ECE 695 group Quantum photonics_ nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
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Transcript of ECE 695 group Quantum photonics_ nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
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Quantum photonics: nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
by Tejasvi Parupudi, Amr Emadeldin, Rajtarun Madangopal, and Mikhail Shalaginov
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Stuck in the Internet highway "traffic" jam
Phil Kerpen"Information super traffic jams", Forbes 2007
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Promising ways of developing IT
• Optical computing
• Quantum computing
• Quantum cryptography
• Spintronics
• DNA computing
• Artificial intelligence
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Opportunities
Quantum entanglement and teleportation of well secured information,much faster mechanisms of processing information
Shor’s algorithm
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Macroscopic "single-photon" sources
Lounis and Orrit, Rep. Prog. Phys. 68 (2005) 1129–1179
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Trapped ions:Cs, Rb
Color centers in diamond Quantum dots
Microscopic single-photon sources
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Nitrogen-vacancy color center in diamond as one of the best candidates to be used in future quantum technologies as a single-
photon source
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Nitrogen Vacancy Center
Aharonovich et al., Nature Photonics, 2011
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NANODIAMONDS
•Detonation process
•Microwave-assisted CVD
•Crushing of synthetic/natural diamonds
DIAMOND WAFERS
HPHT/ High-plasma density CVD -single crystal diamond wafers fabrication
Aharonovich et al., Nature Photonics, 2011
C. Bradac, et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 5, 345-349 (2010)
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•Nitrogen – most common impurity;•Irradiation with electron/He2+ –creation of vacancies;•Annealing – diffusion of vacancies and subsequent formation of NVs
Robledo et al., PRL 105, 177403, 2010
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Electronic level structure of NV center
Pham et al. New Journal of Physics (2011) vol. 13 pp. 045021
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Spectrum of NV center
S. Schietinger, Nano Lett, 8,11, 2008
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2nd order correlation function g(2)(τ)
http://spie.org/x40194.xml?ArticleID=x40194
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Properties of NV Centers
Stable against photobleachingKurtsiefer et al., PRL, 85, 2, 2000
Long spin coherence times > 1.8 ms Stanwix et al., arXiv, Cond. Matter, 2011
Room temperature single spin read outStanwix et al., arXiv, Cond. Matter, 2011
Photoluminiscence at room temperatureKennedy et al., APL, 83, 20, 2003
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Promising applications of NV-centers in quantum
computing
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Quantum computation
• ıc›=a ıo› + b ı1›
• Coherence
• Entanglement
• Secure communications
• Shor’s algorithm
• Grover’s algorithm (entanglement to process multi-states in parallel)
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Using nanodiamond NV centers for quantum processing
Single photon sources could be coupled to cavities (CQED)
Two approaches:• NV centers contain qubits coupled and entangled with
photons
• Photons are qubits entangled by non-linearities in NV centers (like EIT)
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Repeat until success
Lim et al, “Repeat until success quantum computing”, U Cmabridge,2008
Bell measurement, interferometry ,
Grentree et al , “Diamond integrated quantum photonics”
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Brokered graph-state quantum computation
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Weak non-linearities
• Single-photon generation
• Entanglement parity operation
• Non-demolition measurement
Munro et al, “weak non-linearities: A new route to optical quantum computation ” 2005
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Electromagnetic Induced Transparency
• Equivalent to Kerr effect, EIT is the source of non-linearity
• Applicable to diamond case
Beasoleile et al, “Application EIT to Quantum Information Processing ”, 2004
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Coupling photons to surrounding
• Cavity QED
• Photonic module
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Diamond for quantum computing
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Other promising applications of NV-centers in diamond
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Ampem-Lassen et al. Opt Express (2009) vol. 17 (14) pp. 11287-93
Fluorescence emission from NV center
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NanoDiamond vs. Other ‘Fluorophores’
Say et al. Biophysical Reviews (Oct 2011)
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Fluorescent NanoDiamonds for Imaging
Chang et al, Nature Nanotechnology (2008) vol. 3 (5) pp. 284-288
Imaging of both fast (ms) and slow (h) events in cells, tissues & even small animals.
3D tracking of a single 35-nm FND in a live HeLa cell 3D TPE image of cell and internalized FNDs
OPE and TPE confocal fluorescence images of same cell Epifluorescence & 3D reconstruction
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Hell et al., Current opinion in Neurobiology (2004) vol. 14 (5) pp. 599-609
Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy
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Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy
Hein et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2008) vol. 105 (38) pp. 14271
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Aharonovich et al., Nature Photonics (2011) vol. 5 pp. 397-405
NV Color Centers & STED• Conventional fluorescent markers
have limited photostability & get photobleached.
• QDs are photostable but not compatible with STED
• NV centers are photostable – limited photobleaching at high excitation intensities.
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Pham et al. New Journal of Physics (2011) vol. 13 pp. 045021
NV Center’s electronic structure allows:• Optical initialization and detection of the spin state• Long room temperature spin coherence times
Nanoscale Magnetic Sensing & Magnetic Field Imaging
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Pham et al. , New Journal of Physics (2011) vol. 13 pp. 045021
Magnetic Field Imaging
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ConclusionsNitrogen-vacancy (NV) center – promising microscopic single-photon source.
Important properties:
????
Other promising applications:
•photostable, •operates at room temperature, •broadband emission spectrum, •long spin coherence time,•non-toxic.
•biolabeling,•fluorescent imaging (with STED), •magnetic sensing and magnetic field imaging.
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Bonus Movie
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Appendix
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Quantum photonics: nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
by Tejasvi Parupudi, Amr Emadeldin, Rajtarun Madangopal, and Mikhail
Shalaginov