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Principles of Surgical Asepsis

1. Only sterile items are use within the sterile field.2. Sterile persons are gowned and gloved.3. Tables are sterile only at the tbale level4. Sterile person touv\ches only sterile items or areas,

while unsterile person touch only unsterile items

or areas.

5. Unsterile persons avoid reacing over an sterile field,while sterile persons avoid leaning an unsterile

field.

6. The edges of anything that encloses sterile contents

are considered unsterile

7. The sterile filed in created as close as possible tothe item of use

8. Sterile areas are continously kept in view9. Sterile person keep well within the sterile area10.Sterile person keep contact with sterile areas to a

minimum

11.Unsterile persons avoid sterile areas12.Destruction of the integrity of microbial barriers

results in contamination

13.Microorganism must be kept to an irreducibleminimum

Responsibilities of a Scrub Nurse

1. Wear proper OR attire

2. Do the surgical scrubbing3. Get inside the OR, observing sterile technique4. Dry hand with sterile towel5. Wear a surgical gown observing aseptic technique6. Wear a sterile gloves (closed gloving)7. Drape the mayo stand and arrange the instruments

according to its use

8. Count the instruments, sutures, needles, andsponges simultaneously with the circulating nurse

watching and recording

9. Hand to the surgeon the towel and serve the gownand gloves with proper technique

10.Assist the surgeon in draping the patient11.Prepare the sterile suction tubing and cautery tip if

needed


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12.Lay 2 sponges and 1 to the surgeon and 1 to theassistant surgeon

13.As soon as the surgeon made the incision place theknife in a kidney basin or specimen basin

14.Hand the hemostat15.Watch the field and anticipate the surgeons needs16.Keep the field neat and wipe any blood in the

instruments with a moist sponge

17.Sponge bleeding areas and discard soiled sponges18.Notify circulating nurse for additional instruments

or any supplies

19.Work as fast as possible but be calm20.Before the closure of the insicion, check or count

the sponges, instruments, needles. Be sure that is

correct

21.Remove the knife and blade from the mayo stand22.Have warm saline solution ready, if needed23.Prepare dressing gauze and assist surgeon24.Remove the soiled drapes25.Place tissue specimen in a receptacle, if there is any

Responsibilities of a Circulating Nurse

1. Wear proper OR attire2. Prepare OR setup3. Read the supplies and equipments. Check if the

equipment are functioning

4. Adjust the operating room light. Focus it to the siteof the incision if possible

5. Prepare the sterile pack and prepare materialswhich according to surgeons preference

6. Recieve patient and check if any preoperativeprocedure had been done basing from the patients

preoperative checklist

7. Check the patients chart and laboratory results.Ask the ward nurse if there is a cross-matched

blood available for the patient in some cases

8. Assist in transferring the patient from the stretcherto the operating table. Always consider the safety

of the patient

9. Position patient fro the induction of anesthesia.Assist the anesthesiologist as possible


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10.Instruct members of the team to refrain from anynoise

11.Place the patient to the desired surgical positionand do the final preparation

12.Tie the surgeons and nurses gown. Fix the sleeveby reacing the inside gown to the shoulder sleeve

13.When patient is already draped, adjust the mayostand over the patient foot area, be sure not to touch

the sterile area

14.Readjust the light. Focus the highlight to thesurgical site

15.Provide flat or fot stand for those who needs it

16.Count the instruments17.Watch the ongoing procedure and observe any

break of sterility

18.Be observant in the needs of the sterile items19.Check IV frequently and inform anesthesiologist20.Document the entire surgical procedure21.Assist anesthesiologist or the scrub nurse in

transferring the patient to stretcher or accompany

patient to the ward

22.Check the patient before transferring. Cleaningbefore leaving the unit

A list of common terms, including the meaning and origin of prefixes and suffixes.

