Dubnick 2010 MW Smith

8/9/2019 Dubnick 2010 MW Smith

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—C à|cd lgioj i~ co cnnawoxcldg lgioj‐;

Chc` ^ìxb coh xbg Gxbincd Eawohcxiao~ ae Cnnawoxcldg

Jaug|ocong

@gduio K/ Hwloinm Woiug|~ixy ae Ogz Bc`v~bi|g

`hwloinmFhwloinm/ogx

bxxv;!!`khwloinm/hwloinm/ogx

Vdgc~g ha oax nixg zixbawx grv|g~~gh vg|ì~~iao ae xbg cwxba|

V|g~goxgh cx xbg 52xb Coowcd @ggxioj ae xbg @ihzg~x Vadixincd ^nigong

C~~anicxiao$ Xbg Vcd`g| Baw~g$ Nbincja ID$ @cy <<-<7$ <636

mailto:[email protected]


http://mjdubnick.dubnick.net/






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—C à|cd lgioj i~ co cnnawoxcldg lgioj‐;

Chc` ^ìxb coh Gxbincd Eawohcxiao~ ae Cnnawoxcldg Jaug|ocong@gduio K/ Hwloinm

Woiug|~ixy ae Ogz Bc`v~bi|g

3/ Xbg Wohg|g~xi`cxiao ae Chc` ^ìxb

—Zbidg ~a`g `go c|g la|o ~`cdd coh ~a`g cnbigug ~`cddog~~$ ix i~ ndgc| xbcx Chc` ^ìxb bc~

bch ̀ wnb ~`cddog~~ xb|w~x wvao bi`/‐ -- C`c|xyc ^go$ <636$ v/]7P

Xbg|g c|g ng|xcio naongvx~ coh vb|c~g~ vavwdc|dy c~~anicxgh zixb Chc` ^ìxb; ncvixcdi~`$ dci~~g{-eci|g$

—ioui~ildg bcoh$‐ —i`vc|xicd ~vgnxcxa|$‐ gxn/ Cxx|ilwxiao~ ae xbg~g naongvx~ a| ihgc~ xa ^ìxb aexgo |cojg

e|a` xbg i`cjiogh xa xbg grcjjg|cxgh$ gugo càoj ~nbadc|~ "iondwhioj aog a| xza ae xbg Oalgd-ixy) zba

~bawdh vg|bcv~ moaz lgxxg|/3 Càoj xbg vcoxbgao ae Godijbxgo`gox xbiomg|~$ ^ìxb’~ za|m bc~

lgna`g dgjgohc|y io xbg `yxbincd ~go~g$ xbg ug|y `goxiao ae bi~ oc`g bcuioj lgna`g ~y`ladincddy

~yoaoyàw~ zixb xbg x|co~ea|`cxiao ae Zg~xg|o gnaoaìg~ e|a` `g|ncoxidi~` xa àhg|o ncvixcdi~`/<

Ea| c uc|igxy ae hi~vc|cxg |gc~ao~$ ioxg|g~x io xbg —|gcd‐ naox|ilwxiao~ ae Chc` ^ìxb +bi~ —da~x dgjcny$‐ io

xbg za|h~ ae Gugo~my "<663) coh Mgooghy "<667)P bc~ ion|gc~gh ~wl~xcoxicddy io |gngox ygc|~/ Xbg|g bc~

lggo c daoj-~xcohioj ioxg|g~x io ^ìxb’~ —axbg|‐ z|ixioj~ "xbcx i~$ oax xbg Zgcdxb ae Ocxiao~ „ bg|gcexg|

ZO) càoj vbida~avbg|~ c~~anicxgh zixb xbg Woiug|~ixy ae Jdc~jaz$ zbinb bc~ dcih ndci` c~ xbg ba`gio~xixwxiao ea| laxb ^ìxb’~ agwu|g coh c jaah hgcd ae ^ìxb-eanw~gh ~nbadc|~biv/ Xbgi| ~nbadc|dy geea|x~

xa l|ioj xajgxbg| xbg hgeioixiug naddgnxiao ae ^ìxb’~ za|m~ bc~ lggo zgdna`g coh ~wvva|xgh ~iong cx

dgc~x xbg 39:6~ ly xba~g zba "iona||gnxdy$ c~ ix xw|o~ awx= cjcio$ ~gg Mgooghy <667) lgdigugh ix xa lg io

xbgi| "oga-dilg|cd) ihgadajincd ioxg|g~x xa v|aàxg xbg ew|xbg| ~xwhy ae ^ìxb’~ za|m/ Na`vdg`goxioj xbi~

bc~ lggo xbg naoxg`va|c|y ec~niocxiao zixb cooiug|~c|ig~$ ~wnb c~ xbg lingoxgooicd ae xbg vwldincxiao ae

ZO "~gg \cnmxgozcdh 39:2) coh$ à|g |gngoxdy$ xbg na``gà|cxiao~ ae xbg 3:79 vwldincxiao ae Xbg

Xbga|y ae @a|cd ^goxi`gox~ "bg|gcexg| X@^)/

3 ^gg xbg jgog|cd n|ixiswg ae |geg|gong~ xa ^ìxb’~ za|m io Mgooghy <667

<Ix zawdh ~gg` xbcx xbg aody bi~xa|incd baoa| oax lg~xazgh ao bi` zc~ bcuioj bi~ oc`g cxxcnbgh xa ~a`g „i~`$ g/j/$

@c|ri~`$ Mgyog~icoi~`$ Ea|hi~`/ Woea|xwocxgdy ea| ^ìxb$ bi~ ~w|oc`g i~ oaz à|g c~~anicxgh zixb coaoyìxy xbco ncvixcdi~`$

~a xbcx io xahcy’~ vavwdc| nwdxw|g c —~ìxbi~`‐ i~ w~gh xa hg~ijocxg c |gcd swaxcxiao oax hgg`gh za|xby ae cxx|ilwxiao/



Hwloinm$ —C à|cd lgioj i~ co cnnawoxcldg lgioj‐$ <3 Cv|id <636

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Xbg dgjgohc|y coh hi~xa|xgh vavwdc| uigz ae ^ìxb "v|i`c|idy c~ n|gcxa| coh chuancxg ea| —dci~~g{-eci|g

ncvixcdi~`‐) zc~ xbg v|ahwnx ae xbg goxbw~ic~xin coh `yavin ~gc|nb ea| co ioxgddgnxwcd nbc`viao ae 39xb

coh gc|dy <6xb ngoxw|y iohw~x|icdi{cxiao/> Ng|xcio swaxg~ e|a` ZO "g/j/$ —ioui~ildg bcoh‐ coh xbg ecàw~

nbc|cnxg|i{cxiao ae zbcx àxiucxg~ lwxnbg|~$ l|gzg|~ coh lcmg|~)$ xcmgo awx ae naoxgrx coh |chincddy

cdxg|gh ioxa ~a-ncddgh gnaoaìn xbga|ig~$ lgnc`g xbg v|i`c|y lc~i~ ea| co wohg|~xcohioj ae bi~

naox|ilwxiao~ xa àhg|o ioxgddgnxwcd dieg/ Io chhixiao$ bi~ |gvwxcxiao c~ c à|cd vbida~avbg| ~weeg|gh c~

xbg a|ijiocdixy ae bi~ ihgc~ zc~ l|awjbx ioxa swg~xiao8

coh bg zc~ ion|gc~iojdy vg|ngiugh c~ kw~x coaxbg|

na``goxcxa| zba aeeg|gh ìoa| uc|icxiao~ ao xbg à|g ~ijoieincox za|m ae axbg|~$ g~vgnicddy bi~ e|igoh

Hcuih Bw`g/7 Gugo xbg |g~vgnx bg |gngiugh e|a` oaxcldg ~nbadc|~ c~ co gnaoaìn xbga|i~x zc~ swcdieigh/

Io c v|gecng xa bi~ V|ionivdg~ ae Vadixincd Gnaoa`y$ ea| grc`vdg$ Kabo ^xwc|x @idd baoa|gh ^ìxb c~ co

io~ijbxewd al~g|ug| ae bi~ woiswg xi`g~$ lwx @idd ~cz dixxdg ae |gdgucong ea| bi~ azo xi`g coh nao~ihg|gh

xbg gnaoaìn~ ae ZO xa dcnm gohw|ioj ucdwg/5 Zixb |gdcxiugdy ~wvg|einicd ioxg|v|gxcxiao~ ae ZO ~a

vg|uc~iug ly xbg gc|dy 3966~$ xba~g egz zba hih vcy cxxgoxiao xa X@^: "g~vgnicddy io Jg|`coy) eawoh ix~

g`vbc~i~ ao lgoguadgong ~weeinigoxdy hieeg|gox xbcx xbgy ioixicxgh c xb|gch ae ~nbadc|~biv eanw~gh ao

zbcx lgna`g moazo c~ xbg —Chc` ^ìxb v|aldg`‐ "i/g/$ baz xa grvdcio xbg ecnx xbcx xza ~wnb hieeg|gox

za|m~ g`cocxgh e|a` aog iohiuihwcd)"~gg Hinmgy 3925)/

Xbi~ cdd lgjco xa nbcojg io xbg dc~x ~gug|cd hgnchg~/ Xbg nda~g| |gchioj ae ^ìxb’~ za|m xbcx eaddazgh xbg

ioixicd vwldincxiao ae xbg Jdc~jaz uadw`g~ bc~ `chg ndgc| xbcx bg zc~ gojcjgh io à|g xbco

c|xinwdcxioj$ gdcla|cxioj a| grxgohioj xbg à|cd xbga|y ae axbg|~/ —^ìxb zc~ ogixbg| Bw`g$ Bwxnbg~ao$

a| @cohguiddg$ oa| zc~ bg Ogzxao$ Vwegoha|e$ a| Swg~ocy/ Bg zc~ `goxcddy iohgvgohgox$ oalahy*~

vwvid$ oa gvijaog‐ "\gnmxgozcdh 39:2$ v/ :8)/ Xbi~ j|azioj cvv|gnicxiao ae ^ìxb c~ c `cka|

