E- Business Ninth Edition

1

E- BUSINESSE- BUSINESSNINTH EDITIONNINTH EDITION

Chapter 2Chapter 2

E-Business Technology E-Business Technology

BasicsBasics

E- Business, Ninth Edition 2

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

In this chapter, you will learn about:In this chapter, you will learn about:The origin, growth, and current structure The origin, growth, and current structure of the Internetof the Internet

How packet-switched networks are How packet-switched networks are combined to form the Internetcombined to form the Internet

How Internet protocols and Internet How Internet protocols and Internet addressing workaddressing work

The history and use of markup languages The history and use of markup languages on the Web, including SGML, HTML, and on the Web, including SGML, HTML, and XMLXML

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES…LEARNING OBJECTIVES…

How HTML tags and links work on the How HTML tags and links work on the

World Wide WebWorld Wide Web

The differences among internets, The differences among internets,

intranets, and extranetsintranets, and extranets

Options for connecting to the Internet, Options for connecting to the Internet,

including cost and bandwidth factorsincluding cost and bandwidth factors

Internet2 and the Semantic WebInternet2 and the Semantic Web

3

THE INTERNET AND THE THE INTERNET AND THE WORLD WIDE WEBWORLD WIDE WEB

• Computer NetworkComputer Network• Technology allowing people to connect computersTechnology allowing people to connect computers• InternetInternet

• Interconnected global computer networks Interconnected global computer networks (large)(large)

• Types of Types of internet internet (lowercase “i”)(lowercase “i”)• Basic Technology StructureBasic Technology Structure

• Supports networks, the Internet, and e-commerceSupports networks, the Internet, and e-commerce• World Wide Web World Wide Web (Web)(Web)

• Subset of Internet computers Subset of Internet computers • Contents easily accessibleContents easily accessible

• Includes easy-to-use interfacesIncludes easy-to-use interfaces


ORIGINS OF THE ORIGINS OF THE INTERNETINTERNET

• Early 1960sEarly 1960s• Defense Department nuclear attack concernsDefense Department nuclear attack concerns• Used powerful computers (large mainframes)Used powerful computers (large mainframes)• Used leased telephone company linesUsed leased telephone company lines

• Single connectionSingle connection• Single connection risk solutionSingle connection risk solution

• Communicate using multiple channels (packets)Communicate using multiple channels (packets)

• 1969 Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)(ARPA)

• Packet network connected four computersPacket network connected four computers• ARPANET: earliest network (became the Internet)ARPANET: earliest network (became the Internet)• Academic research use (1970s and 1980s)Academic research use (1970s and 1980s)


NEW USES FOR THE NEW USES FOR THE INTERNETINTERNET

• Defense Department Network Use was original goalDefense Department Network Use was original goal• Control weapons systems, transfer research filesControl weapons systems, transfer research files

• 1970s1970s: Other Uses: Other Uses• E-mail (1972)E-mail (1972)• Networking technologyNetworking technology

• Remote file transfer and computer accessRemote file transfer and computer access• Mailing listsMailing lists

• E-mail address forwards message to E-mail address forwards message to subscribed userssubscribed users

• 19791979: : Usenet (User’s News Network)Usenet (User’s News Network)• Read and post articlesRead and post articles• NewsgroupsNewsgroups (topic areas) (topic areas)


NEW USES FOR THE INTERNET …NEW USES FOR THE INTERNET …• Game-playing Software CreatedGame-playing Software Created

• Limited Internet UseLimited Internet Use• Research and Academic CommunitiesResearch and Academic Communities

• 1979 – 19891979 – 1989• Network applications improved and testedNetwork applications improved and tested• Defense Department’s networking softwareDefense Department’s networking software

• Gained wider academic and research Gained wider academic and research institution useinstitution use

• Common communications network benefit Common communications network benefit recognizedrecognized

• Security problems recognizedSecurity problems recognized

• 1980s:1980s: Personal Computer Use Explosion Personal Computer Use Explosion• Academic and research networks mergedAcademic and research networks merged


COMMERCIAL USE OF THE COMMERCIAL USE OF THE INTERNETINTERNET

• National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) (NSF)• Provided fundingProvided funding• Prohibited commercial network trafficProhibited commercial network traffic

• Businesses turned to commercial e-mail Businesses turned to commercial e-mail providersproviders

• Larger firms built networksLarger firms built networks (leased telephone (leased telephone lines)lines)

• 1989: NSF permitted two commercial e-mail 1989: NSF permitted two commercial e-mail servicesservices

• MCI Mail and CompuServeMCI Mail and CompuServe• Commercial enterprises could send e-mailCommercial enterprises could send e-mail• Research, education communities sent e-Research, education communities sent e-

mail directly to MCI Mail and CompuServemail directly to MCI Mail and CompuServeE- Business, Ninth Edition 8

GROWTH OF THE GROWTH OF THE INTERNETINTERNET

• 19911991 • Further easing of commercial Internet activity Further easing of commercial Internet activity

restrictionsrestrictions• 19951995: Privatization of the Internet: Privatization of the Internet

• Operations turned over to privately owned Operations turned over to privately owned companiescompanies

• Internet based on four Internet based on four network access network access points (NAPs)points (NAPs)

• Network Access ProvidersNetwork Access Providers• Sell Internet access rights directly to larger Sell Internet access rights directly to larger

customerscustomers• Use Use Internet service providers (ISPs)Internet service providers (ISPs)

• Sell to smaller firms and individualsSell to smaller firms and individualsE- Business, Ninth Edition 9


FIGURE 2-1: Growth of the Internet

GROWTH OF THE INTERNET …GROWTH OF THE INTERNET …• Internet HostsInternet Hosts: Directly Connected : Directly Connected ComputersComputers

