E MOTION, BODY, AND BRAIN (c) 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood.

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EMOTION, BODY, AND BRAIN

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ANNOUNCEMENTS

Mid-Semester Feedback Survey

Outline coming up!

EMOTION AND THE BODY

Physiological Measures

Autonomic Sensitivity Hypothesis

Emotion Response Coherence

3© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

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© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

FIGHT-FLIGHT-FREEZE

REST AND

DIGEST

PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES: ANS ACTIVITY

Measures of SNS OR PNS ActivityEKG/ECG, Blood Pressure, Finger Temperature, Respiration,

Pupils

Measures of SNS Activity OnlySkin conductance level, Cardiac pre-ejection period

Measures of PNS Activity Only:Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, Vagal Tone

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PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES: ANS ACTIVITY

Problem #1: ANS activity is not a pure measure of emotion digestion, homeostasis, attention

Problem #2: Most measures do not differentiate b/w SNS or PNS changes Solution: Skin Conductance Level, Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia

Problem #3: Individual differences in responses Solution: Baseline levels

Problem #4: Intrusiveness confounds baseline measure Solution: Less intrusive measures! Several trials and baselines!

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PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES: STARTLE REFLEX

Reflexive response to a sudden, intense stimulus

Eye Blink

Startle Probe – 50 ms burst of loud, white noise

Startle reflex reflects valence of emotion

Startle reflex greater for certain diagnoses Phobia, PTSD

[Mauss, I.B., & Robinson, M.D. (2009). Measures of emotion: A review. Cognition andEmotion, 23, 209-237. doi: 10.1080/02699930802204677]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUeEby5oq-g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUeEby5oq-g

http://sk8es4mc2l.scholar.serialssolutions.com/?sid=google&auinit=IB&aulast=Mauss&atitle=Measures+of+emotion:+A+review&id=doi:10.1080/02699930802204677&title=Cognition+and+emotion&volume=23&issue=2&date=2009&spage=209&issn=0269-9931





Left Frontal Lobe = More behavioral activation than

behavioral avoidance

Right Frontal Lobe = More

behavioral avoidance than

behavioral activation

AngerFear

(Davidson 2002; Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1998; Zuckerman, 2005)

Happiness

Worry

PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES: FRONTAL ASYMMETRY AND EEG

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PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES: NEUROIMAGING

Better measures of specific emotions than EEG

fMRI: uptake of oxygen in blood

PET: inject with radioactive isotope, then measure metabolic activity

Greater signal = more blood flow to certain brain region = greater activation of brain region

[Mauss, I.B., & Robinson, M.D. (2009). Measures of emotion: A review. Cognition andEmotion, 23, 209-237. doi: 10.1080/02699930802204677]






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TWO IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

Autonomic Sensitivity Hypothesis: each basic emotion has a distinct psychological pattern James-Lange; Basic Emotions; Ekman

Emotional Response Coherence: As emotion unfolds over time, emotion components change at the same time (facial expressions, physiology, subj. feelings)

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AN FE SA DI HA SU0123456789

Heart rate

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Finger temperature

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0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

Skin conductance

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Muscle activity

(Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990)

AUTONOMIC SENSITIVITY HYPOTHESIS:DIFFERENT PATTERNS FOR NEGATIVE EMOTIONS

Anger : ↑ HR,↑ Finger Temp, ↑ SCL

Fear: ↑ HR, ↓ Finger Temp, ↑ SCL

Disgust: no change HR, no change Finger Temp, ↑ SCL

Sadness: ↑ HR, no change Finger Temp, ↑ SCL

What about positive emotions?12

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EMOTIONAL RESPONSE COHERENCE: DO COMPONENTS CHANGE AT THE SAME TIME?

Within-system coherence: coherence within the same emotion component

Between-system coherence: coherence between two or more emotion components

Event-response coherence: coherence between one emotion component and an emotion-specific event

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[Bonanno, G.A., & Keltner, D. (2004). The coherence of emotion systems: Comparing“on-line” measures of appraisal and facial expressions, and self-report. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 431-444. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000149]

http://sk8es4mc2l.scholar.serialssolutions.com/?sid=google&auinit=G&aulast=Bonanno&atitle=Brief+Report+The+coherence+of+emotion+systems:+Comparing+%E2%80%9Con%E2%80%90line%E2%80%9D+measures+of+appraisal+and+facial+expressions,+and+self%E2%80%90report&id=doi:10.1080/02699930341000149&title=Cognition+and+emotion&volume=18&issue=3&date=2004&spage=431&issn=0269-9931







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Event-Response Coherence: Are facial expressions of emotion associated with appraisal of a specific emotion-related event?

