© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Chapter 3 Culture

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Outline

• 3 Ways to Measure Culture

• Cultural Differences in 4 Components of Emotion• Subjective Feelings

• Behavior (facial expressions, vocalizations)

• Cognitive Appraisals

• Physiology

• Gender and Cultural Differences

• Video: Culture and Emotion

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Masuda et al., 2005)

1Low Sadness

5High Sadness

1Low

Happiness

5High

Happiness

Central Figure:How Positive? How Negative?

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Masuda et al., 2005)

#1

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

#2

(Masuda et al., 2005)

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Culture

• “A group-specific practice that emerged from the interaction between a group and its environment.”

• Social Constructivist – cultural differences exist!

• Basic Emotions – no cultural differences!

• Snow Monkey (Japanese Macaque)(Schirmer, 2015, p.357)

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

3 Ways to Measure Culture

• Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

• Power Distance (Matsumoto, 1996)

• Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

I often do "my own thing"

The well-being of my coworkers is important to me.

One should live one's life independently of others.

If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud.

I like my privacy.

If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within

my means.

I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with

people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist

1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

I often do "my own thing"

The well-being of my coworkers is important to me.

One should live one's life independently of others.

If a coworker gets a prize, I would feel proud.

I like my privacy.

If a relative were in financial difficulty, I would help within

my means.

I prefer to be direct and forthright when discussing with

people. Red = Individualistic; Black = Collectivist

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

Collectivism

Individualism

“Individual Uniqueness”Equality

“Interdependence”Hierarchy; Status

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Individualism/Collectivism (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

Collectivism

Individualism

“Individual Uniqueness”“Interdependence”

China, Japan

America, Western Europe

Japanese American, Chinese

American

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SELF

MOTHER

FATHER

BROTHER

FRIEND

SISTER

ROMANTIC PARTNER

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

SELFMOTHER FATHER

BROTHERFRIEND

SISTER

ROMANTIC PARTNER

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Power Distance(Matsumoto, 1996)

Vertical Society

Horizontal Society

High social hierarchy

Low social hierarchy

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Power Distance(Matsumoto, 1996)

Vertical Society

Horizontal Society

High social hierarchy

Low social hierarchy

AmericaJapanPhilippinesGuatemalaMalaysia

AustriaIsrael

Denmark

United Kingdom

High PD Low PD

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology

• Linear Epistemology:• Aristotle

• Goal = Happiness; optimize positive feelings

• Dialectical Epistemology:• Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism

• Goal = Moderation; balance b/w positive and negative feelings

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences in Emotion Components

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences in Emotion Components

• Subjective Feelings

• Behavior – Facial Expressions, Vocalizations

• Cognitive Appraisals

• Note: Review Scherer (1997) study on universal cognitive appraisals

• Physiological Responses

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Subjective Feelings

• Socially Disengaged Emotions: Ego-Focused Emotions• Anger, Pride

• Socially Engaged Emotions: Other-Focused Emotions• Guilt, Friendliness, Shame

• Diary Study: Japanese vs. American university students• Engaging = Guilt, Friendliness; Disengaging = Anger, Pride

(Kitayama et al., 2004)

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Engaging Disengaging2

3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce

(Kitayama et al., 2004)

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Engaging Disengaging2

3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce

(Kitayama et al., 2004)

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Engaging Disengaging2

3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce

(Kitayama et al., 2004)

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Engaging Disengaging2

3

4

Positive situtaion

JapaneseAmericans

Positive Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce

Engaging Disengaging2

3

4

Negative situation

JapaneseAmericans

Negative Emotions

Sel

f-re

port

ed i

n-

ten

sity

of

exper

i-en

ce

(Kitayama et al., 2004)

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Subjective Feelings

• Dialectical cultures more likely to experience mixed emotions

• Evidence:

• East Asia > Asian-Americans > Americans

(Scollon et al., 2004; Perunovic et al., 2007; Shiota et al., 2010)

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Facial Expressions

• IV = Japanese vs. American Participants

• IV = 1) Central figure expression matches crowd or 2) Central figure expression does not match crowd

• DV = Participants perceived intensity of emotion felt by central figure

(Masuda et al., 2005)

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Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions

(Masuda et al., 2005)

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions

(Masuda et al., 2005)