• Internet GrowthInternet Growth• Technological and social Technological and social accomplishment accomplishment

• Used by millions of peopleUsed by millions of people• Thousands of different software Thousands of different software packagespackages

• Billions of dollars change hands yearlyBillions of dollars change hands yearly• Led to World Wide WebLed to World Wide Web


EMERGENCE OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE WORLD WIDE WEBWORLD WIDE WEB

• WebWeb • Software running on Internet-connected Software running on Internet-connected

computerscomputers• Generates network trafficGenerates network traffic

• Web software: largest single traffic categoryWeb software: largest single traffic category• Outpaces: e-mail, file transfers, other data Outpaces: e-mail, file transfers, other data

transmission traffictransmission traffic• New way of thinking about information storage New way of thinking about information storage

and retrievaland retrieval• Key Technological Web ElementsKey Technological Web Elements

• Hypertext Hypertext • Graphical User InterfacesGraphical User Interfaces

E- Business, Ninth Edition12

• The Development of HypertextThe Development of Hypertext

• 1945: Vannevar Bush: 1945: Vannevar Bush: The Atlantic MonthlyThe Atlantic Monthly article article

• Visionary ideas: future technology uses (Memex)Visionary ideas: future technology uses (Memex)

• 1960s: Ted Nelson described 1960s: Ted Nelson described hypertexthypertext

• Page-linking systemPage-linking system

• Douglas Engelbart: experimental hypertext Douglas Engelbart: experimental hypertext

systemsystem

• 1987: Nelson published 1987: Nelson published Literary MachinesLiterary Machines

• Outlined project Xanadu global system Outlined project Xanadu global system

• Online hypertext publishing and commerceOnline hypertext publishing and commerce


EMERGENCE OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB…EMERGENCE OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB…

• The Development of Hypertext The Development of Hypertext (cont’d.)(cont’d.)• 1989: Tim Berners-Lee1989: Tim Berners-Lee

• Proposed hypertext development projectProposed hypertext development project• Provided data-sharing functionalityProvided data-sharing functionality• Developed hypertext server program Developed hypertext server program

codecode• Hypertext ServerHypertext Server

• Stores Stores Hypertext Markup Language Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) (HTML) files files

• Computers connect and read filesComputers connect and read files• Web Servers Web Servers Today)Today)

• Hypertext servers used on the WebHypertext servers used on the WebE- Business, Ninth Edition 14


• The Development of Hypertext (cont’d.)The Development of Hypertext (cont’d.)

• HTMLHTML

• Set of codes (tags) attached to textSet of codes (tags) attached to text

• Describes relationships among text Describes relationships among text

elementselements

• Hypertext Link (hyperlink)Hypertext Link (hyperlink)

• Points to another location Points to another location

• Same or another HTML documentSame or another HTML document



• Graphical Interfaces for HypertextGraphical Interfaces for Hypertext• Web browserWeb browser

• Software interface Software interface • Users read (browse) HTML documentsUsers read (browse) HTML documents• Move from one HTML document to Move from one HTML document to

anotheranother• Text formatted with hypertext link tags in Text formatted with hypertext link tags in

filefile• HTML document HTML document

• No specification of text element No specification of text element appearanceappearance

• Graphical User Interface (GUI)Graphical User Interface (GUI)• Presents program control functions, Presents program control functions,

output to usersoutput to users• Pictures, icons, other graphical elementsPictures, icons, other graphical elements



• The World Wide WebThe World Wide Web• Berners-Lee’s System of Hyperlinked HTML Berners-Lee’s System of Hyperlinked HTML

documentsdocuments• Quick Acceptance in Scientific Research Quick Acceptance in Scientific Research

communitycommunity• 1993: First GUI Program (Mosaic)1993: First GUI Program (Mosaic)

• Read HTMLRead HTML• Used HTML hyperlinks for page-to-page Used HTML hyperlinks for page-to-page

navigationnavigation• First Web browser widely available for First Web browser widely available for

personal computerspersonal computers



• The World Wide Web (cont’d.)The World Wide Web (cont’d.)• Easy way to access Internet informationEasy way to access Internet information

• Provided by functional system of pages Provided by functional system of pages connected by hypertext linksconnected by hypertext links

• Profit-making potentialProfit-making potential• Netscape Communications founded in Netscape Communications founded in

19941994• Netscape Navigator Web browser (based Netscape Navigator Web browser (based

on Mosaic)on Mosaic)• Microsoft: Internet Explorer (most widely Microsoft: Internet Explorer (most widely

used)used)• Mozilla Firefox: Netscape Navigator Mozilla Firefox: Netscape Navigator

descendantdescendant• Number of Web sitesNumber of Web sites

• More rapid growth than the Internet More rapid growth than the Internet itselfitself



• EstimatesEstimates• More than 250 million Web sitesMore than 250 million Web sites• More than 50 billion individual Web pagesMore than 50 billion individual Web pages

• Commercial Business Web Use IncreasingCommercial Business Web Use Increasing


FIGURE 2-2: Growth of the World Wide Web

PACKET-SWITCHED PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORKSNETWORKS

• Local Area Network (LAN)Local Area Network (LAN)• Network of computers located close togetherNetwork of computers located close together

• Wide Area Networks (WANs)Wide Area Networks (WANs)• Networks of computers connected over Networks of computers connected over

greater distancesgreater distances• CircuitCircuit

• Combination of telephone lines and closed Combination of telephone lines and closed switches connecting them to each otherswitches connecting them to each other

• Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching• Centrally controlled, single-connection modelCentrally controlled, single-connection model

• Single electrical path between caller and Single electrical path between caller and receiverreceiver


PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORKS PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORKS ……• Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching (cont’d.) (cont’d.)