Godijbxgo`gox eijw|g "~gg J|i~zadh 3999) bc~$ io xw|o$ h|czo xbg cxxgoxiao ioxgddgnxwcd bi~xa|ico~ "g/j/$

\axb~nbidh <663) coh gnaoaìn xbga|i~x~ "g/j/$ ^go <669) zba oaz |gjc|h ^ìxb c~ c mgy eijw|g iog~xcldi~bioj aog ae xza `cka| vg|~vgnxiug~ ao xbg |adg ae |gc~ao xa g`g|jg awx ae xbg Godijbxgo`gox/

>Ea| co aug|uigz ae baz ^ìxb’~ za|m bc~ lggo x|gcxgh$ ~gg L|azo 399:/

8 G/j/$ hg~vixg bi~ chì|cxiao ea| coh w~g ae ^ìxb’~ za|m io bi~ azo xbga|ig~ "~gg ^zgg{gy 398<)$ @c|r ì~xcmgody

cxx|ilwxgh ~a`g mgy ihgc~ xbcx ^ìxb w~gh io ZO xa Chc` Eg|jw~ao coh xbawjbx Eg|jw~ao xa lg ^ìxb’~ ioxgddgnxwcd `goxa|/ Io

ecnx$ Eg|jw~ao zc~ aog ae c ow`lg| ae ^ìxb’~ ~xwhgox~ zba hg|iugh `coy ae xbgi| ihgc~ e|a` xbgi| xgcnbg|’~ zgdd-moazo

dgnxw|g~/

7 C~ ^c`wgd~ao "39::) oaxgh$ ^ìxb’~ za|m zc~ aexgo nao~ihg|gh xa |gedgnx c —ew{{y gndgnxini~`‐ "v/ 8<)/

5 ^gg v/ 7 ae @idd’~ V|gecng xa bi~ V|ionivdg~ ae Vadixincd Gnaoa`y "@idd 3969)/ Io z|ixioj ae bi~ ghwncxiao io gnaoaìn~$

@idd oaxg~ xbcx bg |gjc|hgh ^ìxb’~ cocdy~g~ c~ ~wvg|einicd coh$ cdaoj zixb bi~ ecxbg| "coh xgcnbg|) Kc`g~$ vg|ngiugh ix c~ dg~~

~ijoieincox xbco xbcx ae xbg —~wvg|ia|‐ za|m ae Hcuih \inc|ha/ Ogug|xbgdg~~$ zbgo vdcooioj xa z|ixg bi~ V|ionivdg~ ae Vadixincd

Gnaoa`y$ @idd w~gh ZO c~ bi~ àhgd/ ^gg C~bdgy’~ —Iox|ahwnxiao‐ xa xbg V|ionivdg~$ 3/3$ 3/<>

:^gg @cneig 3953 ao xbg dcnm ae cxxgoxiao jiugo xa X@^/




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c~ ~a`g zawdh |gch ix$ xbg àl) zc~ càoj xbg za|h~ xbcx ìjbx lg ì~nao~x|wgh coh |g~wdx oax

`g|gdy io avgo n|ixini~`$ lwx io lahidy bc|`/3>

Zbcxgug| xbg |gc~ao ea| bi~ clcohao`gox ae xbg grvdinix naoognxiao lgxzggo à|cdixy cohcnnawoxclidixy$ xbg diom i~ |gxciogh i`vdinixdy io xbg 5

xbghixiao/ Nao~ihg| xbg eaddazioj vc|cj|cvb~ e|a`

xbg 5xb xbcx c|g eawoh io |gc~aocldg v|ariìxy xa xbg dancxiao ae xba~g chh|g~~ioj xbg naoognxiao io

gc|dig| ghixiao~;

‥/ Xa c `co zba e|a` bi~ li|xb zc~ c ~x|cojg| xa ~anigxy$ xbg alkgnx~ ae bi~

vc~~iao~$ xbg grxg|ocd lahig~ zbinb gixbg| vdgc~gh a| bw|x bi`$ zawdh annwvy

bi~ zbadg cxxgoxiao/ Xbg vc~~iao~ xbg`~gdug~$ xbg hg~i|g~ a| cug|~iao~$ xbg kay~

a| ~a||az~$ zbinb xba~g alkgnx~ grnixgh$ xbawjb ae cdd xbioj~ xbg à~x

i``ghicxgdy v|g~gox xa bi`$ nawdh ~nc|ng gug| lg xbg alkgnx~ ae bi~ xbawjbx~‥/

L|ioj bi` ioxa ~anigxy$ coh cdd bi~ azo vc~~iao~ zidd i``ghicxgdy lgna`g xbg

ncw~g~ ae ogz vc~~iao~/ Bg zidd al~g|ug xbcx `comioh cvv|aug ae ~a`g ae

xbg`$ coh c|g hi~jw~xgh ly axbg|~/ Bg zidd lg gdgucxgh io xbg aog nc~g$ coh

nc~x hazo io xbg axbg|= bi~ hg~i|g~ coh cug|~iao~$ bi~ kay~ coh ~a||az~$ zidd

oaz aexgo lgna`g xbg ncw~g~ ae ogz hg~i|g~ coh ogz cug|~iao~$ ogz kay~ coh

ogz ~a||az~; xbgy zidd oaz$ xbg|gea|g$ ioxg|g~x bi` hggvdy$ coh aexgo ncdd wvao

bi~ ̀ a~x cxxgoxiug nao~ihg|cxiao/

Aw| ei|~x ihgc~ ae vg|~aocd lgcwxy coh hgea|ìxy$ c|g h|czo e|a` xbg ~bcvg

coh cvvgc|cong ae axbg|~$ oax e|a` aw| azo/ Zg ~aao lgna`g ~go~ildg$

bazgug|$ xbcx axbg|~ grg|ni~g xbg ~c`g n|ixini~` wvao w~/ Zg c|g vdgc~gh

zbgo xbgy cvv|aug ae aw| eijw|g$ coh c|g hi~aldijgh zbgo xbgy ~gg` xa lg

hi~jw~xgh/ Zg lgna`g coriaw~ xa moaz baz ec| aw| cvvgc|cong hg~g|ug~

gixbg| xbgi| ldc`g a| cvv|alcxiao‥/

Io xbg ~c`g `coog| aw| ei|~x à|cd n|ixini~`~ c|g grg|ni~gh wvao xbg

nbc|cnxg|~ coh naohwnx ae axbg| vgavdg= coh zg c|g cdd ug|y ea|zc|h xa

al~g|ug baz gcnb ae xbg~g ceegnx~ w~/ Lwx zg ~aao dgc|o$ xbcx axbg| vgavdg c|g

3>^ìxb*~ uigz~ ao xbg C`g|inco \guadwxiao ygc|~ gc|dig| bch cd|gchy h|czo n|ixincd cxxgoxiao xa e|a` bijb vdcng~$ ~a bg

zc~ oa ~x|cojg| xa naox|aug|~y/ Lwx ly 3:96 bg coh bi~ eaddazg|~ bch `wnb xa egc| e|a` xbg |gcnxiaoc|y àl~ c~ xbg E|gonb

\guadwxiao xw|ogh à|g |chincd/ Bg zc~ oax cdaog io xbi~ |gjc|h/ Kg|g`y Lgoxbc`$ ly xbgo oaxcldg c~ co gc|dy chuancxg coh

chui~a| xa xbg \guadwxiao$ lgnc`g co c|hgox hgegohg| ae xbg L|ixi~b ~y~xg` coh goxg|gh c —swig~ngox‐ vg|iah ea| à~x ae xbg

hgnchg "~gg ^nbaeigdh <668)/ Ka~gvb V|ig~xdy nba~g ~gde-gridg xa xbg Woixgh ^xcxg~ "Kabo~ao <662)/ C~ ea| ^ìxb/ io chhixiao xa

xbg i`vcnx ao xbg |gui~iao ae X@^$ ix i~ dimgdy xbcx xbg x|awldg~ ae xbg xi`g dgh xa bi~ hgni~iao hw|ioj bi~ eiocd ~cy~ xa bcug bi~

vcvg|~ hg~x|aygh „ iondwhioj zbcxgug| zc~ na`vdgxgh ae bi~ daoj v|aì~gh uadw`g ao kw|i~v|whgong/