PREFIXES

A-/An- not, without, less, absent: also, in a particular place or


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condition (Old English, from an, an alternative for on)

Ab- Away from, off (Indo-European off, away)

Ad- To, toward (Latin ad, toward, near)

Aer- Air

Amb- Both, on both sidesAmph- On both sides

Angio- To do with arteries

Ante- Before

Anti- Against, opposite (Greek anti, opposite, against)

Apo- From, opposed

Auto- Self

Bi- Twice, double

Brachy- Short (Greek brakhus short)

Brady- SlowCardio- The heart

Cata- Down, back, apart (Greek kata)

Cephal- The head

Chole- To do with bile

Chromo- Colour

Circum- Around

Colo- To do with the colon

Con- Together

Cyan-Blue (Greek kuanos, dark blue)

Contra- Against

Cyst- Bag, bladder

Cyto- Cell

Dacry- Tears

Dactyl- Finger or toe (Greek daktulos)

De- From, not

Deci- Tenth

Demi- Half

Dent- Teeth

Derma- Skin

Di- Two, twice, double

Dia- Through, across (Greek dia)

Diplo- Double

Dis- Apart, absence of

Docho- Relating to a duct

Dys- Bad or abnormal (Greek dus-)

Ect-, Ecto- External, outside (Greek ektos out)

Eu- Normal

Endo- In, within, inside (Greek endo)

Entero- Small intestine (Greek enteron. in, inside)

Epi- On, over, above (Greek epi, upon)

Ex, exo- Out

Extra- Beyond or outside (Latin extra, outside, beyond)

Fore- Before, in front of


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Galacto- Milk

Gastro- The stomach

Genic- Producing or related to genes (Greek genos, offspring,

race)

Glosso- The tongueHaem- Blood (Greek haima)

Hemi- Half, partial (Greek hemi-)

Hepato- Liver

Hetero- Other, dissimilar

Holo- All

Homo- Same, similar

Hydro- Water or liquid (Greek hudor)

Hyper- Above or excessive (Greek huper)

Hypo- Under or low (Greek hupo)Idio- Private or individual (Greek idios, ones own, private)

Ileo- The ileum

Infra- Beneath

Inter- Between, among (Latin inter, between, among)

Intra- Within or inside (Latin intra)

Intro- Into or inward (Latin intro)

Iso- Equal

Juxtra- Near

Kerato-Horn-like tissue, cornea (Greek keras, horn)

Kinese- Movement

Lact- Milk

Laparo- Abdomen, loin

Laryngo- Larynx

Latero- Side

Lepto- Thin, light, frail

Leuko- White

Litho- Stone or callculus (Greek lithos, stone)

Macro- Large

Mal- Bad

Medi- Middle

Mega- Large

Melano- Black

Meno- Menopause

Meso- Middle, intermediate (Greek mesos)

Meta- Later, behind (Greek meta, beside, after)

Micro- Small

Mio- Less, smaller

Mono- Single

Multi- Many

Myco- Fungus, fungi (Greek mukes. slimy)

Myo- Muscle

Myelo- Marrow

Myxo- Mucus


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Neo- New, recent (Greek neos)

Nephro- Kidney

Neuro- Nerves

Non- No

Ob- AgainstOculo- Eye

Odont- Tooth

Oligo- Few

Omo- Shoulder

Oo- Ovum, egg (Greek oion)

Opisth- Backward

Orchid- Testicle

Ortho- Correct; straight (Greek orthos, straight, right)

Os- Mouth, boneOsteo- Bone (Greek osteon)

Oxy- Sharp

Pachy- Thick

Pan- All (Greek all)

Para- Beside, faulty (Greek para)

Path- Disease

Per- Going through a structure

Peri- Around (Greek peri)

Pleo-More

Pneu-, Pneumo-Lungs, breathing

Pod- Foot

Poikilo- Iregular, varied

Poly- More than one (Greek polus, much)

Post- After

Pre- Before

Pro- Before

Procto- Anus, rectum (Greek proktos)

Proto- First

Pseudo- False, spurious (Greek pseud to lie)

