies of the FutureAdvanced robotics

commonplaceSmart houses

Wearable computersHolodeck virtual reality

Truly individualized education

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•Video disks (VCD)•CD-ROMs•Multimedia•DVD•Teleconferencing•Software--

•Virtual reality•Online life•Mobile computer lab•Wireless Internet access

2000 to Present

Only recently focused on computers.Internet current primary trend.

Communication with colleagues.

Lesson plan preparation.

Student resources.

Access research and best practices

for teaching.

The 2nd millennium saw the pervasiveness of educational technology in all aspects of

educational organization and management.Most schools have

already adopted the computerization of records,

entrance procedures and all over aspects of administration and

supervision. Schools in the secondary, collegiate levels and even in the graduate level have radically revised and enriched

their curricular offerings to include courses

in computerapplications.Computers became more user friendly so people began procuring sets for personal as well as for office and

instructional use.

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2005 – iClicker

There are many similar tools available now, but iClicker was one of the first to allow teachers to be able to quickly poll students and get results in real time.

2006 – XO LaptopThe ‘One Laptop Per Child’ computer was built so it was durable and cheap enough to sell or donate to developing countries. It’s an incredible machine that works well in sunlight, is waterproof, and much more

2010 – Apple iPad

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Summary-1From Blackboard to WWW•Blackboard•Slides-Projector (audio tape, video cassette…) •PowerPoint•WWW–Unlimited resources–Equal accessibility (divide vs. equalizer) –Instantaneously–Simultaneously–Multimedia

Summary-2From instructional tools for

teachers to learning tools for students and teachers as well •Classroom without teachers•Programmed instruction•CAI: Computer-Aided Instruction

•Web-based learning•NTeQ Model: Integrating Technology for Inquiry•Education theory vs. learning theory

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Summary-3From the extension of human sense organs’ capacities to enhancement of human thinking

and reasoning abilities •See more clearly•Hear more distinctively•Conduct more efficiently•Physical brain & digital brain•Multitasking•Multidimensional thinking•Active reasoning momentum •Ownership of information resources•Incidental learning opportunity•Teacher and student learn from each other•No limitation of time and place