• Works well for telephone callsWorks well for telephone calls• Does not work as well for:Does not work as well for:

• Sending data across large WAN, Sending data across large WAN, interconnected network (Internet)interconnected network (Internet)

• Circuit-Switched Network ProblemCircuit-Switched Network Problem• Connected circuit failureConnected circuit failure

• Causes interrupted connection, data lossCauses interrupted connection, data loss

• SolutionSolution• Packet switching: move data between two Packet switching: move data between two

pointspointsE- Business, Ninth Edition 21

• Packet-Switched NetworkPacket-Switched Network• PacketsPackets

• Small pieces labeled electronically (origin, Small pieces labeled electronically (origin, sequence, destination address)sequence, destination address)

• Travel along interconnected networks Travel along interconnected networks • Can take different paths Can take different paths • May arrive out of orderMay arrive out of order

• Destination computerDestination computer• Collects packetsCollects packets• Reassembles original file or e-mail Reassembles original file or e-mail

messagemessageE- Business, Ninth Edition 22

PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORKS PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORKS ……

ROUTING ROUTING PACKETSPACKETS• Routing computersRouting computers

• Decide how best to forward each packetDecide how best to forward each packet• Also known as:Also known as:

• Router computersRouter computers, , routersrouters, , gateway computers, border gateway computers, border routersrouters

• Gateway from LAN (WAN to the Internet)Gateway from LAN (WAN to the Internet)• Border routersBorder routers

• Between organization and the InternetBetween organization and the Internet• Routing algorithmsRouting algorithms

• Programs on routing computersPrograms on routing computers• Determine best path for packetDetermine best path for packet


ROUTING PACKETS …ROUTING PACKETS …• Routing Algorithms Applied to Routing Table Routing Algorithms Applied to Routing Table

(Configuration Table) (Configuration Table) InformationInformation

• Routing TableRouting Table ( (configurationconfiguration tabletable) information) information• Includes lists of connections Includes lists of connections • Includes rules for:Includes rules for:

• Specifying connection to use firstSpecifying connection to use first• Handling heavy packet traffic and network Handling heavy packet traffic and network

congestioncongestion

• Variety of Rules and Standards for Creating Variety of Rules and Standards for Creating PacketsPackets

• HubsHubs, , SwitchesSwitches, , BridgesBridges• Move packetsMove packets


• Routers connect networksRouters connect networks• Translate packets into standard formatTranslate packets into standard format

• Internet backboneInternet backbone• Internet routers handle packet traffic along main connecting points Internet routers handle packet traffic along main connecting points

((backbone routers)backbone routers)• Three billion packets per secondThree billion packets per second


FIGURE 2-3: Router-Based Achitecture of the Internet

INTERNET PROTOCOLSINTERNET PROTOCOLS

• ProtocolProtocol: Collection of network data rules : Collection of network data rules • Includes transmission rules Includes transmission rules • Computers must use same protocolComputers must use same protocol

• ARPANETARPANET: : Network Control Protocol Network Control Protocol (NCP)(NCP)

• Proprietary architecture (closed Proprietary architecture (closed architecture)architecture)

• Manufacturer creates own protocolManufacturer creates own protocol• Open architecture Open architecture (Internet Core)(Internet Core)

• Uses common protocolUses common protocol• Four key message-handling rulesFour key message-handling rules• Contributed to the Internet’s successContributed to the Internet’s success


INTERNET PROTOCOLS…INTERNET PROTOCOLS…

• TCP/IPTCP/IP• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

• Controls message or file disassembly Controls message or file disassembly into packets before Internet into packets before Internet transmissiontransmission

• Controls packet reassembly into Controls packet reassembly into original formats at destinationsoriginal formats at destinations

• Internet Protocol (IP)Internet Protocol (IP)• Specifies addressing details for each Specifies addressing details for each

packetpacket• Labels packet with origination and Labels packet with origination and

destination addressesdestination addresses• TCP/IP TCP/IP refers to both protocolsrefers to both protocols

• Used today (replaced ARPANET NCP)Used today (replaced ARPANET NCP)E- Business, Ninth Edition 27

IP ADDRESSINGIP ADDRESSING• Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)

• Used for past 20 yearsUsed for past 20 years• IP AddressIP Address

• 32-bit number identifying computers32-bit number identifying computers• Base 2 Base 2 ((binarybinary) Number System) Number System

• Computers use for internal calculationsComputers use for internal calculations• Digit: 0 or a 1 (on or off condition)Digit: 0 or a 1 (on or off condition)• Four billion different addresses (2Four billion different addresses (23232 = =

4,294,967,296)4,294,967,296)• Router breaks message into packetsRouter breaks message into packets

• Contains source and destination IP Contains source and destination IP addressaddress


IP ADDRESSING…IP ADDRESSING…• Dotted Decimal NotationDotted Decimal Notation

• Four numbers separated by periodsFour numbers separated by periods• IP addresses range: 0.0.0.0 to IP addresses range: 0.0.0.0 to

255.255.255.255255.255.255.255

• Byte Byte (8-bit Number)(8-bit Number)• Called an Called an Octet Octet (networking applications)(networking applications)

• Binary values: 00000000 to 11111111Binary values: 00000000 to 11111111• Decimal equivalents: 0 to 255Decimal equivalents: 0 to 255

• Three Organizations Assign IP AddressesThree Organizations Assign IP Addresses

• ARIN Whois server ARIN Whois server • Returns IP address list owned by an organizationReturns IP address list owned by an organization


• New devices creating high demand for IP addressesNew devices creating high demand for IP addresses

• SubnettingSubnetting• Use reserved private IP LAN (WAN) addresses Use reserved private IP LAN (WAN) addresses