Psych- Mind

Py- Pus

Pyelo- Relating to the pelvis of the kidney

Re- Again

Retro- Backward

Rhino- Nose, nasal (Greek rhis, nose)

Sacro- Sacrum

Salpingo- Fallopian tube

Sarco- Flesh

Sclero- Hard

Scoto- Darkness

Somato- Relating to the body

Steato- Fat (Greek steat)

Stetho- Chest


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Sub- Under, below, beneath (Latin sub, under)

Supra- Over, on top of (Latin supra, above, beyond)

Syn- With, together

Tachy- Accelerated, rapid (Greek takhus, swift)

Tampon- To plug (French tampon)Thermo- Heat

Thyro- Thyroid

Trans- Going across a structure (Latin trans, across, over,

through)

Tropho- Nourishment, nutrition

Uni- One, single (Latin unus)

Uro- Urine

Vaso- A vessel

Verm- Worm-likeXanth- Yellow

SUFFIXES

-aceous Resembling (Latin, related to)

-ade An action (Latin ata)

-aemia Blood (Greek haima, blood)

-aesthesia,

-esthesia

Sensation

-agogue Substance promoting a flow of something (Greekagogos, a drawing off)

-algia Pain (Greek algos, pain)

-cardial Relating to the heart (Greek kardia, heart)

-cele Tumor, cyst, hernia

-cephalic Head (Greek kephale, head)

-cide Causing death

-coel(e) A cavity (Greek koilos, hollow) e.g. hydrocoele

-cyst A fluid filled sac

-cyte Cell e.g. phagocyte-creas Flesh (Greek kreas, flesh) e.g. pancreas

-dynia Pain

-ectasia Dilatation of ducts

-ectomy Surgical excision of a part of the body (Latin -ectomia,

cutting out) e.g. tonsillectomy excision of the tonsils

-fuge To drive away

-genic The capacity to produce (Greek -genus, born)

-gogue To make flow

-gram An imaging technique using contrast medium

-itis Inflammation (Greek) e.g. appendicitis (inflammation of

the appendix)

-lasis Condition, pathological state

-lysis Set free, disintegrate

-megaly Anormal enlargement (Greek megal-) e.g.

splenomegaly


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-morphic Something that has a particular form, shape, or

structure (Greek morphe) e.g. pleomorphic

-nexal From nexus indicating a connection or link e.g. adnexal

-oid Shape, resemblance

-oma A tumour (Latin) e.g. hepatoma a tumour of the liver-osis Abnormal condition, process (Greek)

-oscopy Inspection of a cavity

-ostomy A connection between two hollow organs e.g.

cholecystoduodenostomy an anastomosis between

the gall bladder and the duodenum

-ostosis Formation of bone (Greek osteon, bone)

-otomy To cut into a part of the body (Latin -tomia, cutting) e.g.

laparotomy an incision into the peritoneum

-penia Lack-phagia Eating (Greek phagein to eat)

-pathy Disorder or disease (Greek pathos)

-plasia Growth or formation (Greek plassein, to form, mould)

-plasty Surgical revision e.g. pyloroplasty (Greek plastos,

refashion)

-plegia Paralysis

-pnoea Breath, respiration

-poiesis Production

-rhageFlow

-rhaphy Suturing

-rrhoea Flow, discharge (Greek rhein, to flow)

-sclerosis Dryness, hardness

-scopy To see

-stomosis To create an outlet

-systole Contraction of the heart (Greek sustole to contract)

-tomy Cutting

-trophic Nourishment

-tropic Having an affinity for, turning towards

-uretic To do with urineTERMS

Abscess A localised collection of pus (Latin abscessus, to go

away - referring to bodily humours going away in the

pus)

Adenoma A benign epithelial tumour of glandular origin

Aneurysm Dilatation of an artery (Greek aneurusma, dilation,

swelling)

Antegrade Going in the direction of flow, e.g. antegrade

pyelogram

Arrhythmia Disturbance or irregularity of the heartbeat

Axillary Of, relating to, or located near the axilla (armpit)

Ballotment To toss about (French)

Bifurcation To divide into two parts or branches

Biliary Of or relating to bile, the bile ducts, or the gallbladder


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Cannulation The insertion of a cannula or tube into a hollow body

organ

Capillary A tube of small internal diameter

Cirrhosis Chronic degenerative disease of the liver

Claudication Claudius I (10BC 54AD), Emperor of Rome had alimp, possibly due to polio. Hence the Latin term

claudus for lame.