Between-System Coherence: Do facial expressions change along with other emotion-related components?

Bereaved individuals spoke about the loss of their spouses

Coded Narrative Units – discussion of this loss Coded Facial Expressions Self-reported subjective feelings[Bonanno, G.A., & Keltner, D. (2004). The coherence of emotion systems: Comparing “on-line

” measures of appraisal andfacial expressions, and self-report. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 431-444. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000149]












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Event-Response Coherence: Do event appraisal and facial expressions occur at same time? Sad facial expression + correlated with only loss appraisal NUs Angry facial expression + correlated with only injustice appraisal

NUs Duchenne smile + correlated with injustice appraisal Nus; not

correlated with happiness or pride appraisal Nus

Between-Response Coherence: Do facial expressions and self-reported emotions occur at same time? Sad facial expressions + correlated with self-reported distress Angry facial expressions + correlated with self-reported anger No findings for Duchenne smile and self-reported happiness[Bonanno, G.A., & Keltner, D. (2004). The coherence of emotion systems: Comparing

“on-line” measures of appraisal and facial expressions, and self-report. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 431-444. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000149]








EMOTIONAL RESPONSE COHERENCE: DO COMPONENTS CHANGE AT THE SAME TIME?As emotion intensity ↑, coherence should ↑

People with greatest event-response coherence of sadness → highest self-reported distress

People with greatest event-response coherence of anger → highest self-reported anger

Harder to find coherence for positive emotionsLack of correlations with Duchenne smile and positive emotions+ correlation b/w Duchenne smile and injustice appraisal

(anger)Undoing effect of negative emotions 16


[Bonanno, G.A., & Keltner, D. (2004). The coherence of emotion systems: Comparing“on-line” measures of appraisal and facial expressions, and self-report. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 431-444. doi: 10.1080/02699930341000149]









Participant-reported amusement and sadness (dial)

Coder-reported facial expression (dial)

Cardiovascular Activity

Skin Conductance Level (SCL)17

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(Mauss et al., 2005)

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Self-reported and facial expression show coherence

Amusement has greater correspondence than sadness

What’s going on with sadness?SuppressionNo specific, adaptive behavioral tendencies

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EMOTION AND THE BRAIN

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Prefrontal Cortex

Reward Circuit

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AMYGDALA

Positive and negative emotions

Separate amygdala neurons

Reward and punishment

Directs organism to learn

Fear Conditioning

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AMYGDALA: FEAR CONDITIONING

Armony, J.L. (2013). Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: The role(s)of the amygdala. Emotion Review, 5, 104-115. doi:10.1177/1754073912457208

http://emr.sagepub.com/content/5/1/104







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FEAR CONDITIONING - BLUE/YELLOW SQUARE PARADIGM

NOTHING

(Phelps et al., 2004)









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(Phelps et al., 2004)Armony, J.L. (2013). Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: The role(s)of the amygdala. Emotion Review, 5, 104-115. doi:10.1177/1754073912457208








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AMYGDALA









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NOTHING

(Phelps et al., 2004)Armony, J.L. (2013). Current emotion research in behavioral neuroscience: The role(s)of the amygdala. Emotion Review, 5, 104-115. doi:10.1177/1754073912457208








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PREFRONTAL CORTEX









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AMYGDALA: FEAR CONDITIONING









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AMYGDALA: LESION STUDIES

Fearlessness, Hypersexuality, “Oral Fixation”

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Urbach-Wiethe Disease









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AMYGDALA: S.M. CASE STUDY

S.M.: Bilateral damage to amygdala

Unilateral Damage: left or right side

Normal and Brain-Damaged Controls

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Hi3JO1rqYw

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BILATERAL AMYGDALA DAMAGE (S.M.) SHOWS GREATEST IMPAIRMENT IN RECOGNITION AND RECALL

Impairment in Recognition Judgments of Emotion Intensity: less intense for fear, surprise, anger Judgments of Facial Expressions (but not identity)

Impairment in Recall Underlying Structure Drawing Facial Expressions

No Impairment Conceptual Understanding of Fear Identify of Faces









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Impairment in Recognition Judgments of Emotion Intensity: less intense for fear, surprise,

anger Judgments of Facial Expressions (but not identity)

Impairment in Recall Drawing Facial Expressions

No Impairment Conceptual Understanding of Fear Underlying Structure Identify of Faces (Adolphs et al., 1995)

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(Adolphs et al., 1995)

All other Participants S.M.