• Provide additional address spaceProvide additional address space

• Private IP AddressesPrivate IP Addresses• IP numbers not permitted on Internet packetsIP numbers not permitted on Internet packets

• Network Address Translation (NAT) DeviceNetwork Address Translation (NAT) Device• Converts private IP addresses into normal IP Converts private IP addresses into normal IP

addressesaddresses


IP ADDRESSING…IP ADDRESSING…

• Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)• Replaces IPv4 (future)Replaces IPv4 (future)

• Not directly compatibleNot directly compatible• AdvantagesAdvantages

• 128-bit number for addresses128-bit number for addresses• (2(22828): 34 followed by 37 zeros): 34 followed by 37 zeros• Packet format change eliminates Packet format change eliminates

unnecessary fieldsunnecessary fields• Adds fields for security, other optional Adds fields for security, other optional

informationinformation• Shorthand notation system for expressing Shorthand notation system for expressing

addresses (complex eight groups of 16 bits)addresses (complex eight groups of 16 bits)• Group expressed as four hexadecimal Group expressed as four hexadecimal

digits separated by colonsdigits separated by colons


IP ADDRESSING…IP ADDRESSING…

DOMAIN NAMESDOMAIN NAMES• Dotted Decimal Notation difficult to rememberDotted Decimal Notation difficult to remember• Domain NamesDomain Names

• Sets of words assigned to specific IP Sets of words assigned to specific IP addressesaddresses

• Example: Example: www.sandiego.edu• Contains three parts separated by Contains three parts separated by

periodsperiods• Top-level domain (TLD)Top-level domain (TLD): rightmost part : rightmost part • Generic top-level domains (gTLDs)Generic top-level domains (gTLDs)• Sponsored top-level domains (sTLD)Sponsored top-level domains (sTLD)

• Internet Corporation for Assigned Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)Names and Numbers (ICANN)

• Responsibility: managing non-sTLDResponsibility: managing non-sTLD


http://www.sandiego.edu/


FIGURE 2-4: Commonly Used Domain Names

WEB PAGE REQUEST AND WEB PAGE REQUEST AND DELIVERY PROTOCOLSDELIVERY PROTOCOLS

• Web client computersWeb client computers• Web client software (Web browser software)Web client software (Web browser software)

• Sends Web page file requests to other Sends Web page file requests to other computers (Web servers)computers (Web servers)

• Web server computerWeb server computer• Web server softwareWeb server software

• Receives requests from many different Web Receives requests from many different Web clientsclients

• Client/server architectureClient/server architecture• Combination: client computers, server computersCombination: client computers, server computers


WEB PAGE REQUEST AND WEB PAGE REQUEST AND DELIVERY PROTOCOLS…DELIVERY PROTOCOLS…

• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)• Internet Web page file delivery rulesInternet Web page file delivery rules

• Web page request using Web browserWeb page request using Web browser• User types protocol nameUser types protocol name

• Followed by “//:” characters before the Followed by “//:” characters before the domain namedomain name

• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)Uniform Resource Locator (URL)• Combination: protocol name, domain nameCombination: protocol name, domain name• Locates resources (Web page) on another Locates resources (Web page) on another

computer (Web server)computer (Web server)


ELECTRONIC MAIL ELECTRONIC MAIL PROTOCOLSPROTOCOLS

• Electronic Mail (E-mail)Electronic Mail (E-mail)• Formatted according to common set of Formatted according to common set of

rulesrules• Client/server structureClient/server structure

• E-mail ServerE-mail Server• Computer devoted to e-mail handling Computer devoted to e-mail handling • Stores, forwards e-mail messagesStores, forwards e-mail messages

• E-mail Client SoftwareE-mail Client Software• Reads and sends e-mailReads and sends e-mail• Communicates with e-mail server Communicates with e-mail server

softwaresoftware• Standardization and rules very importantStandardization and rules very importantE- Business, Ninth Edition 36

ELECTRONIC MAIL PROTOCOLS ELECTRONIC MAIL PROTOCOLS ……

• Two Common ProtocolsTwo Common Protocols• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

• Specifies mail message formatSpecifies mail message format• Describes mail administration e-mail serverDescribes mail administration e-mail server• Describes mail transmission on the InternetDescribes mail transmission on the Internet

• Post Office Protocol (POP)Post Office Protocol (POP)• Sends mail to user’s computer, deletes Sends mail to user’s computer, deletes

from serverfrom server• Sends mail to user’s computer, does not Sends mail to user’s computer, does not

deletedelete• Asks if new mail arrivedAsks if new mail arrived


• Multipurpose Internet Mail Multipurpose Internet Mail

Extensions (MIME)Extensions (MIME)

• Set of rules for handling binary filesSet of rules for handling binary files

• Interactive Mail Access Protocol Interactive Mail Access Protocol

(IMAP)(IMAP)

• Newer e-mail protocol Newer e-mail protocol

• Same basic POP functionsSame basic POP functions

• Includes additional featuresIncludes additional featuresE- Business, Ninth Edition 38

ELECTRONIC MAIL PROTOCOLS ELECTRONIC MAIL PROTOCOLS ……

UNSOLICITED COMMERCIAL E-UNSOLICITED COMMERCIAL E-MAIL MAIL

(UCE, SPAM)(UCE, SPAM)• SpamSpam

• Also known as:Also known as:• Unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE)Unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE)• Bulk mailBulk mail

• Electronic junk mail typesElectronic junk mail types• Solicitations, advertisements, or e-mail chain Solicitations, advertisements, or e-mail chain

letters letters • Wastes people’s time and computer disk spaceWastes people’s time and computer disk space• Consumes large amounts of Internet capacityConsumes large amounts of Internet capacity• Distracts employeesDistracts employees


