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EDUCATION REFORM

(ITS HISTORY)

Educationreformis the name given to a

demand with the goal of improving education.Small improvements in education theoretically

have large social returns, in health, wealth and

well-being. Historically, reforms have taken

different forms because the motivations ofreformers have differed. A stated motivation

has been to reduce cost to students and society

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education

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From the ancient times until the 1!!s, one goal

was to reduce the e"pense of a classical education.

#deally, classical education is undertaken with a

highly educated full-time $e"tremely e"pensive%

personal tutor. Historically, this was available only to

the most wealthy. &ncyclopedias,public librariesand

grammar schoolsare e"amples of innovations

intended to lower the cost of a classical education.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Books#Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Books#Program

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'elated reforms attempted to develop similar classical results by

concentrating on (why(, and (which( )uestions neglected by

classical education. Abstract, introspective answers to these

)uestions can theoretically compress large amounts of facts intorelatively few principles. *his path was taken by some

*ranscendentalisteducators, such as Amos +ronson Alcott. #n the

early modern age, ictorian schoolswere reformed to teach

commercially useful topics, such as modern languages andmathematics, rather than classical subects, such as atinand

/reek.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school#Victorian_grammar_schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school#Victorian_grammar_schoolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalist

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0any reformers focused on reforming society by

reforming education on more scientific, humanistic,

pragmatic or democratic principles. ohn 2ewey,

and Anton 0akarenkoare prominent e"amples of

such reformers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey#On_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey#On_education

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Some reformers incorporated several

motivations, e.g. 0aria 0ontessori, who both

(educated for peace( $a social goal%, and to (meet

the needs of the child,( $A humanistic goal.%

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Montessorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Montessori

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#n historic 3russia, an important motivation for

the invention of 4indergartenwas to foster national

unity by teaching a national language while

children were young enough that learning a

language was easy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergartenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten

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*he reform has taken many forms and directions.

*hroughout history and the present day, the

meaning and methods of education have changed

through debates over what content or e"periences

result in an educated individual or an educated

society.

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WHO CAN IMPLEMENT CHANGES?

5hanges may be implemented by

individual educators and6or by broad-

based school organi7ation and6or by

curriculum changes with performance

evaluations.

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EDUCATION: REFORMS IN BASIC

EDUCATION UNDERWAY

8n 0ay 19, A)uino signed into law 'epublic Act

1!9:: or the &nhanced +asic &ducation Act of ;!1:,

which institutionali7es the 4indergarten $4% to 1;

program. *he law adds two years to basic education