:

gswcddy e|com zixb |gjc|h xa aw| azo/ Zg lgna`g coriaw~ xa moaz baz ec| zg

hg~g|ug xbgi| ngo~w|g a| cvvdcw~g$ coh zbgxbg| xa xbg` zg `w~x ogng~~c|idy

cvvgc| xba~g cj|ggcldg a| hi~cj|ggcldg n|gcxw|g~ zbinb xbgy |gv|g~gox w~/ Zg

lgjio$ wvao xbi~ cnnawox$ xa grcìog aw| azo vc~~iao~ coh naohwnx$ coh xa

nao~ihg| baz xbg~g `w~x cvvgc| xa xbg`$ ly nao~ihg|ioj baz xbgy zawdh

cvvgc| xa w~ ie io xbgi| ~ixwcxiao/ Zg ~wvva~g aw|~gdug~ xbg ~vgnxcxa|~ ae aw|

azo lgbcuiaw|$ coh gohgcuaw| xa i`cjiog zbcx geegnx ix zawdh$ io xbi~ dijbx$

v|ahwng wvao w~/ Xbi~ i~ xbg aody daamioj„ jdc~~ ly zbinb zg nco$ io ~a`g

`gc~w|g$ zixb xbg gyg~ ae axbg| vgavdg$ ~n|wxioi{g xbg v|av|igxy ae aw| azo

naohwnx/ Ie io xbi~ uigz ix vdgc~g~ w~$ zg c|g xadg|cldy ~cxi~eigh/ Zg nco lg

à|g iohieeg|gox clawx xbg cvvdcw~g$ coh$ io ~a`g `gc~w|g$ hg~vi~g xbg

ngo~w|g ae xbg za|dh ~gnw|g xbcx$ bazgug| ì~wohg|~xaah a| ì~|gv|g~goxgh$

zg c|g xbg ocxw|cd coh v|avg| alkgnx~ ae cvv|alcxiao/ Ao xbg naox|c|y$ ie zg

c|g hawlxewd clawx ix$ zg c|g aexgo$ wvao xbcx ug|y cnnawox$ à|g coriaw~ xa

jcio xbgi| cvv|alcxiao$ coh$ v|auihgh zg bcug oax cd|gchy$ c~ xbgy ~cy$

~bcmgo bcoh~ zixb ioec`y$ zg c|g cdxajgxbg| hi~x|cnxgh cx xbg xbawjbx~ ae

xbgi| ngo~w|g$ zbinb xbgo ~x|img~ w~ zixb hawldg ~gug|ixy/

Zbgo I gohgcuaw| xa grcìog `y azo naohwnx$ zbgo I gohgcuaw| xa vc~~

~goxgong wvao ix$ coh gixbg| xa cvv|aug a| naohgò ix$ ix i~ guihgox xbcx$ io cdd

~wnb nc~g~$ I hiuihg `y~gde$ c~ ix zg|g$ ioxa xza vg|~ao~= coh xbcx I$ xbg

grcìog| coh kwhjg$ |gv|g~gox c hieeg|gox nbc|cnxg| e|a` xbcx axbg| I$ xbg

vg|~ao zba~g naohwnx i~ grcìogh ioxa coh kwhjgh ae/ Xbg ei|~x i~ xbg

~vgnxcxa|$ zba~g ~goxi`gox~ zixb |gjc|h xa `y azo naohwnx I gohgcuaw| xa

goxg| ioxa$ ly vdcnioj `y~gde io bi~ ~ixwcxiao$ coh ly nao~ihg|ioj baz ix zawdh

cvvgc| xa `g$ zbgo ~ggo e|a` xbcx vc|xinwdc| vaiox ae uigz/ Xbg ~gnaoh i~ xbg

cjgox$ xbg vg|~ao zba` I v|avg|dy ncdd `y~gde$ coh ae zba~g naohwnx$ wohg|

xbg nbc|cnxg| ae c ~vgnxcxa|$ I zc~ gohgcuaw|ioj xa ea|` ~a`g avioiao/ Xbg

ei|~x i~ xbg kwhjg= xbg ~gnaoh xbg vg|~ao kwhjgh ae/ Lwx xbcx xbg kwhjg ~bawdh$ io

gug|y |g~vgnx$ lg xbg ~c`g zixb xbg vg|~ao kwhjgh ae$ i~ c~ i`va~~ildg$ c~ xbcx

xbg ncw~g ~bawdh$ io gug|y |g~vgnx$ lg xbg ~c`g zixb xbg geegnx/ "X@^$ 5xb

ghixiao$ Vc|x III$ nb/ 3)

Xbg|g i~ oa grvdinix `goxiao ae co —cnnawoxcldg lgioj‐ bg|g$ lwx xbg ~go~g ae cnnawoxclidixy i~ ndgc| io

xbg |geg|gong xa —gohgcuaw|‐ xa —grcìog‐ coh —kwhjg‐ aog’~ azo lgbcuia|$ coh xa ~wlkgnx aog~gde xa

xbg ~vgnxcxa|~/

Xbg c|jw`gox ~wvva|xioj xbg naoxgoxiao xbcx xbg a|ijiocd c~~g|xiao "—C à|cd lgioj i~ co cnnawoxcldg

lgioj‐) i~ i`vdinix io xba~g coh |gdcxgh vc~~cjg~ |gdig~$ io vc|x$ ao zbcx zg moaz ae ^ìxb’~ uigz ae

|bgxa|in grv|g~~gh io bi~ Dgnxw|g~ ao \bgxa|in coh Lgddg~ Dgxx|g~ "bg|gcexg| D\LD)/ Io xba~g dgnxw|g~



9

8/ X@^ c~ ânicd Xbga|y

Bw`co ~anigxy zbgo zg naoxg`vdcxg ix io c ng|xcio cl~x|cnx coh vbida~avbincd dijbx$ cvvgc|~ dimg

c j|gcx$ co i``go~g `cnbiog „ X@^$ 5xb

ghixiao$ Vc|x UII$ nb/ III

Xbg naoxgoxiao xbcx ^ìxb’~ c~~g|xiao!byvaxbg~i~ |gjc|hioj xbg ngox|cdixy ae cnnawoxcldg |gdcxiao~biv~ io

à|cd dieg nco lg grxgohgh xa co c|jw`gox xbcx zbcx bg va~ix~ i~ ec| à|g xbco c à|cd xbga|y/ Zg|g

X@^ vwldi~bgh xahcy$ ix zawdh oa hawlx lg ndc~~ieigh c~ c —~anicd xbga|y‐ xbcx aeeg|~ cnnawoxcldg

|gdcxiao~biv~ c~ ix lc~in v|gì~g "Nc`vlgdd 39:3= 3923$ nbcvxg| 7= cd~a îdug| 3996)/ Xbw~$ zbidg egz

zawdh nbcddgojg xbg ndci` xbcx ^ìxb’~ lg~x-moazo za|m "ZO) `c|m~ xbg eawohioj ae àhg|o

gnaoaìn~$ oax cdd jiug bi` bi~ hwg c~ c `cka| naox|ilwxa| xa àhg|o ~anicd xbga|y "ne Hc|zcdd 3999= cd~a

^gijgd <667$ nbcvxg| 7= C~b|ce gx cd <667)/

Ly cdd liaj|cvbin iohincxiao~$ ^ìxb nao~ihg|gh X@^ bi~ à|g ~ijoieincox naox|ilwxiao/ C~ zgdd bg ìjbx$

aog ~bawdh chh$ ea| io ix bg c|xinwdcxgh c hi~xionxiug vg|~vgnxiug ao ~anicd |gdcxiao~biv~ xbcx xahcy ~xcoh~

c~ c eawohcxiaocd v|adajwg xa àhg|o ~anicd xbga|y/38

Ix i~ cd~a ndgc| "cdxbawjb oax wonaox|aug|~icd) xbcx

xbg ~anicd xbga|y g~xcldi~bgh io X@^ zc~ eawohcxiaocd ea| xbg c|jw`gox~ v|g~goxgh io ZO vwldi~bgh

~gugoxggo ygc|~ dcxg|/37

Vwx ~i`vdy$ c nc|gewd |gchioj ae ^ìxb h|cz~ aog xa naondwhg xbcx `c|mgx~ "dimg

cdd axbg| ~anicd |gdcxiao~biv~) c|g ogng~~c|idy g`lghhgh io à|cd na``woixig~ „ na``woixig~ na`v|i~gh

ae à|cd!cnnawoxcldg lgioj~/

Cx xbi~ vaiox ix i~ ogng~~c|y xa ndc|iey xbg ocxw|g ae à|cdixy c~ ^ìxb v|g~gox~ ix/ Ao ix~ ecng$ ^ìxb’~lc~in v|gì~g "grv|g~~gh io X@^) i~ ~i`vdg; aw| ~anicd |gdcxiao~biv~ annw| zixbio "c|g g`lghhgh io) xbg