MARKUP LANGUAGES AND MARKUP LANGUAGES AND THE WEBTHE WEB

• Text Markup LanguageText Markup Language• Specifies tag set inserted into textSpecifies tag set inserted into text

• Markup Tags (Tags)Markup Tags (Tags)• Formatting instructions Web client Formatting instructions Web client

understandsunderstands• HTMLHTML

• Web markup languageWeb markup language• Most commonly usedMost commonly used

• Standard Generalized Markup Language Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) (SGML) subsetsubset

• Older, more complex text markup languageOlder, more complex text markup language• Meta languageMeta language:: used to define other used to define other

languageslanguagesE- Business, Ninth Edition 40

MARKUP LANGUAGES AND THE WEB MARKUP LANGUAGES AND THE WEB ……

• Extensible Markup Language (XML)Extensible Markup Language (XML)• Derived from SGMLDerived from SGML• Mark up shared informationMark up shared information• Meta languageMeta language

• User creates markup elements extending User creates markup elements extending XML usefulnessXML usefulness

• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)• Maintains Web standardsMaintains Web standards

• Extensible Hypertext Markup Language Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML)(XHTML)

• HTML version 4.0 reformulation as XML HTML version 4.0 reformulation as XML applicationapplication



FIGURE 2-5: Development of Markup Languages

MARKUP LANGUAGESMARKUP LANGUAGES

• Generalized Markup Language (GML)Generalized Markup Language (GML)• Creates standard electronic document Creates standard electronic document

formatting stylesformatting styles• SGMLSGML: version of GML: version of GML

• Adopted by International Organization for Adopted by International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Standardization (ISO)

• System of marking up documents System of marking up documents • Software application independentSoftware application independent• Nonproprietary, platform independentNonproprietary, platform independent• Offers user-defined tagsOffers user-defined tags• Not suited to rapid Web page Not suited to rapid Web page

development, costly to maintain, requires development, costly to maintain, requires expensive tools, hard to learnexpensive tools, hard to learn


HYPERTEXT MARKUP HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGELANGUAGE

• Hypertext ElementsHypertext Elements• Text elements related to each otherText elements related to each other

• HTMLHTML• Prevalent markup language to create Web Prevalent markup language to create Web

documentsdocuments• W3C HTML Working Group W3C HTML Working Group pagepage

• Detailed HTML versions, related topic Detailed HTML versions, related topic informationinformation

• HTML extensionsHTML extensions• Features that work in specific Web browsersFeatures that work in specific Web browsers

• Draft HTML version 5.0Draft HTML version 5.0• Includes audio and video features within the Includes audio and video features within the

markup language itselfmarkup language itself


HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE …HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE …

• HTML tagsHTML tags• Interpreted by Web browserInterpreted by Web browser• Format text displayFormat text display• Enclosed in angle brackets (<>)Enclosed in angle brackets (<>)

• Opening tag Opening tag and and closing tagclosing tag• Format text between themFormat text between them

• Closing tagClosing tag• Preceded by slash within angle brackets Preceded by slash within angle brackets

(</>)(</>)• User may customize tag interpretationsUser may customize tag interpretations• Tags: generally written in lowercase lettersTags: generally written in lowercase lettersE- Business, Ninth Edition 45

• One-sided TagsOne-sided Tags• Require opening tag onlyRequire opening tag only

• Two-sided TagsTwo-sided Tags• Optional closing tagOptional closing tag• Closing tag position very importantClosing tag position very important

• Opening tag may contain one or more property Opening tag may contain one or more property modifiersmodifiers

• Further refine tag operationFurther refine tag operation

• Other frequently used HTML tagsOther frequently used HTML tags• Graphics and tablesGraphics and tables




FIGURE 2-6: Text Marked Up With HTML Tags


FIGURE 2-7 Text Marked Up With HTML Tags As It Appears In A Web Browser

• HTML LinksHTML Links• Hyperlinks On Interlinked Pages Form Hyperlinks On Interlinked Pages Form

A “Web” A “Web” • Linear Hyperlink StructureLinear Hyperlink Structure

• Reads Web Page In Serial FashionReads Web Page In Serial Fashion• Works Well When Customer Fills Out Works Well When Customer Fills Out

Form Form • Hierarchical Hyperlink StructureHierarchical Hyperlink Structure

• Uses an introductory page (Uses an introductory page (home pagehome page,, start pagestart page)) linking to other pageslinking to other pages

• Leads customers from general to specific Leads customers from general to specific topicstopics

• Hybrid designs combine linear and Hybrid designs combine linear and hierarchical structureshierarchical structures




FIGURE 2-8: Linear Vs. Nonlinear Paths Through Documents


FIGURE 2-9 Three Common Web Page Organization Structures

• Scripting Languages And Style SheetsScripting Languages And Style Sheets

• HTML version released (after 1997)HTML version released (after 1997)• Object TagObject Tag

• Embeds scripting language code on HTML Embeds scripting language code on HTML pagespages

• Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)• Provide more control over displayed page Provide more control over displayed page

formatformat• Style SheetStyle Sheet

• Instructions stored in separate fileInstructions stored in separate file• Referenced using HTML style tagReferenced using HTML style tag• May be included in Web page’s HTML fileMay be included in Web page’s HTML file



EXTENSIBLE MARKUP EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE (XML)LANGUAGE (XML)

• Web Design ToolWeb Design Tool• For presenting or maintaining information lists, For presenting or maintaining information lists,

datadata

• Includes data-management capabilitiesIncludes data-management capabilities• HTML cannot provideHTML cannot provide

• See Figures 2-10 and 2-11See Figures 2-10 and 2-11• Illustrate HTML shortcomings in presenting listsIllustrate HTML shortcomings in presenting lists