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No Impairment Conceptual Understanding of Fear Underlying Structure Identify of Faces


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Happy surprised afraid angry disgusted sad

Happy surprised afraid angry disgusted sad

Ratings of Emotional Intensity Ratings of Emotional Intensity

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TAKE OUT A PIECE OF PAPER!

HAPPY

SAD

SURPRISED

ANGRY

DISGUSTED

ANGRY

AFRAID

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AMYGDALA DAMAGE: DO SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS CHANGE?

Patients with amygdala damage report feeling fear normally But how do we know this “feeling” is the same as controls?

Stroke patients w/ amygdala damage: deficits in arousal ratings

PANAS Ratings (Watson & Tellegen): Bilateral (S.M., S.P., etc.) unilateral, controls

(Anderson & Phelps, 2002)

PANAS1 = NOT AT ALL; 5 = EXTREMELY

Interested Excited Strong Enthusiastic Proud Alert Determines Attentive Active

Distressed Upset Guilty Scared Hostile Irritable Ashamed Nervous Jittery Afraid

Positive Affect!

Negative Affect!

(PANAS-Momentary; Watson et al., 1998)

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WHAT DOES S.M. AND S.P. TELL US ABOUT THE AMYGDALA?

Impairs recognition of negative emotions

Impairs recall/memory for negative emotions

But…..NOT ALL IS IMPAIRED! Recognize identity of faces Understand concept of fear Subjective experience of valence Happiness

Why would judgment of fear and fear-related emotions be impaired?

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AMYGDALA DIRECTS ATTENTION

S.M. Healthy, female controls

(Spezio et al., 2007)

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AMYGDALA DIRECTS ATTENTION

Intact Amygdala: report more emotionally-charged words than neutral words

Amygdala Damage: equally report emotionally-charged and neutral words


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AMYGDALA: BRINGING IT TOGETHER

Activated for a range of emotions

Activated to direct attention to and learn about emotion-eliciting objects Not necessarily activated for specific emotions

Under-activation = fearlessness, approach new stimuli, weakened SCR and startle response Antisocial Personality Disorder

Mental Illness = Over-activation to fear-eliciting objects Under-activation to joy-eliciting objects (Zhong et al., 2011)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CP89CUF7Gew

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HIPPOCAMPUS

Formation of vivid episodic memories

Amygdala tags emotional event; hippocampus encodes

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HIPPOCAMPUS ACTIVATED WHEN

Negatively-valenced events Music dissonance, vocal expression of fear, anticipating anxiety,

monetary penalties

Positively-valenced events Recalling pleasant autobiographical memory, winning in games,

memory for pleasant films

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HIPPOCAMPUS DAMAGE

Monkeys with hippocampus damage Normal Monkeys: Freeze during intruder, but not alone condition Hippo. Damage: Freeze during intruder AND alone conditions

Wounded U.S. Soldiers Brain damage outside amygdala – 40% developed PTSD Brain damage, including amygdala – No PTSD

Depression, Bipolar Disorder, PTSD, Borderline PD Smaller volume Context-inappropriate emotions

(Kwon & Choi, 2009)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pG6NaqwUTv8

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PREFRONTAL CORTEX

Role in decision making

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (VMPFC) Activated by pleasant and unpleasant

stimuli Anticipating vs. Receiving reward

Damage

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PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND CRIME

Impulsive / emotional murderers Increased amygdala, decreased

PFC activation

Cold-blooded / calculated murderers Showed normal activity

Unsuccessful vs. Successful Psychopaths

(Raine et al., 1998; Yang et al., 2005)

Psychopath Findings

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/27/mind-murderer_n_1384102.html

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Unsuc

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REWARD CIRCUIT AND POSITIVE EMOTIONS Nucleus Accumbens ,Ventral Tegmental Area

(VTA), Caudate Nucleus

Anticipating/Wanting vs. Consuming/Enjoying

Activation correlated with magnitude and likelihood of reward

VTA releases dopamine into nucleus accumbens

Damage

Love!

http://www.ksl.com/?sid=24085326

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SUMMARY: EMOTION, BODY, AND BRAIN

Autonomic specificity response and emotion response coherence clearer for negative (vs. positive) emotions

Have not identified brain structures linked to specific emotions Evidence against distinct emotions perspective

Certain areas seem related to categories of emotions Amygdala – negative! Reward circuit – positive! Insular cortex – disgust!

Structures work together to create emotional experiences Amygdala and hippocampus Amygdala (conditioning) and prefrontal cortex (extinction)

E MOTION, BODY, AND BRAIN (c) 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood.

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