38Ncxgja|i{gh cdaoj zixb axbg| oaxcldg z|ixg|~ ae bi~ xi`g c~ vc|x ae xbg Godijbxgo`gox$ bi~ uigz~ c|g aexgo ì~xcmgody

~wl~w`gh wohg| xbg ihgc~ ae —~xcxg ae ocxw|g‐ coh —~anicd naox|cnx‐ "laxb xyvincddy |gjc|hgh c~ xbg ~cdigox xbg`g~ g`g|jioj

e|a` 3:xb

coh 32xb

ngoxw|y Gojdcoh coh E|cong)/ Lwx ^ìxb’~ g`l|yaoin ~anicd v~ynbadajy v|auihg~ c hieeg|gox eawohcxiao ea|

aw| wohg|~xcohioj ae xbg |gdcxiao~biv lgxzggo iohiuihwcd coh naddgnxiug cnxiao~ "Mbcdid 3992$ <667)/ Cdaoj zixb Hcuih Bw`g$ bg

`cioxciogh c naoognxiao lgxzggo lgbcuia| coh à|cd cjgony xbcx Cdc~hci| @cnIoxy|g "392<) ndci`~ geegnxiugdy hi~cvvgc|gh

zixb io àhg|o vbida~avby zixb xbg |i~g ae Mcoxico à|cd xbga|y/

37Ea| à~x xbg <6xb ngoxw|y$ ^ìxb ~nbadc|~ gojcjgh io c hglcxg moazo c~ xbg ,Chc` ^ìxb V|aldg`, xbcx$ io g~~gong$

|ci~gh xbg swg~xiao ae zbgxbg| -- coh baz -- xbg ~y`vcxby-lc~gh à|cd xbga|y ae X@^ |gdcxgh xa xbg ~gde-ioxg|g~x-lc~gh

vadixincd gnaoa`y ae ZO/ Zbgo naongvxwcdi{gh c~ ~wnb$ xbg xza za|m~ ~gg`gh naox|chinxa|y |cxbg| xbco na`vdg`goxc|y a|

vc|x ae c nabg|gox ~y~xg` ae xbawjbx/ Ly xbg 3926~ xbg i~~wg zc~ |gnaongvxwcdi{gh coh ~gxxdgh laxb bi~xa|incddy coh

vbida~avbincddy/ Vg|bcv~ xbg lg~x bi~xa|incd c|jw`gox na`g~ e|a` zbcx i~ moazo ae xbg xavincd ~gswgong ae ^ìxb’~ dgnxw|g~

hw|ioj xbg 3:76~/ Bi~ naw|~g iouadugh ea| ~gx~ ae dgnxw|g~ ao "|awjbdy) |gdijiao$ à|cd xbga|y$ kw|i~v|whgong coh vadixincd

gnaoa`y/ Xbcx a|hg| aluiaw~dy ~vgcm~ xa xbg eawohcxiaocd ocxw|g ae xbg à|cd xbga|y xa xbg vadixincd gnaoa`y$ coh i~

~wvva|xgh ly bi~ ioixicd vdco xa eaddaz X@^ zixb c za|m eanw~gh ao dcz "i`vdyioj xbcx bg ~cz bi~ vwldincxiao cjgohc c~ c

nabg|gox ~gswgong~ lc~gh ao xbg dgnxw|g~)/ ^gg Lwnbco <665$ nbcvxg| </ Ao xbg vbida~avbincd |gdcxiao~biv lgxzggo xbg xza

uadw`g~$ ~gg Hinmgy 3925= Zg|bcog 3929= U/ ^ìxb 3992= Hzyg| <667/




36

naoxgrx ae à|cd na``woixig~/ Zbg|g ^ìxb hieeg|~ e|a` axbg| à|cd xbga|i~x~ ae bi~ g|c i~ io xbg

c~~g|xiao xbcx xbg à|cd naoxgox xbcx hgeiogh xba~g na``woixig~ zg|g$ io xahcy’~ vb|c~ioj$ —g`g|jgox‐

|cxbg| xbco "3) hg|iucxiug "e|a` ~a`g grxg|ocd a| bijbg| cwxba|ixy)$ "<) jgog|cxgh "xb|awjb bw`co

|gc~aoioj)$ a| ">) ncdnwdcxgh "ao xbg lc~i~ ae ~a`g lc~in a| aug|c|nbioj v|ionivdg$ g/j/ wxidixc|icoi~`)/ Io

naox|c~x xa xba~g zgdd-moazo cdxg|ocxiug va~ixiao~$ xbg —à|cdixy‐ ae ^ìxb’~ à|cd na``woixy bc~ à|g

ocxw|cdi~xin coh g`vi|incd |aax~/ Bi~ cvv|acnb$ c~ grv|g~~gh io xbg vc|cj|cvb~ nixgh claug$ nco lg

hg~n|ilgh c~ —~anicddy g`g|jgox‐ io xbg ~go~g xbcx xbg à|cd ~xcohc|h~ zg avg|cxg wohg| c|g hgugdavgh

coh hg|iugh e|a` xbg ug|y ecnx ae xbg ~anicd |gdcxiao~biv~ ae zbinb zg c|g c vc|x "Bgcxb 3997; U/ ^ìxb

<66>$ <668$ <667)/35

Vwx hi|gnxdy$ ^ìxb’~ à|cdixy i~ ~anicd/ Ix i~ `coieg~x io xbg oa|`~ xbcx g`g|jg e|a` ioxg|cnxiao~ lgxzggo

coh càoj iohiuihwcd~ "~gg ^gijgd <667$ nbcvxg| 7)$ coh ix i~ xbg ocxw|cd nao~gswgong ae xbcx ioxg|cnxiao

xbcx cnnawoxclidixy g`g|jg~ c~ zgdd/ Ix i~ i`va|xcox xa |gnajoi{g xbcx ^ìxb’~ oaxiao ae à|cd

cnnawoxclidixy i~ oax `g|gdy `gnbcoi~xin= ix iouadug~ à|g xbco lgioj —co~zg|cldg‐ a| —dicldg‐ a|axbg|zi~g bgdh xa cnnawox/ Xba~g cnxiao~ coh iondiocxiao~ c|g `g|gdy xbg awxzc|h grv|g~~iao~ ae zbcx ix

`gco~ xa lg —cnnawoxcldg‐ io ^ìxb’~ ~go~g ae xbg xg|`/ \cxbg|$ cnnawoxclidixy i~ iobg|gox io xbg ~anicd

|gdcxiao~biv~ ea|`gh lgxzggo coh càoj iohiuihwcd~/ Xa |g~xcxg xbg vaiox à|g c~~g|xiugdy$ ^ìxb’~

à|cd lgioj hag~ oax ̀ g|gdy hgugdav ioxa co cnnawoxcldg lgioj= xbg ̀ a|cd lgioj i~ „ ly hgeioixiao --

co cnnawoxcldg lgioj/

Io naox|c~x xa xbg —~gde -ioxg|g~x‐ xbcx h|iug~ à~x |cxiaocd nbaing àhgd~ "coh zixb zbinb ^ìxb i~ aexgo

ì~xcmgody c~~anicxgh)$3:

xbg ngox|cd v~ynbadajincd `gnbcoi~` cx za|m io~ihg ^ìxb’~ à|cd lgioj i~

—~y`vcxby$‐ c xg|` xbcx io bi~ bcoh~ gona`vc~~g~ c lix à|g xbco i`vdigh io xahcy’~ na`ào w~cjg/

Xbg xg|` ~y`vcxby i~ xyvincddy hieeg|goxicxgh e|a` —g`vcxby‐ io naoxg`va|c|y hi~nw~~iao~$ lwx io

^ìxb’~ nc~g xbg ea|`g| i~ iondw~iug ae xbg dcxxg|$ zixb g`vcxbin eggdioj~ "—egddaz-eggdioj~‐) à|g ngox|cd

xa bi~ uigz~/ ^xgvbgo Hc|zcdd "<665$ vv/ 8>-82) `cmg~ xbg hi~xionxiao ndgc|g| ly oaxioj xbcx xbg

na`ào ~go~g ae —~y`vcxby‐ "à|g c~~anicxgh zixb Hcuih Bw`g xbco ^ìxb) |gdig~ ao c xbi|h-vg|~ao

vg|~vgnxiug; I ~gg yaw| vdijbx e|a` `y hi~xcox uigzvaiox coh I cvv|gnicxg zbcx yaw `w~x lg jaioj

xb|awjb/ Zbcx zg xgoh xa ncdd g`vcxby32 xahcy i~ ngox|cd xa ^ìxb’~ ~y`vcxbgxin `gnbcoi~`$ |gedgnx~ c

~gnaoh-vg|~ao ~xcohvaiox; I ~gg yaw| vdijbx e|a` `y nda~g |gdcxiao~biv xa yaw coh I nco —~i`wdcxg‐ coh