• XML different from HTMLXML different from HTML• XML: not a markup language with defined tagsXML: not a markup language with defined tags• XML: tags do not specify text appearance on pageXML: tags do not specify text appearance on page



FIGURE 2-10: Country List Data Marked Up With HTML Tags


FIGURE 2-11: Country List Data As It Appears In A Web Browser

• Figures 2-12 and 2-13Figures 2-12 and 2-13• Advantages of XML list presentationAdvantages of XML list presentation

• More effectively communicates the meaning of dataMore effectively communicates the meaning of data


FIGURE 2-12: Country List Data Marked Up With XML Tags


FIGURE 2-13: Country List Data Marked Up With XML Tags As It Would Appear In Internet Explorer

• Strength of XMLStrength of XML• Users may define their own tags (weakness Users may define their own tags (weakness

as well) as well) • Solution to user tag definitionsSolution to user tag definitions

• Common XML tags standardsCommon XML tags standards• Data-type definitions (DTDs) or XML Data-type definitions (DTDs) or XML

schemasschemas• 2001: W3C released set of rules for XML 2001: W3C released set of rules for XML

documentsdocuments• XML vocabularyXML vocabulary: set of XML tag definitions: set of XML tag definitions

• XML files not intended to display in browserXML files not intended to display in browser• Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)

• Contains formatting instructionsContains formatting instructions• XML parsersXML parsers:: format XML file for device format XML file for device

screenscreenE- Business, Ninth Edition 58

EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE (XML)EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE (XML)……


FIGURE 2-14: Processing Requests For Web Pages From An XML Database

HTML AND XML EDITORSHTML AND XML EDITORS• HTML Document CreationHTML Document Creation

• General-purpose text editor or word processorGeneral-purpose text editor or word processor• Special-purpose HTML editors availableSpecial-purpose HTML editors available• Web site design toolsWeb site design tools

• Create and manage complete Web sitesCreate and manage complete Web sites• Upload entire site from PC to Web serverUpload entire site from PC to Web server• Example: Adobe DreamweaverExample: Adobe Dreamweaver

• XML FilesXML Files• Created with text editor or programs Created with text editor or programs


INTRANETS AND INTRANETS AND EXTRANETSEXTRANETS

• internets (small “i”)internets (small “i”)• Interconnected networksInterconnected networks• Do not extend beyond organizational Do not extend beyond organizational

boundariesboundaries• IntranetIntranet

• Interconnected network (or internet)Interconnected network (or internet)• Uses TCP/IP protocol setUses TCP/IP protocol set• Does not extend beyond creating Does not extend beyond creating

organizationorganization• Extranet Extranet

• Intranet extendedIntranet extended• Includes specific entities outside organization Includes specific entities outside organization

boundariesboundariesE- Business, Ninth Edition 61

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE NETWORKSNETWORKS

• Public NetworkPublic Network• Public availabilityPublic availability

• Private Network Private Network • Private, leased-line connectionPrivate, leased-line connection• Physically connects intranets to one anotherPhysically connects intranets to one another

• Leased LineLeased Line• Permanent telephone connection between two Permanent telephone connection between two

pointspoints• Advantage: securityAdvantage: security• Drawback: costsDrawback: costs

• Scaling problemScaling problem: adding companies: adding companiesE- Business, Ninth Edition 62

VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)(VPN)

• Extranet Using Public Networks And ProtocolsExtranet Using Public Networks And Protocols• Sends sensitive dataSends sensitive data• Uses Uses IP tunnelingIP tunneling (encapsulation) system (encapsulation) system

• Private passageway through public InternetPrivate passageway through public Internet• Secure transmissionSecure transmission

• EncapsulationEncapsulation• Encrypts packet content, places inside Encrypts packet content, places inside

another packetanother packet• IP wrapperIP wrapper: outer packet: outer packet

• VPN software installed on both computersVPN software installed on both computers• Establish short-term logical connections in real Establish short-term logical connections in real

timetime• VPN is an extranet: not every extranet is a VPNVPN is an extranet: not every extranet is a VPN


INTERNET CONNECTION INTERNET CONNECTION OPTIONSOPTIONS

• InternetInternet • Set of interconnected networksSet of interconnected networks

• Organizations connect computers using a Organizations connect computers using a networknetwork

• Internet Access Providers (IAPs) Internet Access Providers (IAPs) or ISPsor ISPs• Provide Internet access to:Provide Internet access to:

• Individuals, businesses, other Individuals, businesses, other organizationsorganizations

• Offer several connection optionsOffer several connection optionsE- Business, Ninth Edition 64

CONNECTIVITY OVERVIEWCONNECTIVITY OVERVIEW• Common Connection OptionsCommon Connection Options

• Voice-grade telephone lines, various Voice-grade telephone lines, various types of broadband connections, leased types of broadband connections, leased lines, wirelesslines, wireless

• Distinguishing FactorDistinguishing Factor• BandwidthBandwidth

• Amount of data traveling through Amount of data traveling through communication line per unit of timecommunication line per unit of time

• Net BandwidthNet Bandwidth• Actual speed information travelsActual speed information travels

• Symmetric ConnectionsSymmetric Connections• Provide same bandwidth in both Provide same bandwidth in both

directionsdirectionsE- Business, Ninth Edition 65

CONNECTIVITY OVERVIEW…CONNECTIVITY OVERVIEW…• Asymmetric ConnectionsAsymmetric Connections

• Provide different bandwidths for each Provide different bandwidths for each directiondirection

• Upstream Bandwidth (Upload Upstream Bandwidth (Upload Bandwidth)Bandwidth)

• Amount of information from user to the Amount of information from user to the Internet in a given amount of timeInternet in a given amount of time