Colitis Inflammation of the colon

Concomitant Occurring or existing concurrently

Cutaneous Relating to or existing on or affecting the skin

Diverticulum Plural diverticula (hence, use of the term

diverticulae is erroneous)

Dysplasia Abnormal development or growth of tissues, organs,

or cellsEmbolus A blood clot that becomes lodged in a blood vessel

and obstructs it (Greek embolos, peg, stopper,

wedge)

Empyema A collection of pus in a body cavity

Endarterectomy Surgical removal of the inner lining of an artery that

is clogged with atherosclerosis

En bloc On mass; all together

Fistula A pipe or tube (Latin), plural fistulae. An abnormal

communication between two hollow viscera, or one

hollow viscera and the skin. It is conventional to

name the diseased viscus first i.e. colovesical fistula

due to diverticula disease; whereas, vesicocolic

fistula from a bladder cancer.

Fundoplication A surgical procedure involving making tucks in the

fundus of the stomach around the lower end of the

oesophagus

Ganglioma A tumour of a ganglion

Gangrene Death of tissue with putrefaction, sometimes referred

to as wet gangrene (Greek gaggraina, death of

tissue). C.f. necrosis, mummification

Haematoma A swelling containing blood

Haemorrhage Heavy bleeding from ruptured blood vessels

Haemorrhoid Pain caused by venous swelling at or inside the anal

sphincter

Hepatic Of, relating to, or resembling the liver; acting on or

occurring in the liver

Hernia The abnormal protrusion of the contents of a cavity

beyond the normal confines of that cavity

Hydatid Cyst filled with liquid; forms as a result of infestation

by tapeworm larvae

Ileus Intestinal obstruction

Infarction Infarct: localized necrosis resulting from obstruction

of the blood supply


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Inguinal Of, relating to, or located in the groin

IntussusceptionThe enfolding of one segment of the intestine within

another

Ischaemia An inadequate supply of blood to a part of the body

caused by blockage of an arteryKeloid An area of raised pink or red fibrous scar tissue at

the edges of a wound or incision (Greek khele, crab

claw)

Laparoscopy Laparotomy performed with a laparoscope that

makes a small incision to examine the abdominal

cavity

Lymphoma Any of various usually malignant tumours that arise

in the lymph nodes or in other lymphoid tissue

Maxillary Of or relating to a jaw or jawbone, especially theupper one

Mesenteric Of or relating to or located in a mesentery

Mesothelioma A form of carcinoma of the mesothelium lining lungs

or abdomen or heart; usually associated with

exposure to asbestos dust

Metastasis The spreading of a disease (especially cancer) to

another part of the body

Mummification Death of tissue with desiccation rather than

putrefaction, sometimes referred to as dry

gangrene. (French momifier, to dry out and shrivel)

Necrosis Death of tissue with structural evidence of such

death

Nephrectomy Surgical removal of a kidney

Occlusion Closure or blockage (as of a blood vessel)

Omental Pertaining to the omentum (a fold of peritoneum

supporting the viscera)

Ossification The developmental process of bone formation

Paediatric Of or relating to the medical care of children

Perfusion Pumping a liquid into an organ or tissue (especially

by way of blood vessels)

Peritoneal Of or relating to or affecting the peritoneum

Popliteal Of or relating to the area behind the knee joint

Psoas Either of two muscles of the abdomen and pelvis that

flex the trunk and rotate the thigh

Retrograde Going a reverse direction against flow e.g.