35 Ne/ xbg naongvx ae —|gedgnxiuixy‐ v|aeeg|gh ly Jga|jg â|a~ "<662)/

3: Ea| co grngddgox cocdy~i~ ae xbg |adg ae xbg —~gde‐ io ^ìxb’~ za|m$ ~gg ^gijgd <667$ nbcvxg| 7/

32 Xbg xg|` g`vcxby zawdh oax bcug lggo vc|x ae ^ìxb’~ uanclwdc|y/ AGH hcxg~ xbg ei|~x Gojdi~b w~g ae —g`vcxby‐ cx 3968$

coh ix~ xgnboincd cvvdincxiao xa xbg za|m ae v~ynbadaji~x G/ L/ Xixnbgog| zba diom~ ix xa xbg Jg|`co xg|` Gioeôbdwoj io c 3969

vwldincxiao ae bi~ dgnxw|g~ ao grvg|i`goxcd v~ynbadajy/



33

i`cjiog zbcx ix `w~x eggd dimg „ I nco ~go~g coh cxxg`vx xa —eggd yaw| vcio‐ "a| vdgc~w|g$ ea| xbcx

`cxxg|)/

Ea| ^ìxb$ ~anicd v|ariìxy `cxxg|~/ Jiugo nda~g v|ariìxy$ zg ea|` —xbinm‐ |gdcxiao~biv~$39

coh yaw c|g

czc|g ae `y eggdioj~ "a| cx dgc~x nco —i`cjiog‐ xba~g eggdioj~) coh cvv|gnicxg xbg` c~ ie yaw zg|g I$

zbgxbg| xba~g eggdioj~ c|g ae c va~ixiug a| ogjcxiug ocxw|g/ Ie I eggd v|ihg$ yaw nco ~go~g xbcx ~c`g

v|ihgewd eggdioj= ie I eggd ~bc`g$ yaw nco ~y`vcxbgxincddy ~go~g `y ~bc`g coh —i`cjiog‐ io yaw| azo ~gde

baz I eggd/ Ix i~ xbi~ ncvcnixy ea| —egddaz eggdioj~‐ xbcx i~ cx xbg bgc|x ae ^ìxb’~ xbga|y ae à|cd

~goxi`gox~$ ea| ix v|auihg~ xbg ocxw|cd eawohcxiao wvao zbinb ~anicd |gdcxiao~biv~ c|g hgugdavgh/ Xbg

n|ixincd ecnxa| i~ xbcx xba~g ug|y eggdioj~ "g/j/$ ae v|ihg$ ae ~bc`g) c|g xbg`~gdug~ |aaxgh io baz aog

vg|ngiug~ xbg |gcnxiao~ coh ~goxi`gox~ ae axbg|~ xazc|h aog~gde/ C~ bijbdijbxgh io xbg swaxcxiao

v|auihgh claug$ xbg kwhj`gox I cvvdy xa `y azo cnxiao~ c|g c |gedgnxiao ae xbg kwhj`gox I lgdigug c|g

lgioj cvvdigh xa `g ly xbg axbg|~ xa zba` I |gdcxg/

Lwx |gdcxiao~biv~ ha uc|y aug| ~vcng coh xi`g$ coh xbinm |gdcxiao~biv~ xgoh xa —xbio awx‐/ Xbg nbidh’~

~y`vcxbgxin |gdcxiao~biv zixb vc|gox~ coh ~ildioj~ i~ cdxg|gh ly xi`g coh ni|nw`~xcong$ coh ogz

|gdcxiao~biv~ ea|` coh nbcojg zixb cjg/ Xbg ocxw|cd ~adwxiao i~ ea| xbg iohiuihwcd xa chcvx xa ~wnb

nbcojg~/ ânicddy-hg|iugh kwhj`gox~ lgna`g a|jcoi{gh coh ioxg|ocdi{gh io gcnb ae w~ io xbg ea|` ae

zbcx ^ìxb ncddgh xbg —i`vc|xicd ~vgnxcxa|‐ „ xbcx vc|x ae awx nao~niaw~og~~ zbinb |gohg|~ aw| nbaing~

coh cnxiao~ cnnawoxcldg xa c à|cd a|hg| ae aw| azo "naddgnxiug) `cmioj/ Ix i~ io xbcx ~go~g xbcx ^ìxb

g~xcldi~bg~ bi~ lc~in v|ionivdg xbcx c —à|cd lgioj i~ co cnnawoxcldg lgioj/‐

Bg|g$ I naoxgoh$ i~ xbg ^ìxbico eawohcxiao ea| c xbga|y ae cnnawoxcldg jaug|ocong „ c xbga|y xbcxg`lgh~ jaug|ocong zixbio à|cd na``woixig~ xbcx c|g ea|`gh awx ae ~anicd |gdcxiao~biv~ xbcx c|g

iobg|goxdy |aaxgh io cnnawoxclidixy/ E|a` xbi~ vg|~vgnxiug$ cnnawoxclidixy i~ oax `g|gdy c ~gx ae

io~xixwxiaocdi{gh ̀ gnbcoi~`~ hg~ijogh xa ea~xg| co~zg|clidixy$ diclidixy$ |g~vao~iugog~~$ eihgdixy$ gxn/

\cxbg|$ cnnawoxclidixy i~ co g`g|jgox à|cd a|hg| coh gxbincd ~gxxioj `coieg~xgh io xba~g i`vdinix coh

grvdinix grvgnxcxiao~ xbcx c|g vc|x ae ~anicd dieg/ Xa ~vgcm ae —cnnawoxcldg jaug|ocong‐ i~ xa eanw~

cxxgoxiao ao xba~g ~anicd c||cojg`gox~ xbcx v|auihg w~ zixb xbg à|cd ncvcnixy xa hgcd zixb xbg zihg

|cojg ae naddgnxiug cnxiao v|aldg`~ ecngh ly cdd na``woixig~/

7/ Xbg @a|cd J|awohioj ae @c|mgx Jaug|ocong

Bw`coixy hag~ oax hg~i|g xa lg j|gcx$ lwx xa lg lgdaugh/ Ix i~ oax io lgioj |inb xbcx x|wxb coh

kw~xing zawdh |gkaing$ lwx io lgioj x|w~xgh coh lgdigugh$ |gna`vgo~g~ zbinb xba~g ui|xwg~ ̀ w~x

cdà~x cdzcy~ cnswi|g/ „ X@^$ 5xb

ghixiao$ Vc|x III$ nbcvxg| 7$ vc|cj|cvb 2/

39Nda~g v|ariìxy ea~xg|~ —xbinm‐ |gdcxiao~biv~= ~gg Hwloinm % A’Mgddy <667= cd~a Zcd{g| 3998 coh @c|jcdix <66<




3<

Oa hawlx$ I bcug n|a~~gh co ioxgddgnxwcd \wlinao zixb xbg c~~g|xiao xbcx ^ìxb’~ uigz~ ao à|cd

cnnawoxclidixy nco v|auihg c eawohcxiao ea| xbg hgugdav`gox ae c xbga|y ae jaug|ocong/ I ng|xciody bcug

c daoj zcy xa x|cugd xa hgugdav xbi~ ioxa c ewddy c|xinwdcxgh$ uicldg avxiao io xbg ~gc|nb ea| ~wnb c xbga|y/

Xa `cmg xbg nc~g ea| xbi~ cvv|acnb c lix ndgc|g| "coh vg|bcv~ ~x|aojg|)$ I zidd eanw~ ao xbg jaug|ocong ae xbg ha`cio zixb zbinb ^ìxb’~ za|m i~ à~x aexgo c~~anicxgh; `c|mgx~/

Zg lgjio zixb xbg c~~w`vxiao xbcx `c|mgx~ „ xbg vdcng zbg|g gnaoaìn grnbcojg~ annw| zixbio ~anigxy

-- gri~x cx uc|iaw~ dgugd~ io uc|iaw~ ea|`~/ Ecìdig~ nco lg |gjc|hgh c~ ~anicd c|goc~ zixbio zbinb

gnaoaìn grnbcojg~ xcmg vdcng "g/j/$ Lgnmg| 3923)$ c~ nco xbcx jdalcd x|chg |gji`g~ "g/j/$ Zcddcnb <66<)

coh cdd ea|`~ ae `c|mgx~ lgxzggo/ @c|mgx~ oax aody uc|y io ~ncdg coh ~i{g$ lwx cd~a io naoxgox coh ea|`/

Aug| xbg vc~x xza ygc|~ zg bcug lgna`g czc|g ae xbg hieeg|gong lgxzggo xbg eioconicd `c|mgx~ coh

xba~g c~~anicxgh zixb x|chixiaocd `cowecnxw|g~/ C~ coy |gchg| ae ZO nco cxxg~x$ ^ìxb zc~ cnwxgdy

czc|g ae xbg~g uc|icxiao~ c~ zgdd/ Xb|awjbawx ZO bg oaxg~ xbg hieeg|gong~ càoj ocxiaocd vadixincd

gnaoaìg~ |aaxgh io xbg dgugd ae gnaoaìn cnxiuixy$ coh bi~ n|ixincd c~~g~~`gox ae uc|iaw~ ~gnxa|~ ae xbg

gnaoa`y "~gg g~vgnicddy Vc|x IU) bc~ cjgh |gc~aocldy zgdd aug| xbg dc~x <76 vdw~ ygc|~/

