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University of Arkansas, FayettevilleScholarWorks@UARKMechanical Engineering Undergraduate HonorsTheses Mechanical Engineering

5-2015

Economic Impact of the Reflectivity of RoofsAdam OsmonUniversity of Arkansas, Fayetteville

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Economic Impact of the Reflectivity of Roofs

An Undergraduate Honors College Thesis

in the

Department of Mechanical Engineering

College of Engineering

University of Arkansas

Fayetteville, AR

by

Adam Osmon

1

Abstract

For years, dark roofs have been used on residential and commercial buildings in all areas of the

United States, but these roofs absorb large amounts of solar radiation, which can result in high cooling

costs for the building. In some parts of the country, using a cool roof on a building is more beneficial

because it will lower the energy consumption (and therefore will reduce energy costs) of heating and

cooling the building. This paper summarizes the results from using the program eQUEST to analyze three

different types of buildings – an office, a high school, and a hospital – in each ASHRAE climate zone to

determine the economic impact of using a cool roof as opposed to a dark roof on these buildings. Three

different reflectivities of roofs are chosen: a light roof (reflectivity of 0.6), a medium roof (reflectivity of

0.4), and a dark roof (reflectivity of 0.1), and several types of simulation results (utility charges, roof

conduction, max HVAC heating and cooling load, and max hourly heating and cooling load) are collected

from the simulations.

According to the eQUEST simulations and assumed gas and electric rates, using a cool roof on a

hospital anywhere in the United States increases the total energy consumption, and therefore is not

advisable. In offices and schools in zones 4, 5, 6, and 7, and schools in zones 2 and 3, utilizing a cool roof

may not be the most profitable investment; however, in many situations, it is economically viable. For

schools in zone 1 and offices in zones 1, 2, and 3, utilizing cool roofs may be a good investment,

depending on the company or school’s minimum attractive rate of return (MARR). When constructing a

roof where the cost of a cool roof and non-cool roof are the same, utilizing a cool roof is the better option

in offices in all zones and schools in all zones except zones 5, 6, and 7

Introduction

Dark roofs absorb more energy from sunlight and therefore increase cooling costs of buildings

during the summer months and reduce heating costs during the winter months. In warmer climates,

cooling costs are higher in buildings with roofs with high absorptance coefficients. In cooler climates,

heating costs are higher in buildings with roofs with low absorptance coefficients. Depending on the type

of building, its uses, and where it is located, these costs can be significantly reduced if the right type of

roof is chosen. According to a report from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in 2010 (1), dark roofs

can reach temperatures over 50° F higher than cool roofs in the same climate. According to the same

report, using cool roofs can have a positive environmental impact by reducing the surrounding air

temperatures, which increases air quality, reducing power plant emissions because of lower energy

consumption of buildings, and reducing “heat trapped in the atmosphere by reflecting more sunlight back

into space, which can slow climate change” (1). An article by the Consumer Energy Center states that

2

using cool roofs can also reduce “roof maintenance and replacement expenses by extending roof life” (2).

The Department of Energy report (1) states that annual cooling energy cost savings often substantially

outweigh heating penalties as a result of installing a cool roof.

Background

The roof captures most of the heating load of a building, so changing it can have a drastic impact

on the energy consumption of that building. Two factors, solar reflectance and thermal (sometimes called

infrared) admittance, determine the temperature of a roof. Both values range from 0 to 1, with 1 being the

highest emittance, leading to the coolest roof. The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory defines solar

reflectance as “the fraction of the incident solar energy which is reflected by the surface in question” and

thermal admittance as “the ability of a warm or hot material to shed some of its heat in the form of

infrared radiation” (3). A surface that reflects 60% of sunlight has a solar reflectivity of 0.60. “Solar

reflectance has the biggest effect on keeping [a] roof cool in the sun” (1). Most building materials have a

thermal admittance of 0.9, the notable exception being clean, bare metallic surfaces, which have low to

intermediate levels of emittance (3). The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) is another standard for measuring

a roof’s ability to remain cool, as shown by a small temperature rise. “It is defined so that a standard black

(reflectance 0.05, emittance 0.90) is 0 and a standard white (reflectance 0.80, emittance 0.90) is 100. For

example, the standard black has a temperature rise of 90 deg. F (50 deg. C) in full sun, and the standard

white has a temperature rise of 14.6 deg. F (8.1 deg. C). Once the maximum temperature rise of a given

material has been computed, the SRI can be computed by interpolating between the values for white and

black. Materials with the highest SRI values are the coolest choices for roofing. Due to the way SRI is

defined, particularly hot materials can even take slightly negative values, and particularly cool materials

can even exceed 100” (3).

Roofs are often split into two categories: low-slope (typically found on commercial, industrial,

and office buildings) and steep-slope (typically found on residence and retail buildings) (4), and they can

be made out of many different kinds of materials. The most common types of roofs are built up, metal,

modified bitumen, single-ply membrane, and spray polyurethane foam roofs. Built up roofs (BUR) are

generally “made up of alternating bitumen layers and reinforcing fabric layers that, together, form

finished roofing membranes. These membranes are laid out in cross sections across a building top’s

surface. For the most part, built-up roofing is fastened to roof decks and insulation for adherence” (5).

3

Figure 1: Built up roof (6).

“There are several metal materials which can be used for metal roofing: corrugated galvanized

steel, aggregates of zinc, aluminum, and silicon-coated steel, metal tile sheets, stainless steel, copper,

aluminum, stone-coated steel, lead, and tin. Because certain kinds of metal roofs, especially steel roofs,

can become rusted from prolonged exposure to the sun, these roof types have surfacing layers applied that

protect against or resist damaging influences such as sun exposure. These surfacing layers are typically

coatings, which are applied for resistance against rust, waterproofing, or reflectivity of the sun’s energy.

They are typically made of materials such as epoxy, ceramic, or acrylic” (5).

Figure 2: Metal roof (7).