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram

(ERCP)

Sebaceous Greasy

Sepsis The presence of pus-forming bacteria or their toxins

in the blood or tissues

Sigmoid Curved in two directions (like the letter S)

Sinus A blind tract lined with granulation tissue hollow or

gulf (Latin, curve, fold, hollow)


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Slough A piece of dead soft tissue or water (Old English

sloh, a hole or low area in the ground filled with mud)

Splenic Of or relating to the spleen

Squamous Covered with or formed of scales; scaly

Stent An artificial tube inserted into a tubular organ to keepit open

Stoma Surgical opening: an artificial opening made in an

organ, especially an opening in the colon

(colostomy) or ileum (ileostomy) made via the

abdomen. (Greek, mouth). Plural stomata

Subacute Used to describe a medical condition that develops

less rapidly and with less severity than an acute

condition

Suture The fine thread or other material used surgically toclose a wound or join tissues; an immovable joint

(especially between the bones of the skull)

Thrombus A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel and remains

at the site of formation (Greek thrombos, clot)

Tomography Obtaining pictures of the interior of the body

Tonsillar Of or pertaining to the tonsils

Ulcer A non-traumatic discontinuity of an epithelial surface

(Latin ulcer, a sore)

Varicose veinsDilated, lengthened, and tortuous veins

Ventricular Of or relating to a ventricle (of the heart or brain)

Terminologies

1. abdominal hysterectomy - the uterus is removed through the abdomen via asurgical incision.

2. abdominoscopy - a type of surgery using a laparoscope, which is inserted into

one or more small incisions, to examine the abdominal cavity. (See also

endoscopy, laparoscopy, or minimally invasive surgery.)

3. acute appendicitis - acute inflammation of the appendix due to infection.

4. advance directives - legal documents stating a patient's medical preferences in

the event the patient should become incapable of voicing his/her opinion. (See

also durable power of attorney and living will.)

5. anesthesia - medicine administered for the relief of pain and sensation during

surgery.

6. antibiotics - medication used to treat infection.


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7. anticoagulation drugs - medication used to prevent blood clots from forming.

8. appendectomy - the surgical removal of the appendix to treat acute appendicitis.

9. arthroscopy - with the use of an endoscope, surgeons can look at the interior of

a joint. This technique is most often used to inspect the inside of the knee joint.

10. artificial ventilation - the process of supporting breathing by manual or

mechanical means when normal breathing is inefficient or has stopped.

11. top

B

12. biopsy - a diagnostic test involving the removal of tissue or cells for examination

under a microscope.

13. blood pressure - the pressure of the blood in the main arteries.

14. bronchoscopy - the examination of the bronchi, the main airways of the lungs,

to diagnose certain lung disorders.

15. top

16. catheter- a flexible tube used to drain fluid from or inject fluid into the body. The

most common catheter is the Foley catheter, used to drain urine from the

bladder.

17. cholecystectomy - surgery to remove the gallbladder.

18. colectomy - partial or complete removal of the large bowel or colon.

19. colonoscopy - test to look into the rectum and colon. The doctor uses a long,

flexible, narrow tube with a light and tiny lens on the end. The tube is called a

colonoscope.

20. colposcopy - visual examination of the cervix and vagina using a lighted

magnifying instrument (colposcope).

21. computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) - using a computer and x-rays to get

a cross-sectional picture of the tissues being examined.

22. craniectomy - excision of a part of the skull.

23. craniotomy - surgical opening of the skull to gain access to the intracranial

structures.

24. cystoscopy - inserting a viewing tube up the urethra to examine the urethra and

bladder cavity.

25. debridement - the surgical removal of foreign material and/or dead, damaged or

infected tissue from a wound or burn.

26. deep vein thrombosis - blood clotting which occurs within deep-lying veins.
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27. diathermy machine - a piece of equipment used in the operating room to control

bleeding.