Zbcx `c|mgx~ cd~a ~bc|g i~ c na`ào v|aldg` |gdcxgh xa baz xbgy c|g jaug|ogh „ xbcx i~$ baz xbgy

`cioxcio jaah a|hg| jiugo xbgi| vc|xinwdc| nbc|cnxg|i~xin~/ Xbg i~ xbg v|aldg` ngox|cd xa xbg ndc~~in ~xwhy

ae vadixincd gnaoa`y$ coh ix i~ aexgo da~x ~ijbx ae zbgo zg |g~x|inx aw| uigz ae jaug|ocong xa vadixincd

io~xixwxiao~ a| ecid xa |gcdi{g xbcx coy naddgnxiug ~anicd gohgcua| "iondwhioj xbg naohwnx ae `c|mgx

grnbcojg~) |gswi|g~ jaug|ocong ae ~a`g ~a|x/ C~ Adiug| G/ Ziddic`~ao "3993) vaiox~ awx$ gnaoaì~x~bcug daoj |gcdi{gh „ coh hglcxgh „ xbg gri~xgong coh cvv|av|icxgog~~ ae —~vaoxcogaw~ coh ioxgoxiaocd

jaug|ocong‐ zixbio xbg gnaoaìn |gcd`/<6

Ea| Ziddic`~ao coh axbg|~$ xbg grcìocxiao ae cdxg|ocxiug jaug|ocong ea|`~ i~ lc~gh ao xbg v|gì~g

xbcx geegnxiug jaug|ocong c||cojg`gox~ c|g xba~g xbcx ~adug xbg v|aldg`~ ae naa|hiocxioj coh

naox|addioj xbg uc|iaw~ ecnxa|~ iouadugh io xbg gnaoaìn gohgcua|/ Xbw~$ c zgdd-jaug|ogh `c|mgx i~ aog

zbg|g cvv|av|icxg ea|`cd coh ioea|`cd "ui~ildg coh ioui~ildg) `gnbcoi~`~ "g/j/$ dcz$ naox|cnx$ x|w~x) c|g

l|awjbx xa lgc| ao xba~g v|aldg`~/

<6 —Xbcx zg cvvgc| xa lg ~wlkgnx xa ioxgoxiaocd jaug|ocong ~x|wnxw|g~ gug|yzbg|g zg xw|o i~ xbw~ ì~dgchioj; xbg |gcd

cnxiao i~ dc|jgdy ioui~ildg‐ "Ziddic`~ao 3993$ v/ 379)/ Ziddic`~ao cd~a cvvdig~ xbg naox|c~x ae —ui~ildg coh ioui~ildg jaug|ocong‐ io

xbg xixdg ae c dcxg| vcvg| "3998)/



3>

Co grcìocxiao ae ^ìxb’~ ZO ~gg`~ xa ~wvva|x xbg c|jw`gox xbcx bg c~~w`gh xbg ~c`g alkgnxiug ea|

jaah jaug|ocong; xa ecnidixcxg ~adwxiao~ xa xbg v|aldg` ae naa|hiocxiao coh naox|ad |gswi|gh xa |gohg|

`c|mgx~ à~x geegnxiug coh geeinigox/ Cdaoj xba~g diog~$ ^ìxb’~ uigz~ ae c —zgdd-jaug|ogh ~anigxy‐ io

|gjc|h xa `c|mgx~ c|g ndgc| e|a` xbg awx~gx "Laam I$ Nb/ 3) io ZO;

Ix i~ xbg j|gcx `wdxivdincxiao ae xbg v|ahwnxiao~ ae cdd xbg hieeg|gox c|x~$ ionao~gswgong ae xbg hiui~iao ae dclaw|$ zbinb annc~iao~$ io c zgdd-jaug|ogh

~anigxy$ xbcx woiug|~cd avwdgong zbinb grxgoh~ ix~gde xa xbg dazg~x |com~ ae xbg

vgavdg/ Gug|y za|m`co bc~ c j|gcx swcoxixy ae bi~ azo za|m xa hi~va~g ae

lgyaoh zbcx bg bi`~gde bc~ annc~iao ea|= coh gug|y axbg| za|m`co lgioj

grcnxdy io xbg ~c`g ~ixwcxiao$ bg i~ gocldgh xa grnbcojg c j|gcx swcoxixy ae bi~

azo jaah~ ea| c j|gcx swcoxixy$ a|$ zbcx na`g~ xa xbg ~c`g xbioj$ ea| xbg

v|ing ae c j|gcx swcoxixy ae xbgi|~/ Bg ~wvvdig~ xbg` clwohcoxdy zixb zbcx

xbgy bcug annc~iao ea|$ coh xbgy cnna`àhcxg bi` c~ c`vdy zixb zbcx bg bc~

annc~iao ea|$ coh c jgog|cd vdgoxy hieew~g~ ix~gde xb|awjb cdd xbg hieeg|gox |com~

ae xbg ~anigxy/

Xbi~ uigz i~ nao~i~xgox xb|awjbawx ZO$ coh ix i~ na`vdg`goxgh ly ^ìxb’~ cocdy~i~ ae xbg lc~in ewonxiao~

ae jaug|o`gox eawoh io Laam~ IU coh U ae xbcx za|m/ Bazgug|$ ix zawdh lg c ì~xcmg xa ì~|gch xbi~

lc~in `g~~cjg clawx zbcx nao~xixwxg~ c —zgdd-jaug|ogh ~anigxy‐/ Ix i~ oax ̀ g|gdy jaug|o`gox a| xbg

~xcxg xbcx ^ìxb |geg|~ xa$ lwx |cxbg| xbg jaug|ocong ae ~anigxy xbcx i~ xa v|auihg ix~ vgavdg "i/g/$

grxgohioj xa xbg —dazg~x |com~) zixb xbg —woiug|~cd avwdgong‐ jgog|cxgh ly xbg `c|mgxvdcng „ co

avwdgong xbcx —gocldgh‐ gug|y za|m`co xa vc|xcmg ae xbg —jgog|cd vdgoxy‐ xbcx vc|xinwdc| `c|mgx~ c|g

ocxw|cddy ncvcldg ae v|auihioj/

Cx xbi~ kwonxw|g ix i~ ogng~~c|y xa vwx io vg|~vgnxiug xbg vavwdc| ui~iao ae ^ìxb c~ c na`ìxxgh

jaug|o`gox ìoi`cdi~x a| ~x|aoj chuancxg ea| c —dci~~g{ eci|g‐ cvv|acnb xa xbg jaug|ocong ae `c|mgx~/

Xbg za|h~ xbcx wohg|dig coh ~w~xcio xbi~ uigz c|g càoj xbg à~x e|gswgoxdy nixgh ae ^ìxb’~ za|h~$

coh xbgy c|g à~x aexgo cxx|ilwxgh xa bi~ vwldi~bgh z|ixioj;

Dixxdg gd~g i~ |gswi|gh xa nc||y c ~xcxg xa xbg bijbg~x hgj|gg ae ceedwgong e|a`

xbg dazg~x lc|lc|i~` lwx vgcng$ gc~y xcrg~$ coh c xadg|cldg chìoi~x|cxiao ae

kw~xing= cdd xbg |g~x lgioj l|awjbx clawx ly xbg ocxw|cd naw|~g ae xbioj~/ Cdd jaug|o`gox~ zbinb xbzc|x xbi~ ocxw|cd naw|~g$ zbinb ea|ng xbioj~ ioxa coaxbg|

nbcoogd$ a| zbinb gohgcuaw| xa c||g~x xbg v|aj|g~~ ae ~anigxy cx c vc|xinwdc|

vaiox$ c|g woocxw|cd$ coh$ xa ~wvva|x xbg`~gdug~$ c|g aldijgh xa lg avv|g~~iug

coh xy|cooincd///




38

Xbg vc~~cjg$ aexgo ì~xcmgody c~~w`gh xa lg e|a` ZO$ i~ cnxwcddy eawoh io e|cj`goxc|y dgnxw|g oaxg~

"a| oaxg~ |gdcxgh xa c v|akgnxgh uadw`g ao vadixincd gnaoa`y) ~wvva~ghdy z|ixxgo ly ^ìxb à|g xbco

xza hgnchg~ lgea|g xbg 3::5 vwldincxiao "i/g/$ ~a`gzbg|g lgxzggo 3:73 coh 3:77)/ Xbg ~aw|ng i~ bi~