Modified bitumen roofs “are composed of reinforcing roof fabrics which function as ‘carriers’ for

bitumen, when it is being manufactured into rolls. Similar to BUR membranes, bitumen roofing

membranes are installed in layers. They are usually fastened to building tops as two-ply systems that are

fully adhered to the roofing deck” (5).

4

Figure 3: Modified bitumen roof (8).

Single-ply roofing membranes “are factory-made membranes. Generally speaking, there are two

kinds of single-ply roofing membranes: thermoplastic membranes, which include PVC and TPO

membranes, and thermoset membranes, which include EPDM membranes, a popular rubber roofing

system” (5).

Figure 4: Single-ply roof (9).

Spray polyurethane foam (SPF) roofing is “foam-based and created by mixing and applying a

two-part liquid that serves as this roofing system’s base layer. It can easily be applied with different

amounts of thickness for greater R-value, or insulation value, or sloping for drainage” (5).

5

Figure 5: SPF roof (10).

Methodology

The program eQUEST (11) was used to run simulations of building performance. Three different

energy absorptance coefficients for the roof were used: dark (0.9), medium (0.6) and light (0.4). It is

important to note that the solar reflectance of these roofs can be determined by subtracting their

absorptance values from 1. For example, the light roof has a solar reflectance of 0.6 and the dark roof has

a solar reflectance of 0.1. A city was chosen in each different zone of the ASHRAE climate zone map

(shown in Figure 6), and a simulation for each different type of roof was run for an office, high school,

and hospital in each of these zones (details of these buildings can be found in Appendix A).

6

Figure 6: ASHRAE climate zone map (12).

Uniform energy costs of $0.08/kWh, $12/kW, $0.80/therm, and $0.00/(therm/hr) were used, and the

simulations were run for the year 2014. These specific types of buildings were chosen to measure the

effects that building usage has on energy consumption. Offices are open during the day year-round

(excluding holidays). Schools are open during the day, but are closed for summer break, which is the

hottest part of the year. Hospitals are open all day every day, including holidays. All the default settings

in eQUEST were used with the exception of the roof type and energy costs, and the zoning pattern was

changed to “one per floor.” A detailed summary report was produced after each building performance

simulation, and the following types of simulation results that were collected and where in the report they

were collected are as follows:

Metered Energy (kWh), Total Charge ($) – ES-E Summary of Utility Rate: Custom Elec Rate

Metered Energy (therm), Total Charge ($) – ES-E Summary of Utility Rate: Custom Gas Rate

Roof Conduction (Sensible, kBTU/H) – LS-B Space Peak Load Components: Plnm (T.--)

Max Cooling Load (kBTU/H), Max Heating Load (kBTU/H) – SS-D Building HVAC Load Summary

Max Hourly Cooling Load (kBTU), Max Hourly Heating Load (kBTU), and respective dates – SS-J Peak

Heating and Cooling for: Sys1 (DDS) (T)

From the simulation results collected, graphs were made comparing the total cost, total cost per square

foot, savings, savings per square foot, peak heating and cooling, and HVAC peak heating and cooling for

7

each roof type and zone for each building. More details about how eQUEST was used can be found in

Appendix A. Graphs and raw simulation results can be found in Appendices B and C, respectively.

Results

The largest savings resulting from using a cool roof (as opposed to a dark roof) on a school was

in zone 1 at $1634 in a year. The largest savings resulting from using a cool roof on a small office

building was in zone 2 at $285 in a year. Using a cool roof on a hospital in all zones resulted in an

increase in energy costs, the greatest of which was in zone 3 at $854 in a year. The complete results are

shown below [negative savings represent a cost, and the light roof (absorptance coefficient of 0.4) is the

reference point]:

Graph 1: Office building utility cost savings per year for each ASHRAE climate zone. Note that negative

savings represent a cost, and the light roof (absorptance coefficient of 0.4) is the reference/baseline point.

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Savi

ngs

($

/yr)

Zone

Office

Light (0.4) Medium (0.6) Dark (0.9)

8

Graph 2: School utility cost savings per year for each ASHRAE climate zone. Note that negative savings

represent a cost, and the light roof (absorptance coefficient of 0.4) is the reference/baseline point.

Graph 3: Hospital utility cost savings per year for each ASHRAE climate zone. The light roof

(absorptance coefficient of 0.4) is the reference/baseline point.

The largest savings per square foot was in an office building in zone 2 at $0.0228/ft2, followed closely by

a school in zone 1 at $0.0218/ft2. A hospital in zone 3 had the largest cost per square foot at $0.0171/ft2.

The office has a roof area of 12,500 ft2, the school has a roof area of 75,000 ft2, and the hospital has a roof

area of 50,000 ft2. The complete results are shown below (negative savings represents a cost, and the light

roof is the reference point):

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Savi

ngs

($

/yr)

Zone

School


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Savi

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($

/yr)

Zone

Hospital


9

Graph 4: Office utility savings per year per square foot for each ASHRAE climate zone. Note that

negative savings represent a cost, and the light roof (absorptance coefficient of 0.4) is the

reference/baseline point.

Graph 5: School utility savings per year per square foot for each ASHRAE climate zone. Note that

negative savings represent a cost, and the light roof (absorptance coefficient of 0.4) is the

reference/baseline point.

-0.025

-0.02

-0.015

-0.01

-0.005

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Savi

ngs

/sq

.ft

($/y

r*sq

.ft.

)

Zone

Office


-0.025

-0.02

-0.015

-0.01

-0.005

0

0.005

0.01

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Savi

ngs

/sq

.ft

($/y

r*sq

.ft.

)

Zone

School


10

Graph 6: Hospital utility savings per year per square foot for each ASHRAE climate zone. The light roof

(absorptance coefficient of 0.4) is the reference/baseline point.

Economic Analysis

To determine the overall savings and maximum economic impact of using a cool roof, the largest

savings from the three buildings was used (office in zone 2). Table 5 in the DOE report (shown in Table 1

below) lists the price premiums of several cool roof types over their dark roof counterparts.

