Earth Observation and Sensing Technologies: a focus on ...

Earth Observation and Sensing Technologies: a focus on Radar Imaging Developments

Riccardo Lanari

Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA)

National Research Council of Italy (CNR)

Via Diocleziano, 328 - 80124 Napoli e-mail: [email protected]

http:/ / www.irea.cnr.it

Canada-Italy: Arctic Science and Technology Collaboration Workshop Ottawa, 22 October 2014


Active sensors: capability to "observe" during day and night

Why Radar (SAR) Imaging from space ?

Microwave sensors: capability to "observe" even in presence of clouds

Coherent sensors: capability to preserve both amplitude and “phase” information (SAR Interferometry)


t1

t2

Interferogram

π - π

π - π 2/λ

Campi Flegrei

Interferogram: March 2000 – July 2000

Deformation map

“Observing” with coherent systems


VOLCANIC SEISMIC

URBAN LANDSLIDES

Radar Imaging plays a key role in many contexts


Radar Imaging plays a key role in many contexts

… and, of course, it can be very relevant in the Arctic scenario


ERS1

ERS2

RADARSAT-1

ENVISAT

2010 1992 1995 2001 1997 2002

J-ERS1

1998 First Generation

2007 2014 2006

RADARSAT-2

2011

TERRASAR-X

SENTINEL-1

ALOS

ALOS-2

COSMO-SKYMED -2

COSMO-SKYMED

Temporal development of radar satellites for earth observation


Inte

rfer

ogra

ms

Berardino, P., Fornaro, G., Lanari, R., Sansosti, E., 2002. A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 40 (11), 2375–2383.

Mean deformation velocity [cm/yr]

> 0.75 <- 0.75

Mt. Vesuvio Campi Flegrei

Ischia

Advanced InSAR technique: the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS)


Why InSAR and Advanced InSAR in Arctic regions?

It can be profitably exploited to study:

• volcanoes;

• permafrost and associated subsidence;

• terrain stability;

• oil/gas fields and power engineering structures;

• fast ice and glacier motion.


ERS1

ERS2

RADARSAT-1

ENVISAT

2010 1992 1995 2001 1997 2002

J-ERS1

1998 2007 2014 2006

RADARSAT-2

2011

TERRASAR-X

SENTINEL-1

ALOS

ALOS-2

COSMO-SKYMED -2

COSMO-SKYMED

Temporal development of radar satellites for earth observation

Second generation


• Sensor spatial resolution: 3 m • Spatial coverage: 40 x 40 km

• X-band

CSK1 CSK2

CSK3

CSK4 CSK1

8 days 1 3 days 4 days Time

16 days

COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) Constellation


NW passage Area of Interest

Polar routes monitoring (Courtesy of A. Coletta – ASI)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

COSMO-SkyMed constellation can fully cover twice per day (ascending and descending passes) the NW passage. The simulation shows low resolution (ScanSAR Huge region) data footprint, simulated in a one day time interval.


NW passage one day (ASC) coverage with Huge Region ScanSAR mode

Polar routes monitoring


NW passage one day (DESC) coverage with Huge Region ScanSAR mode




Presenter

Presentation Notes

The first test real data collection over the North West passage was completed in a 17 hours time interval on April 3rd 2011. The total number of images collected is 61 ascending and descending coverages are both almost complete.


Polar routes monitoring scenario (one day DESC)


COSMO-SkyMed Northern Routes test collection


Permafrost in Canada: the Yellowknife area

Seasonal surface displacement derived from InSAR, Yellowknife and surrounding area, Northwest Territories; Short, N; Stevens, C W; Wolfe, S A. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 7030, 2011, ; 11 pages; 1 CD-ROM, doi:10.4095/289578


CSK SAR images over time: the Yellowknife area

03012013CSK 16032013CSK 12062013CSK 26072013CSK

11102013CSK 19112013CSK 01122013CSK 21122013CSK


CSK DInSAR results: the Yellowknife area

17122013CSK-21122013CSK b ⊥≅ 250 m


CSK SBAS-InSAR results: the Yellowknife area


P-SBAS service on G-POD platform: automatic processing


27

ASI/CSA Joint AO

Opened: September,2, 2013 Closed: November,1, 2013 Projects started: april,1, 2014 Projects lifetime: 4 years

Simona Zoffoli (ASI) & Stephane Chalifoux (CSA)


Proposals and Application Domains

Proposals Submitted

Proposals Approved

Canadian PI 22 20

Italian PI 39 30

TOTAL 61 50


Airborne SAR Spaceborne SAR

Track deviations Spatial coverage

Operational flexibility

Resolution

Orbit stability Spatial coverage

Operational flexibility Resolution

Airborne vs Spaceborne SAR systems


Such a system upgrading has been funded by CNR, via a MIUR (Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research) funding, in the framework of a cooperation with the Italian Agency for Agriculture Subsidy Payments (AGEA).

TELAER is an X-band airborne SAR system. Originally equipped with a single TX/RX antenna, it has recently been upgraded to a multi-antenna, i.e., interferometric, configuration.

TELAER SAR system


Mode 1 Mode 2

Swath width (km) 10 2

Transmitted Bandwidth (MHz) 50 400

Hardware flexibility leads to a multi-mode operative configuration

Resolution: 4 m Resolution: 50 cm

Somma-Vesuvio volcanic complex, Napoli, South of Italy

TELAER SAR system


Resolution: 4 m Resolution: 50 cm

Across Track InSAR with TELAER: the Somma-Vesuvio volcano


Resolution: 50 cm

Along Track InSAR with TELAER: the Volturno river outfall, Napoli


Airborne low-frequency radar: CO.RI.S.T.A.-IREA collaboration

A new airborne low-frequency radar has been developed under the ASI fundings. This project is developed within a collaboration between consortium CO.RI.S.T.A. (radar definition, design, development and test) and CNR-IREA (data processing)

Main features:

• Multi-mode system: sounder and SAR;

• Multi-frequency: 3 bandwidth (160 MHz, 450 MHz, 900 MHz);

• Flexible timing: stepped-frequency with DDS technology;

• Easily programmable: PRF, Chirp and Acquisition window lengths, RGD.


Airborne low-frequency radar: ASI-IREA collaboration

The radar system has been tested through three flight campaigns over South Italy:

October 2011: with AB212 (only sounder)

June 2012: with AS350 (sounder and SAR @ 450 MHz)

October 2013: with AB212 (sounder and SAR @ 450 MHz and 900 MHz)


Some examples of data processing in case of sounder mode


Thanks !

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