~xwhgox coh ei|~x liaj|cvbg|$ Hwjcd ^xgzc|x$ zba~g ioxg|v|gxiug cvv|acnb xa bi~ ~wlkgnx bc~ lggo

|gjc|hgh c~ bijbdy ~gdgnxiug coh ~a`gzbcx grx|g`g/<3 Ix i~ wondgc| zbgxbg| ^ìxb cnxwcddy vgoogh

xba~g za|h~ io c z|ixxgo ~xcxg`gox ae lc~in ihgc~ ea| xbg ewxw|g uadw`g$ a| zbgxbg| xbgy c|g c ~xwhgox’~

cxxg`vx cx ug|lcxi` oaxg~ e|a` dgnxw|g~ ao vadixincd gnaoa`y xbcx zg|g vc|x ae ^ìxb’~ Jdc~jaz ndc~~g~

hw|ioj xbcx vg|iah/ Vwldi~bgh ly ^xgzc|x cexg| bi~ `goxa|’~ hgcxb$ xbgy v|auihg c vc|xinwdc|dy —dci~~g{

eci|g‐ ~vio ao ^ìxb’~ uigz~ ae jaug|o`gox xbcx i~ oax ~wvva|xgh ly à|g cocdyxin cvv|acnb ae xbg

vwldi~bgh za|m/ Naox|c|y xa xbg `yxbincd uigz ae ^ìxb$ ZO "zbidg ndgc|dy n|ixincd ae jaug|o`gox vadiny)

hag~ oax `cmg ~wnb c ~x|aoj c~~g|xiao ao lgbcde ae c ìoi`cd jaug|o`gox va~ixiao/

C dg~~ aexgo swaxgh va|xiao ae xbcx ~c`g e|cj`gox e|a` ^xgzc|x i~ à|g |gdgucox bg|g$ coh eanw~g~

cxxgoxiao oax ao jaug|o`gox vg| ~g$ lwx ao xbg zcy jaug|o`gox i~ w~gh xa jaug|o ly hieeg|gox vwldin

aeeinicd~;

@co i~ jgog|cddy nao~ihg|gh ly ~xcxg~`go coh v|akgnxa|~ c~ xbg `cxg|icd~ ae c

~a|x ae vadixincd `gnbcoin~/ V|akgnxa|~ hi~xw|l ocxw|g io xbg naw|~g ae bg|

avg|cxiao~ ao bw`co ceeci|~$ coh ix |gswi|g~ oa à|g xbco xa dgcug bg| cdaog

coh jiug bg| eci| vdcy io xbg vw|~wix ae bg| goh~ xbcx ~bg `cy g~xcldi~b bg| azo

hg~ijo~///

Bg|g zg ~gg „ io za|h~ cxx|ilwxgh xa ^ìxb ~gug|cd ygc|~ lgea|g xbg ioixicd vwldincxiao ae X@^ „ oax`g|gdy c n|ixincd c~~g~~`gox ae jaug|o`gox-ly-—v|akgnxa|~‐$ lwx co i`vdigh c uigz ae jaug|ocong "zbcx

bg zawdh dcxg| v|aeeg| c~ c —zgdd-jaug|ogh ~anigxy‐ io ZO) c~ c v|ahwnx ae ocxw|cd hgugdav`gox/

Jaug|ocong g`g|jg~ ocxw|cddy zixbio —bw`co ceeci|~‐ ie dgex xa ix~ azo hguing~ ly —~xcxg~`go‐/ Ix i~ io

xbi~ naoxgrx xbcx xbg lc~in uigz ae bw`co~ c~ à|cddy cnnawoxcldg lgioj~ grv|g~~gh io xbg 3:79 ghixiao

ae X@^ xcmg~ ao nao~ihg|cldg i`va|xcong/ C —zgdd-jaug|ogh‐ `c|mgx i~ aog io zbinb xbg ocxw|cd

iondiocxiao ae —à|cd lgioj~‐ xa gojcjg io xbg cnnawoxcldg |gdcxiao~biv~ i~ ecnidixcxgh/ Jaah jaug|ocong

io `c|mgx~$ io ~ba|x$ i~ oax `g|gdy ~a`g c||cojg`gox ae `gnbcoi~`~ xa ecnidixcxg naa|hiocxiao coh

naox|ad ea| xbg ~cmg ae geeinigox v|ahwnxiao/ \cxbg|$ ix i~ eawoh io xbg gri~xgong "coh ~w~xcioclidixy) ae c

à|cd na``woixy ea|`gh ly xbg |gdcxiao~biv~ càoj cnnawoxcldg lgioj~/

<3Na`vc|g xbg uigz~ ae xbi~ vc~~cjg io Ncooco 3968 "vc|cj|cvb 75) coh \cg 3297$ nbcvxg| 7 "vc|cj|cvb <:)/



37

Hag~ ^ìxb `cmg co grvdinix naoognxiao lgxzggo xbi~ uigz ae à|cd cnnawoxclidixy coh xbg —zgdd-

jaug|ogh‐ `c|mgx1 Nao~ihg| xbg eaddazioj grxgohgh grng|vx e|a` X@^ "5xb

ghixiao$ Vc|x III$ nbcvxg| 7$

vc|cj|cvb 2);

Ie zg nao~ihg| xbg jgog|cd |wdg~ ly zbinb grxg|ocd v|a~vg|ixy coh chug|~ixy c|g

na`àody hi~x|ilwxgh io xbi~ dieg$ zg ~bcdd eioh$ xbcx oaxzixb~xcohioj xbghi~a|hg| io zbinb cdd xbioj~ cvvgc| xa lg io xbi~ za|dh$ ygx gugo bg|g gug|y

ui|xwg ocxw|cddy `ggx~ zixb ix~ v|avg| |gzc|h$ zixb xbg |gna`vgo~g zbinb i~

à~x eix xa gonaw|cjg coh v|aàxg ix= coh xbi~ xaa ~a ~w|gdy$ xbcx ix |gswi|g~ c

ug|y grx|ca|hioc|y naonw||gong ae ni|nw`~xcong~ goxi|gdy xa hi~cvvaiox ix/

Zbcx i~ xbg |gzc|h à~x v|avg| ea| gonaw|cjioj iohw~x|y$ v|whgong$ coh

ni|nw`~vgnxiao1 ^wnng~~ io gug|y ~a|x ae lw~iog~~/ Coh i~ ix va~~ildg xbcx io xbg

zbadg ae dieg xbg~g ui|xwg~ ~bawdh ecid ae cxxcioioj ix1 Zgcdxb coh grxg|ocd

baoaw|~ c|g xbgi| v|avg| |gna`vgo~g$ coh xbg |gna`vgo~g zbinb xbgy nco

~gdha` ecid ae cnswi|ioj/ Zbcx |gzc|h i~ à~x v|avg| ea| v|aàxioj xbg

v|cnxing ae x|wxb$ kw~xing$ coh bw`coixy1 Xbg naoeihgong$ xbg g~xgg`$ coh daugae xba~g zg diug zixb/ Bw`coixy hag~ oax hg~i|g xa lg j|gcx $ lwx xa lg lgdaugh/

Ix i~ oax io lgioj |inb xbcx x|wxb coh kw~xing zawdh |gkaing$ lwx io lgioj x|w~xgh

coh lgdigugh$ |gna`vgo~g~ zbinb xba~g ui|xwg~ ̀ w~x cdà~x cdzcy~ cnswi|g/

5/ Naondwhioj —V|adajwg‐

Xzgoxy-eiug ygc|~ cja I lgnc`g ec~niocxgh zixb xbg naongvx ae cnnawoxclidixy coh ix~ |adg io ~bcvioj xbg

hgni~iao~ coh lgbcuia|~ ae vadiny`cmg|~/ Ioixicddy$ I vg|ngiugh ix c~ bcuioj c hwcd ocxw|g/ Ao xbg aog

bcoh$ cnnawoxclidixy "cnxwcddy `wdxivdg cnnawoxclidixig~) jgog|cxgh —`wdxivdg$ hiug|~g coh aexgonaoedinxioj grvgnxcxiao~‐ xbcx vwldin ~gnxa| hgni~iao `cmg|~ bch xa naoxgoh zixb "g/j/$ ~gg Hwloinm %

\a`{gm$ 399>)/ Ao xbg axbg| bcoh$ xbg uc|iaw~ ea|`~ ae cnnawoxclidixy v|auihgh c zihg |cojg ae

`gnbcoi~`~ xbcx nco lg w~gh xa `cocjg xba~g grvgnxcxiao~/

Naouiongh ae xbg ngox|cdixy ae cnnawoxclidixy io xbg avg|cxiao~ ae zbcx i~ oaz vavwdc|dy xg|`gh

—jaug|ocong‐$ I lgjco xa grvda|g xbg naongvx ew|xbg| io co cxxg`vx xa wonaug| ~a`g lc~in

nbc|cnxg|i~xin~ ae cnnawoxclidixy xbcx nco lg w~gh io xbg ~xwhy ae —cnnawoxcldg jaug|ocong‐/ Zbcx I

eawoh$ io~xgch$ zc~ naongvxwcd nbca~ c~ cnnawoxclidixy lgnc`g ion|gc~iojdy goxcojdgh io xbg vadixincd

|bgxa|in ae `cocjg|icdi~x |gea|`/ Zbcx zc~ aong c ~a`gzbcx `gcoiojewd naongvx xw|ogh awx xa lg

v|aì~nwaw~$ cxxcnbioj ix~gde c~ c ~adwxiao xa gug|y v|aldg` xbcx ~gg`gh xa g`g|jg e|a` uc|iaw~ vadiny