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

0.016

0.018

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Savi

ngs

/sq

.ft

($/y

r*sq

.ft.

)

Zone

Hospital


11

Table 1: Roof surfaces, cool alternatives, and approximate price premiums* (1).

Many types of cool roofs, such as shingles, modified bitumen, metal, thermoplastic and thermoset

membranes, and tiles, cost the same as dark roofs, so there are no price premiums. Some types of cool

roofs, however, do carry price premiums, such as the popular EPDM coating. Firestone Building

Products, has created an EPDM coating with an initial reflectivity of 0.8, which corresponds to an

absorbance of 0.2 (13). This reflectivity value will decrease over time (to 0.72 over three years, according

to the Cool Roofs Rating Council), but an absorbance of 0.28 after 3 years leads to even lower energy

costs than the generic roof absorbance rating of 0.4 used in the eQUEST simulations, which means actual

savings from using a cool roof will be greater than the eQUEST simulation suggests. Using the simulation

results with a cool roof absorptivity of 0.4 and dark roof absorptivity of 0.9, however, and assuming that a

new roof is being constructed with a white EPDM coating that carries a price premium of $0.125/ft2 over

its dark roof counterpart, an internal rate of return can be calculated. According to a Progressive Materials

article (14), EPDM roofs can last between 25 and 30 years. Using a modest increase in energy costs of

12

2% per year and a roof life of 30 years, an IRR of 20.1% was calculated using Microsoft Excel’s IRR

function. The IRR of other using other roof materials on different buildings in the various zones can

similarly be calculated. With many of the suggested materials, building a cool roof carries no premium

over building a dark roof, and so the annual savings in energy costs would come with no initial cost.

Using the building that benefits the most from a cool roof, the office in zone 2, the Excel “Solver”

function, and the above assumptions of a 2% increase in energy costs per year and a roof life of 30 years,

the break-even point (0% IRR) comes at spending $0.925/ft2 on a cool roof. All of the costs of making an

existing non-cool roof a cool roof given in Table 6 of the DOE report (shown in Table 2 below) can far

exceed this break-even price, so upgrading an existing roof is most likely economically unadvisable

unless a significantly higher energy cost increase is experienced, the actual cost of the upgrade is on the

low end of the approximate cost, or other incentives are offered from the government or energy suppliers.

Table 2: Making an existing roof cool, approximate price premiums* (1).

Using a cool roof significantly changed the roof load in all of the buildings in all of the zones, the

smallest of which was a 43% decrease in the office in zone 2, and largest of which was a 52% decrease in

the school in zone 7. The overall cost, cost per square foot, peak heating and cooling values, and HVAC

heating and cooling values were not significantly affected. These graphs can be found in Appendix B.

According to the eQUEST simulations, using a cool roof on a hospital anywhere in the United

States increases the total energy consumption, and therefore is not advisable. In offices and schools in

zones 4, 5, 6, and 7, and schools in zones 2 and 3, the largest IRR obtained with assumptions of a 30 year

roof life, energy increases of 4% per year, and a cool roof premium of $0.125/ft2 is 14.4%, so utilizing a

cool roof may not be the most profitable investment; however, in many situations, it is economically

13

viable. For schools in zone 1 and offices in zones 1, 2, and 3, utilizing cool roofs may be a good

investment, depending on the company or school’s minimum attractive rate of return (MARR). When

constructing a roof where the cost of a cool roof and non-cool roof are the same, utilizing a cool roof is

the better option in offices in all zones and schools in all zones except zones 5, 6, and 7.

Figure 7: ASHRAE climate zone map (12).

Discussion

Using a cool roof is not advantageous when the building needs to be heated or cooled constantly,

such as in a hospital, because the increase in heating costs outweigh the savings in cooling costs (as

shown in Graph 7). In buildings that are open all year, but only during the day (offices, retailers, grocery

stores, etc.), using cool roofs decreases energy consumption in all areas of the United States. Finally, in

buildings that are only open part of the year, such as schools, using cool roofs reduces costs across most

of the middle and southern parts of the United States. Graphs displaying the office and school savings in

electric and gas costs for the different roof types of roofs can be found in Appendix B.

14

Graph 7: Hospital electric and gas savings per year for each ASHRAE climate zone. Note that a negative

savings represents a cost, and the light roof (absorptance coefficient of 0.4) is the reference/baseline point.

Because many cool roof materials carry no premium over their non-cool roof counterparts,

building a cool roof is economically beneficial in many commercial buildings and areas around the

United States. Even with small price premiums, investing in a cool roof can have an internal return rate of

over 20%. Upgrading a non-cool roof to a cool roof (when building a new roof is not necessary) is almost

never advisable because it is not usually economically beneficial. In other words, the cost differential for

replacement may be viable, but it is unlikely to be cost effective otherwise.

The economic benefit of a cool roof can be even greater than what was calculated, depending on

actual solar reflectance and roof life; for example, cool Sprayed Polyurethane Foam (SPF) roofs can last

upwards of 50+ years (14) and carry no price premium over non-cool SPF roofs. Local energy costs that

are different than those used in the simulations will also impact a cool roof’s IRR, which will impact its

economic viability. An IRR threshold of 15% was used to determine whether or not using a cool roof is

economically viable, so changing that threshold would impact in what regions a cool roof is desirable for

a specific type of building. Actual savings will vary based on weather (snowfall, number of hot, cool

days, etc.), building insulation, roof thermal admittance, and other factors, so the overall benefit is

difficult to predict exactly. Sometimes, as in Los Angeles, incentives are offered for cool roofs, which

increases their IRR. Los Angeles even passed an ordinance in 2013 that requires all new and refurbished

homes to have cool roofs (15), and New York City has created an collaboration between NYC Service

and the NYC Department of Buildings called “NYC °Cool Roofs” to “promote and facilitate the cooling

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

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Dar

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.9)

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k (0

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Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7

Savi

ngs

($

)Hospital

Electric Gas

15

of New York City’s rooftops” (16). Large cities are beginning to understand the economic and

environmental benefits of cool roofs and are encouraging business people and home owners alike to

utilize them. Even in cases where building cool roofs are not very economically beneficial, they have

positive environmental impacts, such as reducing local air temperature, which increases air quality, so

contractors should still consider building cool roofs over non-cool roofs.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Dr. Darin Nutter, P.E. for his guidance and support in writing this paper.