• Downstream BandwidthDownstream Bandwidth ( (Download, Download, Downlink Bandwidth)Downlink Bandwidth)

• Amount of information from the Internet Amount of information from the Internet to user in a given amount of timeto user in a given amount of time


VOICE-GRADE TELEPHONE VOICE-GRADE TELEPHONE CONNECTIONSCONNECTIONS

• Local Telephone Service ProviderLocal Telephone Service Provider• Most common way for an individual to connect to Most common way for an individual to connect to

ISPISP

• Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)• Uses existing telephone lines, analog modem Uses existing telephone lines, analog modem

• Bandwidth between 28 and 56 KbpsBandwidth between 28 and 56 Kbps

• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) protocolprotocol• Higher grade of serviceHigher grade of service• Use DSL modem (type of network switch)Use DSL modem (type of network switch)

• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)• First technology developed using DSL protocol suiteFirst technology developed using DSL protocol suite


BROADBAND BROADBAND CONNECTIONSCONNECTIONS

• Connection speeds greater than 200 KbpsConnection speeds greater than 200 Kbps• Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

• DSL protocol providing broadband range DSL protocol providing broadband range serviceservice

• High-Speed DSL (HDSL)High-Speed DSL (HDSL)• More than 768 Kbps symmetric bandwidthMore than 768 Kbps symmetric bandwidth

• Cable ModemsCable Modems• Transmission speeds: 300 Kbps to 1 MbpsTransmission speeds: 300 Kbps to 1 Mbps• Connection bandwidths varyConnection bandwidths vary• Subscribers compete for shared resourceSubscribers compete for shared resource

• DSLDSL: Private line with no competing traffic: Private line with no competing traffic• Rural connection option issues: Rural connection option issues: voice-grade voice-grade

lineslinesE- Business, Ninth Edition 68

LEASED-LINE LEASED-LINE CONNECTIONSCONNECTIONS

• More Expensive TechnologiesMore Expensive Technologies• Classified by equivalent number of telephone Classified by equivalent number of telephone

lines includedlines included

• DS0 (Digital Signal Zero)DS0 (Digital Signal Zero)• Carries one digital signal (56 Kbps)Carries one digital signal (56 Kbps)

• T1 T1 Line (DS1)Line (DS1)• Carries 24 DS0 lines (1.544 Mbps)Carries 24 DS0 lines (1.544 Mbps)

• Fractional T1Fractional T1• 128 Kbps and upward in 128-Kbps increments128 Kbps and upward in 128-Kbps increments

• T3 T3 (DS3): 44.736 Mbps(DS3): 44.736 Mbps


LEASED-LINE LEASED-LINE CONNECTIONS…CONNECTIONS…

• Large organizations require very high bandwidthLarge organizations require very high bandwidth

• NAPs use T1 and T3 linesNAPs use T1 and T3 lines

• NAPs and Internet Backbone Routing Computers NAPs and Internet Backbone Routing Computers • Frame relay, asynchronous transfer mode Frame relay, asynchronous transfer mode

(ATM)(ATM)• Optical fiber Optical fiber (instead of copper wire)(instead of copper wire)

• Bandwidth determined by fiber-optic cable Bandwidth determined by fiber-optic cable classclass

• OC3 (optical carrier 3): 156 MbpsOC3 (optical carrier 3): 156 Mbps• OC12: 622 MbpsOC12: 622 Mbps• OC48: 2.5 GbpsOC48: 2.5 Gbps• OC192: 10 GbpsOC192: 10 Gbps


WIRELESS CONNECTIONSWIRELESS CONNECTIONS

• Previous satellite microwave transmissionsPrevious satellite microwave transmissions• Download speeds of 500 KbpsDownload speeds of 500 Kbps• Upload handled by POTS modem connectionUpload handled by POTS modem connection

• Today: POTS modem connection not requiredToday: POTS modem connection not required• Use microwave transmitter for uploads (150 Use microwave transmitter for uploads (150

Kbps)Kbps)• Costs and accuracy improvingCosts and accuracy improving

• Many wireless network types now availableMany wireless network types now available• Internet-capable mobile phones, smart Internet-capable mobile phones, smart

phones, game consoles, and notebook phones, game consoles, and notebook computerscomputers

• More than half of U.S. Internet users used a More than half of U.S. Internet users used a wireless device for Internet accesswireless device for Internet access


WIRELESS CONNECTIONS…WIRELESS CONNECTIONS…• Bluetooth and Ultra Wideband Bluetooth and Ultra Wideband (UWB)(UWB)• Bluetooth Bluetooth design for use over short design for use over short distancesdistances• Low-Bandwidth TechnologyLow-Bandwidth Technology (722 (722 Kbps)Kbps)

• Personal Area Networks (PANs) Personal Area Networks (PANs) or or piconetspiconets• Small Bluetooth networksSmall Bluetooth networks

• Advantages: Advantages: • Devices consume very little powerDevices consume very little power• Devices can discover one another and Devices can discover one another and exchange information automatically exchange information automatically


• Ultra Wideband (UWB)Ultra Wideband (UWB)• Provides bandwidth up to 480 MbpsProvides bandwidth up to 480 Mbps• Connections over short distances (30 to 100 Connections over short distances (30 to 100

feet)feet)• Future personal area networking applicationsFuture personal area networking applications

• Wireless Ethernet Wireless Ethernet ((Wi-FiWi-Fi))• Wi-FiWi-Fi ( (wireless Ethernetwireless Ethernet, , 802.11b802.11b))• Wireless access pointWireless access point ( (WAPWAP))

• Transmits packets between Wi-Fi-equipped Transmits packets between Wi-Fi-equipped computers and other devices within rangecomputers and other devices within range

