Economic Issues and Growth - rvhs.redmondschools.org€¦ · Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical...
Transcript of Economic Issues and Growth - rvhs.redmondschools.org€¦ · Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical...
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Economic Issues and Growth1800-1848
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Post-War of 1812
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Tariff of 1816
Protect American industries after War of 1812
Advantages and disadvantages?
Impact on different regions?
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Bonus Bill of 1816
Result of Tariff
2nd Bank of the United States (1816)
Alleviate inflation from war
Restore credit
Bonus went to internal improvements
Roads-Turnpikes, Post Roads, National Roads
Canals-Erie Canal
Harbor Improvements-Dredging, Piers,
Warehouses
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Foundation of Economic Growth
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Capitalism
Develop industry
Manufacturing (north)
markets for goods in South and West
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Capitalism
Role of Banks
credit for investors
Bank of the U.S. (like/hate?)
Capitalist economy
Merchants/entrepreneurs
Producers
Consumers
Any drawbacks to capitalism?
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State level – Mercantilism
Commonwealth system (similar to mercantilism)
“common wealth”
needs of state ahead of individuals
How system worked
States
lacked industry and basic utilities
grants charters to to provide needs
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State level – Mercantilism
Develop infrastructure
Roads
Bridges
Canals
How is this beneficial to state and people?
Benefits for individuals
Limited liability for investors
Danger for individuals
Eminent domain
Owner had to accept market value (5th
Amendment)
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Mercantilism
Democratic view: state level
Republican/Whig view: federal level
Beginning of Market Revolution
Opening markets for raw materials and manufactured goods
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Early Industrial Growth
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Growth and Development of Industry and Society
How did the following lead to the rise of Northeastern manufacturing?
Technology
Competition
How did the following lead to the expansion of markets?
Existing trade patterns
The growth of cities and towns
The opening of the West
Changes in transportation
Government and Business
How did industrial growth impact the following economic classes?
Upper class
Middle class
Urban poor
Business class
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
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Private Turnpikes
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First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.
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Cumberland (National Road), 1811
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Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s
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DeWitt Clinton – The Erie Canal
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Erie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817; completed in 1825
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Principal Canals in 1840
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Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
1807: The Clermont
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Inland Freight Rates
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Clipper Ships
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The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]
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TheRailroad
Revolution,1850s
Immigrant laborbuilt the Northern Railroads
Slave labor built the Southern railroads
Who has more track?
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Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans: willing to try anything
Copiers then innovators.
1800 41 patents were approved
1860 4,357 patents were approved
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Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Slavery was a dying institution before this
invention!
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Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory
Interchangeable Parts Rifle
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OliverEvans
First prototype of the locomotive
First automated flour mill
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John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)
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Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831
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Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph
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Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
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Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840sSewing Machine
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Material advance was the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and
promise.
The “American Dream”
A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:
Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.
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Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860
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Creating a Business-Friendly Climate
Supreme Court Rulings:•Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819) –private charters (college)•Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – interstate commerce (rivers)
General Incorporation Law New York, 1848
Corporations form without government charter
Laissez faire government: “hands off” regulating
capitalism!
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Distribution of Wealth
v During the American Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 10% ofthe population.
v 1845 Boston top 4% owned over65% of the wealth.
v 1860 Philadelphia top 1% ownedover 50% of the wealth.
v The gap between rich and poor waswidening!
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The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
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Lowell Mill
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New EnglandTextile
Centers:
1830s
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New England Dominance in Textiles
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Lowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”
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Lowell Mills Time Table
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Early Labor Movement
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Early “Union”
Newsletter
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The Factory Girl’s Garland
February 20, 1845 issue.
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I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girl
Everyday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!I'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payWishing for shortened work times!I'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlSick of all these harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!
Factory girls working 14 hrs a day/6 days a week
1844: petitioned maximum 10 hr days
Presented gov’t with over 4,500 signatures for 10 hour day
Government didn’t address issue
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Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell
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Began with skilled workers
Used skills as bargaining tools
Workingman’s Party (1828)Founded in New York City
Equal taxation, abolition of banks, universal education
Early unions usually local, social, and weak
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Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)
Unions only criminal if objectives criminal
Unions have right to closed shop (strike if necessary)
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Regional Specialization
EAST Industrial
SOUTH Cotton & Slavery
WEST The Nation’s “Breadbasket”
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American Population Centers in 1820
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American Population Centers in 1860
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National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860
Why now?
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Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860
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ECONOMIC?
SOCIAL?
POLITICAL?
FUTUREPROBLEMS?