References

1. Urban, Bryan and Roth, Kurt. Guidelines for Selecting Cool Roofs. s.l. : U.S. Department of Energy,

July 2010.

2. California Energy Commission. Cool Roofs. Consumer Energy Center. [Online] [Cited: March 8,

2015.] http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/coolroof/.

3. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Definitions and Terms. Energy Technologies Area.

[Online] U.S. Department of Energy. [Cited: April 19, 2015.] http://energy.lbl.gov/coolroof/ref_01.htm.

4. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Cool Roofs. [Online] United States Enviornmental

Protection Agency, August 29, 2013. [Cited: March 9, 2015.]

http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/coolroofs.htm.

5. Choice Roof Contractor Group. Different Commercial Roofing Types. [Online] Choice Roof

Contractor Group. [Cited: April 19, 2015.] https://www.choiceroofcontractors.com/different-commercial-

roofing-types/.

6. Roofing Southwest. Built-Up Roofing (BUR). [Online] Roofing Southwest. [Cited: April 19, 2015.]

http://www.roofingsouthwest.com/commercial/built-up-bur-roof.

7. Metal Roofing Alliance. Welcome to the Gallary. [Online] Metal Roofing Alliance, 2015. [Cited:

April 19, 2015.] http://www.metalroofing.com/v2/content/photogallery/.

8. JM Roofing Systems LLC. Roofing Systems. [Online] JM Roofing Systems LLC. [Cited: April 19,

2015.] http://jmroof.com/roofingsystems/app/.

9. Roofing Southwest. Single Ply Roofing - PVC, TPO, & EPDM. [Online] Roofing Southwest. [Cited:

April 19, 2015.] http://www.roofingsouthwest.com/commercial/single-ply-roof

10. Canadian Spray Foam Solutions. SPF Roofing. [Online] Canadian Spray Foam Solutions, 2012.

[Cited: April 19, 2015.] http://www.canadiansprayfoamsolutions.com/content/wp-

content/uploads/2012/02/IMG-20110622-00084.jpg.

11. [Online] http://doe2.com/equest.

12. Facilities - Interiors. [Online] Air Force Corporate Facilities Standards, 2014. [Cited: April 14,

2015.] http://afcfs.com/facilities-interiors/.

16

13. Firestone Building Projects. RubberGuard EcoWhite EPDM Reflectivity. [Online] April 2, 2008.

[Cited: March 9, 2015.] http://firestonebpco.com/2008/04/02/rubbergard-ecowhite-epdm-reflectivity/.

14. McKain, Josh. Average Roofing System Lifespans. [Online] Progressive Matierals, July 3, 2014.

[Cited: March 9, 2015.] http://www.pmsilicone.com/roofing-system-lifespans/.

15. Phillips, Ari. Los Angeles Becomes First Major City to Require 'Cool Roofs'. Think Progress.

[Online] December 18, 2013. [Cited: March 9, 2015.]

http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/12/18/3084181/los-angeles-cool-roofs/.

16. NYC Cool Roofs. Welcome to NYC Cool Roofs. [Online] 2015. [Cited: March 10, 2015.]

http://www.nyc.gov/html/coolroofs/html/home/home.shtml.

17

Appendix A Using eQUEST

All of the default settings in eQUEST were used except for a few, shown below:

Figure 8: Main screen of the eQUEST Building Creation Wizard.

Figure 8 shows the first screen of the Building Creation Wizard, found on the left-hand side of the main

screen. In this window, the type of building, its location, analysis year, and utility rates were all adjusted.

The buildings used were Office Bldg, Two Story; Health, Hospital (inpatient); and School, Secondary

(High School). The locations used for zones 1-7, in order, were Miami, FL; Houston, TX; Los Angeles,

CA; Philadelphia, PA; Chicagosimul, IL; Minneapolis, MN; and Duluth, MN. Data files for these

locations can be downloaded from the Internet through eQUEST.

18

Figure 9: Zoning pattern in the eQUEST Building Simulation Wizard.

The zoning patter of all buildings was changed to “One Per Floor” because only one zone (roof) is being

considered. Roof area can also be calculated by multiplying the X1 and Y1 footprint dimensions, or by

dividing the building area by the total number of floors, which are both shown in Figure 8.

19

Figure 10: Roof color in the eQUEST Building Simulation Wizard.

Roof color can be changed in this window. Dark (abs=0.9), Medium (abs=0.6), and Light (abs=0.4) colors

were used.

20

Figure 11: Custom electric rate in the eQUEST Building Simulation Wizard.

Figure 12: Custom gas rate in the eQUEST Building Simulation Wizard.

Custom gas and electric rates were used as shown.

21

After all inputs are finished, the simulation can be run. The “Simulate Building Performance” button on

the left side of the screen can be clicked, which brings up a window that presents three options. When

“View Detailed Simulation Output File…” is chosen, a long text document is created, and the following

simulation results can be collected:

Metered Energy (kWh), Total Charge ($) – ES-E Summary of Utility Rate: Custom Elec Rate

Metered Energy (therm), Total Charge ($) – ES-E Summary of Utility Rate: Custom Gas Rate

Roof Conduction (Sensible, kBTU/H) – LS-B Space Peak Load Components: Plnm (T.--)

Max Cooling Load (kBTU/H), Max Heating Load (kBTU/H) – SS-D Building HVAC Load Summary

Max Hourly Cooling Load (kBTU), Max Hourly Heating Load (kBTU), and respective dates – SS-J Peak

Heating and Cooling for: Sys1 (DDS) (T)

The locations of these values are shown below:

22

Figure 13: Electric cost in the eQUEST Detailed Simulation Output File.