• 802.11b802.11b (11 Mbps): range of about 300 feet (11 Mbps): range of about 300 feet


WIRELESS CONNECTIONS…WIRELESS CONNECTIONS…

• Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi)Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi) (cont’d.)(cont’d.)• 802.11a802.11a (54 Mbps): not 802.11b compatible (54 Mbps): not 802.11b compatible• 802.11g802.11g (54 Mbps): 802.11b compatible (54 Mbps): 802.11b compatible• 802.11n: 802.11n: “Draft-N” (300 to 450 Mbps “Draft-N” (300 to 450 Mbps

range)range)• Finalized specification: predicted for 2010Finalized specification: predicted for 2010

• RoamingRoaming• Shifting from one WAP to anotherShifting from one WAP to another• No user interventionNo user intervention

• Hot spotsHot spots• WAPs open to publicWAPs open to publicE- Business, Ninth Edition 74


• Fixed-Point WirelessFixed-Point Wireless• System of RepeatersSystem of Repeaters

• Forward radio signal from ISP to customersForward radio signal from ISP to customers• RepeatersRepeaters

• Transmitter-receiver devices Transmitter-receiver devices ((transceiverstransceivers))

• Uses Uses mesh routingmesh routing• Directly transmits Wi-Fi packets through Directly transmits Wi-Fi packets through

short-range transceivers (hundreds or short-range transceivers (hundreds or thousands) thousands)

• Located close to each otherLocated close to each otherE- Business, Ninth Edition 75


• Cellular Telephone NetworksCellular Telephone Networks• Broadcast signals to (receive signals Broadcast signals to (receive signals

from) antennasfrom) antennas• Three miles apart in gridThree miles apart in grid

• Original Design: Voice CommunicationsOriginal Design: Voice Communications• Third-Generation Third-Generation ((3G3G) ) Cell PhonesCell Phones

• Combine latest technologies available todayCombine latest technologies available today• Short Message Service Short Message Service ((SMSSMS) Protocol) Protocol

• Send and receive short text messagesSend and receive short text messages• Mobile CommerceMobile Commerce Or Or M-commerceM-commerce

• Describes resources people might Describes resources people might want to access (and pay for) using want to access (and pay for) using wireless deviceswireless devices



E- Business, Ninth Edition 77FIGURE 2-15: Internet Connection Options

INTERNET2 AND THE INTERNET2 AND THE SEMANTIC WEBSEMANTIC WEB

• Internet2Internet2• Replacement for original ARPANET laboratoryReplacement for original ARPANET laboratory• Experimental networking technologies test Experimental networking technologies test

bedbed• High end of the bandwidth spectrum (10 High end of the bandwidth spectrum (10

Gbps)Gbps)• Used by universities, medical schools, CERNUsed by universities, medical schools, CERN• FocusFocus

• Mainly technology developmentMainly technology developmentE- Business, Ninth Edition 78

INTERNET2 AND THE INTERNET2 AND THE SEMANTIC WEB …SEMANTIC WEB …

• Semantic Web Semantic Web project (next-generation Web)project (next-generation Web)• Goal: Blending technologies and information Goal: Blending technologies and information

into a next-generation Webinto a next-generation Web• Have words on Web pages tagged (using Have words on Web pages tagged (using

XML) with their meaningsXML) with their meanings• Uses Uses Software AgentsSoftware Agents (Intelligent (Intelligent

Programs)Programs)• Read XML tags, determine meaning of Read XML tags, determine meaning of

words in their contextswords in their contexts• Resource Description Framework (RDF)Resource Description Framework (RDF)

• Set of XML syntax standardsSet of XML syntax standards• Development of Semantic Web will take Development of Semantic Web will take

many yearsmany years• Start with ontologies for specific subjectsStart with ontologies for specific subjects


SUMMARYSUMMARY• Early development of Internet technology Early development of Internet technology

began in the 1960s through research began in the 1960s through research projectsprojects• Commercial use began with e-mailCommercial use began with e-mail• Privatization of the Internet completed in Privatization of the Internet completed in

19951995• Packet-switched networks form the InternetPacket-switched networks form the Internet

• Uses routing, IP addressing Uses routing, IP addressing • Technologies supporting the Internet, Web, Technologies supporting the Internet, Web,

and electronic commerceand electronic commerce• Protocols, programs, languages, Protocols, programs, languages,

architecturesarchitectures• TCP/IPTCP/IP• HTML, SGML, XMLHTML, SGML, XML


SUMMARY…SUMMARY…• HTML defines structure and content of HTML defines structure and content of

Web pagesWeb pages

• Extensible Markup Language (XML)Extensible Markup Language (XML)• Uses markup tags to describe the Uses markup tags to describe the

meaning or semantics of textmeaning or semantics of text

• Networking TechnologiesNetworking Technologies• Internets, Intranets, ExtranetsInternets, Intranets, Extranets• Extranet TypesExtranet Types

• Public Network, Private Network, Public Network, Private Network, Virtual Private NetworkVirtual Private Network



• Internet Service Provider Connection TypesInternet Service Provider Connection Types• Basic telephone connections, Basic telephone connections,

broadband cable, satellite microwave broadband cable, satellite microwave transmission, DSL, wireless (fixed-point, transmission, DSL, wireless (fixed-point, mobile)mobile)

• Internet2 Experimental Test Bed Internet2 Experimental Test Bed • Creating, perfecting future high-speed Creating, perfecting future high-speed

networking technologiesnetworking technologies• Semantic Web ProjectSemantic Web Project

• Goal of making research data widely Goal of making research data widely availableavailable

• May enable Web interaction using May enable Web interaction using intelligent software agentsintelligent software agents

SUMMARY…SUMMARY…

E- Business Ninth Edition

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