28. dilation and curettage (D & C) - a common gynecological surgery which

consists of widening the cervical canal with a dilator and scraping the uterine

cavity with a curette.

29. durable power of attorney - a legal document denoting a friend or family

member as your legal guardian in case you are unable to make medical

decisions for yourself.

30. elective surgery - an operation the patient chooses to have done, which may

not be essential to continuation of quality of life. (See also optional surgery.)

31. electrocardiogram - a record of the electrical impulses that immediately precede

the contraction of the heart muscle.

32. electrocoagulation - electrosurgery which helps harden tissue.

33. electrodesiccation - electrosurgery which destroys tissue.

34. electrosurgery - surgery which uses electrical instruments.

35. emergency surgery - an operation performed immediately as a result of aurgent medical condition. (See also urgent surgery.)

36. endarterectomy - the surgical removal of plaque or blood clots in an artery.

37. endoscopy - a type of surgery using a laparoscope, which is inserted into one or

more small incisions, to examine the abdominal cavity. (See also

abdominoscopy, laparoscopy, or minimally invasive surgery.)

38. epidural anesthetic - an anesthetic which is injected into the "epidural space" in

the middle and lower back, just outside the spinal space, to numb the lower

extremities.

39. esophagus - the muscular canal that runs from the voice box to the stomach.

40. fallopian tubes - the tube that extends from the uterus to the ovary. The

fallopian tube transports eggs and sperm.

41. free skin graft - the detaching of healthy skin from one part of the body to repair

areas of lost or damaged skin in another part of the body.

42. gastrectomy - complete or partial removal of the stomach.

43. gastroscopy - examining the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and the first part

of the small intestine with a long viewing tube.


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44. general anesthetic - an anesthetic which causes the patient to become

unconscious during surgery.

45. heart rate - the rate at which the heart beats. Normal heart rates range between

60 and 100 beats per minute.

46. hemorrhage - the medical term for bleeding.

47. hemorrhoidectomy - the removal of hemorrhoids.

48. hemorrhoids - distended veins in the lining of the anus.

49. hysterectomy - the surgical removal of the uterus.

50. hysteroscopy - a visual inspection of the cervical canal and uterine cavity with

an endoscope.

51. top

52. inguinal hernias - protrusions of part of the intestine into the muscles of the

groin.

53. infection - the invasion of the body by microorganisms that cause disease.

54. informed consent form - a form signed by the patient prior to surgery which

explains everything involved in the surgery, including its risks.

55. inpatient surgery - surgery which requires the patient to be admitted and stay in

the hospital.

56. intravenous line - a thin plastic tube inserted into a vein (usually in the patient's

forearm) through which a volume of fluid is injected into the bloodstream.

57. laminectomy - surgical procedure which includes removal of a portion of the

lamina, to provide more room in the vertebral canal; usually for disc herniation orspinal canal stenosis.

58. laparoscope - a type of endoscope consisting of an illuminated tube with an

optical system.

59. laparoscopic cholecystectomy - an operation to remove the gallbladder. The

doctor inserts a laparoscope, and other surgical instruments, through small holes

in the abdomen. The camera allows the doctor to see the gallbladder on a

television screen. The doctor removes the gallbladder through the holes.

60. laparoscopic lymphadenectomy - the removal of pelvic lymph nodes with a

laparoscope done through four small incisions in the lower abdominal region.

61. laparoscopy - a type of surgery using a laparoscope, which is inserted into one

or more small incisions, to examine the abdominal cavity. (See also endoscopy,

abdominoscopy, or minimally invasive surgery.)
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62. laryngoscopy - inspecting the larynx (voice box) with a mirror or viewing tube.

63. laser surgery - using a device which emits a beam of light radiation, surgeons

can cauterize a wound, repair damaged tissue, or cut through tissue.

64. living will - a legal document which states your medical preferences fortreatment and resuscitation in the event you can no longer speak for yourself.

65. lobectomy - removal of a lobe of the lung, for cancer, benign tumors, or

infections.