Total Metered Energy (kWh) and Total Charge ($) were collected.

23

Figure 14: Gas cost in the eQUEST Detailed Simulation Output File.

Total Metered Energy (therm) and Total Charge ($) were collected.

24

Figure 15: Roof load in the eQUEST Detailed Simulation Output File.

Roof Conduction – Sensible (kBTU/h) was collected.

25

Figure 16: HVAC peak heating and cooling in the eQUEST Detailed Simulation Output File.

Max Cooling Load (kBTU/hr) and Max Heating Load (kBTU/hr) were collected (year maximum, not

monthly maximum).

26

Figure 17: Peak heating and cooling in the eQUEST Detailed Simulation Output File.

Sum Max Cooling (kBTU), Sum Max Heating (kBTU) and respective dates were collected.

27

Building Descriptions

Office

Figure 18: eQUEST office simulation.

2 stories (2 above grade, 0 below grade)

25,000 ft2 total area

111.80 ft. x 111.80 ft. footprint

Built-up roof, 3 in. polyurethane (R-18)

Open 8am-5pm Mo-Fr, Closed Sa-Su and holidays

28

High School

Figure 19: eQUEST school simulation.

2 floors (2 above grade, 0 below grade)


X1: 312.20 ft. Y1: 295.75 ft.

X2: 109.55 ft. Y2: 93.10 ft.

X3: 93.10 ft. Y3. 109.55 ft.

Figure 20: eQUEST school floorplan.

Built-up roof, 3 in. polyurethane (R-18)

Open 1/1/14 – 5/31/14 and 9/1//14 – 12/31/14 7am-5pm Mo-Fr, closed Sa-Su and holidays

Closed 6/1/14 – 8/31/14

29

Hospital

Figure 21: eQUEST hospital simulation.

5 floors (4 above grade, 1 below grade)


223.6 ft. x 223.6 ft. footprint

Built-up roof

Open 12am-12am Su-Sa, never closed

30

Appendix B

Result Graphs

Gas and Electric Savings





-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)


Savi

ngs

($

)

Office

Electric Gas

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)

Ligh

t (0

.4)

Med

ium

(0

.6

Dar

k (0

.9)


Savi

ngs

($

)

School

Electric Gas

31

Roof Load

Graph 10: Office roof load for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark] are defined

by absorptance coefficients).

Graph 11: School roof load for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark] are defined

by absorptance coefficients).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ro

of

Load

(kB

TU/h

r)

Zone

Office


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ro

of

Load

(kB

TU/h

r)

Zone

School


32

Graph 12: Hospital roof load for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark] are

defined by absorptance coefficients).

Total Energy Cost

Graph 13: Office total energy cost for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark] are


0

50

100

150

200

250

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ro

of

Load

(kB

TU/h

r)

Zone

Hospital


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tota

l En

ergy

Co

st (

x$1

00

0)

Zone

Office


33

Graph 14: School total energy cost for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark] are


Graph 15: Hospital total energy cost for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark] are


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tota

l En

ergy

Co

st (

x$1

00

0)

Zone

School


850

900

950

1000

1050

1100

1150

1200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tota

l En

ergy

Co

st (

x$1

00

0)

Zone

Hospital


34

Total Energy Cost per Square Foot

Graph 16: Office total energy cost per square foot for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light,

medium, dark] are defined by absorptance coefficients).

Graph 17: School total energy cost per square foot for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light,


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tota

l En

ergy

Co

st/s

q.f

t. (

$/s

q.f

t.)

Zone

Office


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tota

l En

ergy

Co

st/s

q.f

t. (

$/s

q.f

t.)

Zone

School


35

Graph 18: Hospital total energy cost per square foot for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light,


Peak Heating

Graph 19: Office peak heating for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark] are


17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Tota

l En

ergy

Co

st/s

q.f

t. (

$/s

q.f

t.)

Zone

Hospital


-900

-800

-700

-600

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Pea

k H

eati

ng

(kB

TU)

Zone

Office


36

Graph 20: School peak heating for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark] are


Graph 21: Hospital peak heating for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark] are


-9000

-8000

-7000

-6000

-5000

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Pea

k H

eati

ng

(kB

TU)

Zone

School


-900

-800

-700

-600

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Pea

k H

eati

ng

(kB

TU)

Zone

Hospital


37

Peak Cooling

Graph 22: Office peak cooling for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark] are


Graph 23: School peak cooling for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark] are


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Pea

k C

oo

ling

(kB

TU)

Zone

Office


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Pea

k C

oo

ling

(kB

TU)

Zone

School


38

Graph 24: Hospital peak cooling for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark] are


HVAC Peak Heating

Graph 25: Office HVAC peak heating for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark]

are defined by absorptance coefficients).

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Pea

k C

oo

ling

(kB

TU)

Zone

Hospital


-1600

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

HV

AC

Max

Hea

tin

g (k

BTU

/hr)

Zone

Office


39

Graph 26: School HVAC peak heating for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark]


Graph 27: Hospital HVAC peak heating for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium,

dark] are defined by absorptance coefficients).

-16000

-14000

-12000

-10000

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

HV

AC

Max

Hea

tin

g (k

BTU

/hr)

Zone

School


-3500

-3000

-2500

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

HV

AC

Max

Hea

tin

g (k

BTU

/hr)

Zone

Hospital


40

HVAC Peak Cooling

Graph 28: Office HVAC peak cooling for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark]


Graph 29: School HVAC peak cooling for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium, dark]


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

HV

AC

Max

Co

olin

g (k

BTU

/hr)

Zone

Office


0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

HV

AC

Max

Co

olin

g (k

BTU

/hr)

Zone

School


41

Graph 30: Hospital HVAC peak cooling for each ASHRAE climate zone (roof types [light, medium,

dark] are defined by absorptance coefficients).