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Japanese Americans1

3

5

7

9

Sad-Sad Sad-Happy

Deg

ree

of

sadn

ess

1=

low

; 10 =

hig

hCultural Differences: Interpreting

Emotional Expressions

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Japanese Americans1

3

5

7

9

Sad-Sad Sad-Happy

Deg

ree

of

sadn

ess

1=

low

; 10 =

hig

hCultural Differences: Interpreting

Emotional Expressions

Japa

nese

Amer

ican

s1

7

Happy-HappyHappy-Sad

Deg

ree

of

happi-

nes

s1 =

low

; 5 =

hig

h

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions

(Masuda et al., 2005)

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences: Interpreting Emotional Expressions

• Eye Gaze Patterns: Caucasian vs. Asians

• Surprise, Fear, Disgust, Anger

• Face Areas: Left eye, right eye, bridge of nose, center of face, mouth

(Jack et al., 2009)

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(SR = Same Race; OR = Other Race; Jack et al., 2009)

WC = Western Cultures

EA = East Asian Cultures

Left eye, right eye, bridge of nose, center of face, mouth

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

(Jack et al., 2009)

Greatest Focus, Smallest Focus

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cultural Differences in Display Rules (expressions)

• Japanese (vs. Americans)

• More likely to mask negative feelings in front of other people.

• More appropriate to express anger to out-groups

• Americans (vs. Japanese):

• More appropriate to express disgust and sadness to in-group and happiness to public

• :(Ekman, 1972; Friesen, 1972; Matsumoto, 1990)

Vocalizations

• European English and Himba tribe in Namibia

• Listened to emotional story, then selected 1 of 2 vocalizations that matched the emotion in story

• Basic Emotions: English and Himba selected correct vocalizations • Did not vary with voice – whether English or

Himba

• More difficulty with positive emotions© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Sauter, D.A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P., & Scott, S.K. (2010). Cross-cultural recognition ofbasic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 107, 2408-2412. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908239106]

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Cognitive AppraisalsReview Scherer (1997) Study

• Joy most universal emotion

• Shame and guilt similar appraisals

• Cultural differences for African and Latin American participants

• Cultural differences in morality, external causation, coping

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Do cultural differences exist in the way appraisals → specific emotions?

•Pleasantness, novelty (expectedness), goal conduciveness/obstruction

No Cultural Differences

•Control of event, responsibility, anticipated effort, morality

Cultural Difference

s

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Physiological Responses

• Applied Facial Feedback Hypothesis

• Ps’ instructed to make facial expressions associated with a distinct emotion

• Universality?

• Cross-Cultural Differences?

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Indonesia

US

Gender and Emotions

• Women = more sadness, fear, shame, guilt, positive emotions

• Men = more anger

• Biological/universal or gender roles/culture?

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

Gender and Emotions

• Men and women in 37 countries

• Predictor: Gender Empowerment Measure

• Outcome: Intensity, expression• Powerful emotions: anger, disgust

• Powerless emotions: fear, sadness, shame, guilt

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

Gender and Emotion Intensity

• Powerful emotions: no gender differences

• Powerless emotions• Women rated as more intense than men

• Women’s ratings did not depend on GEM

• Men’s ratings varied with GEM – more intense for Low GEM countries

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

Gender and Behavior Changes

• Antagonism• Men reported more antagonism than women

• Women’s antagonism varied with GEM

• Low GEM: women reported less antagonism

• High GEM= no gender differences

• Crying• Women reported more crying than men

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

Eliciting Events of Anger

• Target of Romantic Partners – High-GEM women

• Reasons for Anger• Problems/conflicts in RR – High GEM women

• Attack on status – High GEM men and women

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

Gender Differences: Cultural or Universal?

• Universal for intensity of powerful emotions and crying

• Both!

• Greater gender inequality• For men, leads to more restrictive emotionality (less

intense powerless emotions)

• But, does not lead men to adopt the female role (more intense powerless emotions)

• For women, leads to more expressions of antagonism (more powerful emotions) and adoption of male role

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

[Fischer, A., Mosquera, P.M.R, van Vianen, A.E.M., & Manstead, A.S.R. (2004). Gender and cultural differences in emotion. Emotion, 4, 87-94. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87]

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Summary

• Cultural Differences exist in the 4 Components of Emotions

• Self-reported experience (emotions felt, emotional intensity, mixed emotions)

• Appraisals (morality, causality, coping)

• Behavior (expressions, vocalizations)

• Physiology

• Evolution and Social Constructivist may both be right

• Automatic vs. Controlled Appraisals