66. local anesthesia - anesthetic medicine injected into the site of the operation to

temporarily numb that area.

67. lumpectomy - a surgical procedure to remove a tumor and surrounding tissue.

68. mastectomy - the removal of all or part of the breast.

69. minimally invasive surgery - any technique involved in surgery that does not

require a large incision. (See also endoscopy, abdominoscopy, or laparoscopy.)

70. modified radical mastectomy - surgical removal of the entire breast and the

ancillary lymph nodes.

71. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) - with the use of a high-powered magnetic

field, cross-sectional images can be made of organs and structures without usingx-rays.

72. nephrectomy - surgical removal of the kidney.

73. needle aspiration (of the breast) - uses a thin needle and syringe to collect

tissue or drain a lump after using a local anesthetic.

74. needle biopsy (of the breast) - a procedure to remove a small piece of breast

tissue using a needle with a special cutting edge, after using a local anesthetic.

75. open surgery - cutting the skin and tissues during surgery to expose a full viewof the structures and organs involved in the procedure.

76. optional surgery - an operation the patient chooses to have done, which may

not be essential to continuation or quality of life. (See also elective surgery.)

77. outpatient surgery - surgery which allows the patient to go home the same day.

78. ovary - one of a pair of almond-shaped glands situated on either side of the

uterus. Egg cells develop in the ovaries.

79. partial colectomy - the removal of part of the large intestine.

80. peritoneal adhesions - the peritoneum is a two-layered membrane that lines the

wall of the abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs. Sometimes organs

begin to adhere to the peritoneum, requiring surgery to free the organs again.


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81. plasma - the watery, straw-colored fluid which carries the cellular elements of the

blood through circulation.

82. pneumonectomy - removal of an entire lung, for cancer, or lung abscesses,

bronchiectasis, or extensive tuberculosis.

83. post-anesthesia care unit - the area a patient is brought to after surgery to

recover. Also called recovery room.

84. prostatectomy - surgical procedure for the partial or complete removal of the

prostate.

85. radical mastectomy - surgical removal of the entire breast, the pectoral

muscles, and the ancillary lymph nodes.

86. regional anesthetic - an anesthetic used to numb a portion of the body.

87. required surgery - an operation which is necessary to continue quality of life.

Required surgery may not have to be done immediately, like emergency surgery.

88. saline solution - a solution containing sodium chloride.

89. salpingectomy - surgical removal of a fallopian tube.

90. shock - a dangerous reduction of blood flow throughout the body.

91. sigmoidoscopy - examining the rectum and sigmoid colon.

92. simple mastectomy - surgical removal of the breast and possibly a few of the

axillary lymph nodes close to the breast.

93. spinal anesthetic - an anesthetic which is injected into the spinal canal fluid for

surgery in the lower abdomen, pelvis, rectum, or other lower extremities.

94. splenectomy - surgical removal of the spleen.

95. subtotal or partial gastrectomy - surgical removal of a portion of the stomach.

96. Thoracotomy - surgery to view the lung and may be used to confirm cancer, or

for chest trauma to detect source of bleeding.

97. Thrombolytic drugs - medication used to dissolve blood clots.

98. Total gastrectomy - complete removal of the stomach.

99. Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy - the entire uterus,

fallopian tubes, and the ovaries are surgically removed.

100. Total hysterectomy - the entire uterus is surgically removed, includingthe cervix; the fallopian tubes and the ovaries remain.

101. urgent surgery - an operation performed immediately as a result of an

urgent medical condition. (See also emergency surgery.)


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102. urinary retention - the inability to empty the bladder.

103. Uterus - the hollow, muscular organ of the female reproductive system.

104. Wedge resection of the lung - a small, localized section of the lung is

removed -- often for a lung biopsy.

105. X-rays - electromagnetic energy used to produce images of bones,

organs, and internal organs onto film.

OPERATING ROOM CONCEPTS

Melba Grace T. Donio BSN-3

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