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

HV

AC

Max

Co

olin

g (k

BTU

/hr)

Zone

Hospital


42

Appendix C

Raw Simulation Results

Roof Load

Location Building Type Roof Type Roof Load

(kBTU/hr)

Miami Office Light (0.4) 23.24

Zone 1 Medium (0.6) 30.357

Dark (0.9) 44.292

High School Light (0.4) 138.466

Medium (0.6) 180.858

Dark (0.9) 263.603

Hospital Light (0.4) 114.178

Medium (0.6) 155.966

Dark (0.9) 213.535

Houston Office Light (0.4) 27.376

Zone 2 Medium (0.6) 36.015

Dark (0.9) 48.047


Medium (0.6) 214.605

Dark (0.9) 286.392


Medium (0.6) 167.061

Dark (0.9) 223.499

Los Angeles Office Light (0.4) 22.103

Zone 3 Medium (0.6) 30.087

Dark (0.9) 41.498

43


Medium (0.6) 179.123

Dark (0.9) 247.101


Medium (0.6) 137.227

Dark (0.9) 189.52

Philadelphia Office Light (0.4) 22.303

Zone 4 Medium (0.6) 30.185

Dark (0.9) 43.035


Medium (0.6) 179.641

Dark (0.9) 256.4


Medium (0.6) 140.779

Dark (0.9) 197.923

Chicago Office Light (0.4) 23.793

Zone 5 Medium (0.6) 32.202

Dark (0.9) 43.976


Medium (0.6) 193.08

Dark (0.9) 263.049


Medium (0.6) 151.57

Dark (0.9) 207.156

44

Minneapolis Office Light (0.4) 22.513

Zone 6 Medium (0.6) 31.661

Dark (0.9) 44.321


Medium (0.6) 188.477

Dark (0.9) 264.114


Medium (0.6) 146.222

Dark (0.9) 204.789

Duluth Office Light (0.4) 19.563

Zone 7 Medium (0.6) 28.37

Dark (0.9) 40.703


Medium (0.6) 168.463

Dark (0.9) 241.951


Medium (0.6) 131.149

Dark (0.9) 186.809

Peak Heating and Cooling

Location Building

Type

Roof Type Peak

Cooling

Date

Peak

Cooling

(kBTU)

Peak

Heating

Date

Peak Heating

(kBTU)

Miami Office Light (0.4) 2-Sep 425.663 Dec. 31 0

Zone 1 Medium (0.6) 2-Sep 426.16 Dec. 31 0

Dark (0.9) 2-Sep 426.893 Dec. 31 0

45

High

School

Light (0.4) 2-Sep 4593.948 2-Jan -646.678

Medium (0.6) 2-Sep 4634.564 2-Jan -646.336

Dark (0.9) 2-Sep 4635.01 2-Jan -645.812

Hospital Light (0.4) 27-Jun 1639.447 13-Jan -292.259

Medium (0.6) 27-Jun 1653.112 13-Jan -292.041

Dark (0.9) 27-Jun 1672.629 13-Jan -291.711

Houston Office Light (0.4) 14-Jul 447.353 13-Jan -226.665

Zone 2 Medium (0.6) 4-Aug 449.177 13-Jan -223.924

Dark (0.9) 14-Jul 452.888 13-Jan -219.854

High

School

Light (0.4) 3-Sep 3659.117 14-Jan -2507.817

Medium (0.6) 3-Sep 3661.197 14-Jan -2502.148

Dark (0.9) 3-Sep 3664.242 14-Jan -2493.696

Hospital Light (0.4) 18-Jul 1694.094 11-Jan -387.324

Medium (0.6) 18-Jul 1702.508 11-Jan -386.802

Dark (0.9) 18-Jul 1714.967 11-Jan -386.017

Los Angeles Office Light (0.4) 1-Nov 310.859 21-Dec -153.322

Zone 3 Medium (0.6) 1-Nov 314.972 21-Dec -153.055

Dark (0.9) 2-Nov 320.812 21-Dec -152.649

High

School

Light (0.4) 1-Sep 3150.118 21-Dec -1424.562

Medium (0.6) 1-Sep 3154.594 21-Dec -1423.559

Dark (0.9) 1-Sep 3161.186 21-Dec -1422.031

Hospital Light (0.4) 19-Oct 1158.16 21-Dec -380.451

Medium (0.6) 19-Oct 1168.11 21-Dec -380.21

46

Dark (0.9) 21-Jul 1185.789 21-Dec -379.843

Philadelphia Office Light (0.4) 7-Jul 411.739 2-Jan -628.251

Zone 4 Medium (0.6) 7-Jul 419.954 2-Jan -626.908

Dark (0.9) 7-Jul 426.242 2-Jan -624.873

High

School

Light (0.4) 17-Sep 2883.74 2-Jan -5556.269

Medium (0.6) 9-Sep 2911.382 2-Jan -5545.32

Dark (0.9) 9-Sep 2955.272 2-Jan -5528.727

Hospital Light (0.4) 14-Aug 1552.101 1-Jan -417.541

Medium (0.6) 14-Aug 1564.379 1-Jan -417.196

Dark (0.9) 14-Aug 1582.207 1-Jan -416.674

Chicago Office Light (0.4) 4-Aug 439.811 27-Jan -597.023


Dark (0.9) 4-Aug 448.826 27-Jan -594.68

High

School

Light (0.4) 30-May 2638.182 27-Jan -5466.627

Medium (0.6) 30-May 2661.685 27-Jan -5460.154

Dark (0.9) 30-May 2696.747 27-Jan -5450.374

Hospital Light (0.4) 4-Aug 1600.86 7-Jan -637.112

Medium (0.6) 4-Aug 1611.855 7-Jan -636.731

Dark (0.9) 4-Aug 1627.633 7-Jan -636.15

Minneapolis Office Light (0.4) 27-Aug 396.228 6-Jan -832.755


Dark (0.9) 27-Aug 405.926 6-Jan -832.822

47

High

School

Light (0.4) 28-May 2865.584 2-Jan -7670.588

Medium (0.6) 28-May 2867.96 2-Jan -7648.896

Dark (0.9) 28-May 2871.322 2-Jan -7615.709

Hospital Light (0.4) 27-Aug 1595.721 31-Dec -806.515

Medium (0.6) 27-Aug 1608.307 31-Dec -806.037

Dark (0.9) 27-Aug 1626.308 31-Dec -805.326

Duluth Office Light (0.4) 7-Jul 402.674 3-Feb -816.488

Zone 7 Medium (0.6) 7-Jul 410.415 3-Feb -814.284

Dark (0.9) 7-Jul 418.851 3-Feb -810.958

High

School

Light (0.4) 8-Sep 1571.42 3-Feb -6911.563

Medium (0.6) 8-Sep 1608.459 3-Feb -6895.771

Dark (0.9) 8-Sep 1663.069 3-Feb -6871.923

Hospital Light (0.4) 8-Jul 1452.81 9-Jan -832.495

Medium (0.6) 8-Jul 1459.044 9-Jan -832.264

Dark (0.9) 8-Jul 1468.168 9-Jan -831.915

Total Electric and Gas Usage and Cost

Location Building

Type

Roof Type Total Electric

Metered

Energy

(kWh)

Total

Electric

Cost ($)

Total Gas

Metered

Energy

(therm)

Total Gas

Cost ($)

Miami Office Light (0.4) 300806 42070 292 234

Zone 1 Medium (0.6) 301571 42157 292 234

Dark (0.9) 302701 42285 292 234

High School Light (0.4) 1576637 231422 11978 9582

48

Medium (0.6) 1581680 232084 11978 9582

Dark (0.9) 1589156 233061 11971 9577

Hospital Light (0.4) 10551566 1034330 155301 124241

Medium (0.6) 10553214 1034512 155018 124014

Dark (0.9) 10555666 1034782 154597 123678

Houston Office Light (0.4) 272008 39617 466 373

Zone 2 Medium (0.6) 272743 39738 462 370

Dark (0.9) 273808 39909 457 366


Medium (0.6) 1218610 189957 18513 14811

Dark (0.9) 1223242 190536 18409 14727

Hospital Light (0.4) 9757604 969549 170420 136336

Medium (0.6) 9758978 969707 170083 136066

Dark (0.9) 9760874 969931 169585 135668

Los Angeles Office Light (0.4) 206264 29883 360 288

Zone 3 Medium (0.6) 206779 29976 360 288

Dark (0.9) 207531 30110 360 288


Medium (0.6) 892208 137692 14841 11873

Dark (0.9) 895275 138279 14812 11850

Hospital Light (0.4) 8240186 824336 183659 146927

Medium (0.6) 8240700 824429 183111 146489

Dark (0.9) 8241447 824567 182302 145842

Philadelphia Office Light (0.4) 223249 32083 2549 2039

Zone 4 Medium (0.6) 223780 32173 2528 2022

49

Dark (0.9) 224513 32297 2496 1997


Medium (0.6) 895366 136361 52438 41950

Dark (0.9) 897426 136769 52140 41712

Hospital Light (0.4) 8534982 846338 203666 162933

Medium (0.6) 8535578 846423 203294 162635

Dark (0.9) 8536394 846541 202742 162193

Chicago Office Light (0.4) 215366 30726 3855 3084

Zone 5 Medium (0.6) 215827 30785 3827 3062

Dark (0.9) 216488 30863 3789 3031


Medium (0.6) 855036 125224 69251 55401

Dark (0.9) 856697 125498 68907 55126

Hospital Light (0.4) 8434200 839299 218365 174692

Medium (0.6) 8434976 839403 217993 174394

Dark (0.9) 8435932 839538 217441 173953

Minneapolis Office Light (0.4) 210801 30292 5311 4249

Zone 6 Medium (0.6) 211216 30356 5281 4225

Dark (0.9) 211813 30442 5236 4189


Medium (0.6) 838860 123746 88794 71035

Dark (0.9) 840029 123966 88427 70741

Hospital Light (0.4) 8325027 828132 228419 182735

Medium (0.6) 8325736 828228 228030 182424

Dark (0.9) 8326611 828359 227454 181963

50

Duluth Office Light (0.4) 192431 27134 6997 5598

Zone 7 Medium (0.6) 192664 27187 6958 5567

Dark (0.9) 193105 27272 6905 5524


Medium (0.6) 784241 108604 111032 88826

Dark (0.9) 784662 108810 110549 88439

Hospital Light (0.4) 7925514 784218 238777 191021

Medium (0.6) 7925856 784279 238365 190692

Dark (0.9) 7926562 784383 237752 190202

Total Cost, Total Savings, Total Cost per Square Foot

Location Building

Type

Roof Type Total Cost % Diff.

From

Min

Total Savings

From Min

($/yr)

Total

Cost/Sq.ft.

($/ft.)

Miami Office Light (0.4) 42304 0.00% 0 3.38432

Zone 1 Medium (0.6) 42391 0.21% -87 3.39128

Dark (0.9) 42519 0.51% -215 3.40152

High School Light (0.4) 241004 0.00% 0 3.2133867

Medium (0.6) 241666 0.27% -662 3.2222133

Dark (0.9) 242638 0.68% -1634 3.2351733

Hospital Light (0.4) 1158571 0.00% 0 23.17142

Medium (0.6) 1158526 0.00% 45 23.17052

Dark (0.9) 1158460 0.01% 111 23.1692

Houston Office Light (0.4) 39990 0.00% 0 3.1992

Zone 2 Medium (0.6) 40108 0.30% -118 3.20864

Dark (0.9) 40275 0.71% -285 3.222

51


Medium (0.6) 204768 0.19% -384 2.73024

Dark (0.9) 205263 0.43% -879 2.73684

Hospital Light (0.4) 1105885 0.00% 0 22.1177

Medium (0.6) 1105773 0.01% 112 22.11546

Dark (0.9) 1105599 0.03% 286 22.11198

Los Angeles Office Light (0.4) 30171 0.00% 0 2.41368

Zone 3 Medium (0.6) 30264 0.31% -93 2.42112

Dark (0.9) 30398 0.75% -227 2.43184


Medium (0.6) 149565 0.25% -378 1.9942

Dark (0.9) 150129 0.63% -942 2.00172

Hospital Light (0.4) 971263 0.00% 0 19.42526

Medium (0.6) 970918 0.04% 345 19.41836

Dark (0.9) 970409 0.09% 854 19.40818

Philadelphia Office Light (0.4) 34122 0.00% 0 2.72976

Zone 4 Medium (0.6) 34195 0.21% -73 2.7356

Dark (0.9) 34294 0.50% -172 2.74352


Medium (0.6) 178311 0.07% -127 2.37748

Dark (0.9) 178481 0.17% -297 2.3797467

Hospital Light (0.4) 1009271 0.00% 0 20.18542

Medium (0.6) 1009058 0.02% 213 20.18116

Dark (0.9) 1008734 0.05% 537 20.17468

52

Chicago Office Light (0.4) 33810 0.00% 0 2.7048

Zone 5 Medium (0.6) 33847 0.11% -37 2.70776

Dark (0.9) 33894 0.25% -84 2.71152


Medium (0.6) 180625 0.01% 18 2.4083333

Dark (0.9) 180624 0.01% 19 2.40832

Hospital Light (0.4) 1013991 0.00% 0 20.27982

Medium (0.6) 1013797 0.02% 194 20.27594

Dark (0.9) 1013491 0.05% 500 20.26982

Minneapolis Office Light (0.4) 34541 0.00% 0 2.76328

Zone 6 Medium (0.6) 34581 0.12% -40 2.76648

Dark (0.9) 34631 0.26% -90 2.77048


Medium (0.6) 194781 0.03% 51 2.59708

Dark (0.9) 194707 0.06% 125 2.5960933

Hospital Light (0.4) 1010867 0.00% 0 20.21734

Medium (0.6) 1010652 0.02% 215 20.21304

Dark (0.9) 1010322 0.05% 545 20.20644

Duluth Office Light (0.4) 32732 0.00% 0 2.61856

Zone 7 Medium (0.6) 32754 0.07% -22 2.62032

Dark (0.9) 32796 0.20% -64 2.62368


Medium (0.6) 197430 0.06% 128 2.6324

Dark (0.9) 197249 0.16% 309 2.6299867

Hospital Light (0.4) 975239 0.00% 0 19.50478

53

Medium (0.6) 974971 0.03% 268 19.49942

Dark (0.9) 974585 0.07% 654 19.4917

HVAC Max Heating and Cooling

Location Building

Type

Roof Type HVAC Max

Heating (kBTU/hr)

HVAC Max Cooling

(kBTU/hr)

Miami Office Light (0.4) 0 783.296

Zone 1 Medium (0.6) 0 783.981

Dark (0.9) -2.679 784.994

High School Light (0.4) -1044.055 8845.336

Medium (0.6) -1043.578 8885.77

Dark (0.9) -1042.819 8885.954

Hospital Light (0.4) -984.797 7601.804

Medium (0.6) -984.522 7615.956

Dark (0.9) -984.106 7636.178

Houston Office Light (0.4) -341.623 823.273

Zone 2 Medium (0.6) -337.844 827.669

Dark (0.9) -332.61 831.975


Medium (0.6) -4526.812 6878.438

Dark (0.9) -4512.589 6882.705

Hospital Light (0.4) -1354.502 7897.722

Medium (0.6) -1353.863 7906.306

Dark (0.9) -1352.905 7919.034

Los Angeles Office Light (0.4) 0 655.975

Zone 3 Medium (0.6) -4.036 663.536

54

Dark (0.9) -5.17 655.81


Medium (0.6) -2148.441 5714.73

Dark (0.9) -2063.846 5807.434

Hospital Light (0.4) -1050.869 6270.388

Medium (0.6) -1050.129 6280.802

Dark (0.9) -1049.074 6294.909

Philadelphia Office Light (0.4) -1029.248 742.42

Zone 4 Medium (0.6) -1027.332 753.493

Dark (0.9) -1024.431 763.858


Medium (0.6) -9722.25 5691.453

Dark (0.9) -9697.431 5729.427

Hospital Light (0.4) -1521.913 7169.259

Medium (0.6) -1521.354 7181.887

Dark (0.9) -1520.525 7200.224

Chicago Office Light (0.4) -965.555 803.534

Zone 5 Medium (0.6) -964.285 809.391

Dark (0.9) -962.363 813.001


Medium (0.6) -9763.309 5102.382

Dark (0.9) -9749.689 5144.557

Hospital Light (0.4) -2369.436 7383.753

Medium (0.6) -2368.973 7395.103

Dark (0.9) -2368.263 7411.398

55

Minneapolis Office Light (0.4) -1419.913 736.882

Zone 6 Medium (0.6) -1418.823 741.003

Dark (0.9) -1417.154 747.075


Medium (0.6) -13455.388 5254.473

Dark (0.9) -13428.331 5258.414

Hospital Light (0.4) -3013.43 7372.719

Medium (0.6) -3012.602 7383.188

Dark (0.9) -3011.373 7398.456

Duluth Office Light (0.4) -1341.03 715.948

Zone 7 Medium (0.6) -1338.132 726.228

Dark (0.9) -1333.764 738.444


Medium (0.6) -12269.099 3113.852

Dark (0.9) -12236.599 3191

Hospital Light (0.4) -3176.339 6703.144

Medium (0.6) -3175.494 6709.667

Dark (0.9) -3174.21 6719.232

Economic Impact of the Reflectivity of Roofs › download › pdf › 72840589.pdf · Economic...

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Transcript of Economic Impact of the Reflectivity of Roofs › download › pdf › 72840589.pdf · Economic...