~x|gc`~/



3:

\geg|gong~;

C~b|ce$ Ocuc$ Nadio E/ Nc`g|g|$ coh Jga|jg Dagzgo~xgio/ <667/ Chc` ^ìxb$ Lgbcuia|cd Gnaoaì~x/ KAW\OCD AE

GNAOA@IN VG\^VGNXIUG^ 39 ">);3>3-387/

Lgnmg|$ Jc|y ^/ 3923/ C X\GCXI^G AO XBG EC@IDY / Nc`l|ihjg; Bc|uc|h Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

L|azo$ Uiuigoog/ 3998/ CHC@ ̂ @IXB*^ HI^NAW\^G; NCOAOINIXY$ NA@@G\NG$ COH NAO^NIGONG / Daohao;

\awxdghjg/

‘‘‘/ 399:/ ,@g|g Iougoxiao~ ae xbg I`cjiocxiao,; C ^w|ugy ae \gngox Dixg|cxw|g ao Chc` ^ìxb/ GNAOA@IN^

COH VBIDAÂVBY 3> "<);<23->3</

Lwnbco$ Kc`g~/ <665/ XBG CWXBGOXIN CHC@ ^@IXB; BI^ DIEG COH IHGC^/ Ogz Ya|m; Z/Z/ Oa|xao/

Nc`vlgdd$ Xa`/ 39:3/ CHC@ ̂ @IXB*^ ̂ NIGONG AE @A\CD^ / Daohao$; Cddgo coh Wozio/

‘‘‘/ 3923/ ^GUGO XBGA\IG^ AE BW@CO ̂ ANIGXY / Area|h; Area|h Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

Ncooco$ Ghzio/ 3968/ Ghixa|*~ Iox|ahwnxiao/ Io CO IOSWI\Y IOXA XBG OCXW\G COH NCW^G^ AE XBG ZGCDXB AE

OCXIAO^$ ghixgh ly G/ Ncooco/ Daohao$; @gxbwgo % na/

Hc|zcdd$ ^xgvbgo/ 3999/ ^y`vcxbgxin Dilg|cdi~`; \gngox Za|m ao Chc` ^ìxb/ VBIDAÂVBY COH VWLDIN CEECI\^

<2 "<);3>9-358/

Hc|zcdd$ ^xgvbgo D/ <665/ XBG ̂ GNAOH-VG\ÂO ̂ XCOHVAIOX; @A\CDIXY$ \G^VGNX$ COH CNNAWOXCLIDIXY /

Nc`l|ihjg$ @C; Bc|uc|h Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

Hinmgy$ Dcw|gong/ 3925/ Bi~xa|ini{ioj xbg ,Chc` ^ìxb V|aldg`,; Naongvxwcd$ Bi~xa|iaj|cvbincd$ coh Xgrxwcd I~~wg~/

KAW\OCD AE @AHG\O BI^XA\Y 72 ">);726-569/

Hwloinm$ @gduio$ coh Nic|ão A*Mgddy/ <667/ Cnnawoxclidixy Xb|awjb Xbinm coh Xbio; @cmioj C~~g~~`gox~ coh

@cmioj Nc~g~/ Io GXBIN^ IO VWLDIN @COCJG@GOX $ ghixgh ly B/ J/ E|ghg|inm~ao coh \/ M/ Jbg|g/ C|àom$

OY; @/ G/ ^bc|vg/

‘‘‘$ coh Lc|lc|c ^/ \a`{gm/ 399>/ Cnnawoxclidixy coh xbg Ngox|cdixy ae Grvgnxcxiao~ io C`g|inco Vwldin

Chìoi~x|cxiao/ Io \G^GC\NB IO VWLDIN CH@IOI^X\CXIAO$ ghixgh ly K/ D/ Vg||y/ J|ggozinb NX; KCI V\G^^/

Hzyg|$ Kabo/ <667/ Gxbin~ coh Gnaoaìn~; L|ihjioj Chc` ^ìxb*~ Xbga|y ae @a|cd ^goxi`gox~ coh Zgcdxb ae

Ocxiao~/ KAW\OCD AE L\IXI^B ̂ XWHIG^ 88 "8);55<-52:/

Gugo~my$ Kg||y/ <663/ Chc` ^ìxb*~ Da~x Dgjcny/ âwxbg|o Gnaoaìn Kaw|ocd 5: ">);89:-73:/

‘‘‘/ <667/ CHC@ ̂ @IXB*^ @A\CD VBIDAÂVBY; C BI^XA\INCD COH NAOXG@VA\C\Y VG\^VGNXIUG AO

@C\MGX^$ DCZ$ GXBIN^$ COH NWDXW\G / Ogz Ya|m$ OY; Nc`l|ihjg Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

J|i~zadh$ Nbc|dg~ D/ 3999/ CHC@ ^@IXB COH XBG UI\XWG^ AE GODIJBXGO@GOX / Ogz Ya|m; Nc`l|ihjg Woiug|~ixy

V|g~~/

Bgcxb$ Gwjgog/ 3997/ Xbg Na``g|ng ae ^y`vcxby; Chc` ^ìxb ao xbg G`g|jgong ae @a|cd~/ KAW\OCD AE XBG

BI^XA\Y AE VBIDAÂVBY >> ">);88:-855/




32

Kabo~ao$ ^xgugo/ <662/ Xbg iougoxiao ae ci| ; c ~xa|y ae ~nigong$ ecixb$ |guadwxiao$ coh xbg li|xb ae C`g|inc/ Ogz

Ya|m; \iug|bgch Laam~/

Mgooghy$ Jcuio/ <667/ CHC@ ^@IXB*^ DA^X DGJCNY / Ogz Ya|m; Vcdj|cug @cnìddco/

Mbcdid$ Gdic~/ 3992/ I~ Kw~xing xbg V|i`c|y Egcxw|g ae xbg ^xcxg1 Chc` ^ìxb*~ N|ixiswg ae ânicd Naox|cnx Xbga|y/

GW\AVGCO KAW\OCD AE DCZ COH GNAOA@IN^ 5 ">);<37-<>6/

Mbcdid$ Gdic~ D/ <667/ Co cocxa`y ae cwxba|ixy; Chc` ^ìxb c~ vadixincd xbga|i~x/ NC@L\IHJG KAW\OCD AE

GNAOA@IN^ <9 "3);7:-:3/

Dgui$ @c|jc|gx/ <665/ V|g~ihgoxicd Chh|g~~; Zby Zg Oggh c Ogz Xbga|y ae Jaug|o`gox/ VG\^VGNXIUG^ AO

VADIXIN^ 8 "3); 7-39

@cneig$ C/ D/ 3953/ Chc` ^ìxb*~ Xbga|y Ae @a|cd ^goxi`gox~/ ^NAXXI^B KAW\OCD AE VADIXINCD GNAOA@Y 2

"3);3<-<:/

@cnioxy|g$ Cdc~hci|/ 392</ Baz à|cd cjgox~ lgnc`g jba~x~ a| zby xbg bi~xa|y ae gxbin~ hiug|jgh e|a` xbcx ae xbg

vbida~avby ae ìoh/ ^YOXBG^G 7> "<);<97->3</

@c|jcdix$ Cui~bci/ <66</ XBG GXBIN^ AE @G@A\Y / Nc`l|ihjg$ @c~~/; Bc|uc|h Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

@idd$ Kabo ^xwc|x/ 3969/ V\IONIVDG^ AE VADIXINCD GNAOA@Y$ ZIXB ̂ A@G AE XBGI\ CVVDINCXIAO^ XA ̂ ANICD

VBIDAÂVBY / Ghixgh ly Z/ K/ C~bdgy/ Daohao; Daoj`co~$ J|ggo$ coh Na/

Ow~~lcw`$ @c|xbc N|cugo/ <665/ E\AOXIG\^ AE KW^XING; HI^CLIDIXY$ OCXIAOCDIXY$ ̂ VGNIG^ @G@LG\^BIV/

Nc`l|ihjg$ @c~~/; Xbg Lgdmocv V|g~~ ; Bc|uc|h Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

\cg$ Kabo/ 3297/ DIEG AE CHC@ ^@IXB/ Daohao; @cnìddco % Na/

\cvbcgd$ H/ H/ <66:/ XBG I@VC\XICD ̂ VGNXCXA\; CHC@ ̂ @IXB*^ @A\CD VBIDAÂVBY / Ogz Ya|m; Area|h

Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

\gnmxgozcdh$ Ba|~x Ndcw~/ 39:2/ Co Chc` ^ìxb \goci~~cong Cooa 39:51 Xbg Lingoxgoc|y Awxvwx-C \gcvv|ci~cd ae

bi~ ̂ nbadc|~biv/ Kaw|ocd ae Gnaoaìn Dixg|cxw|g 35 "3);75-2>/

\axb~nbidh$ G``c/ 399</ Chc` ^ìxb coh Nao~g|ucxiug Gnaoaìn~/ XBG GNAOA@IN BI^XA\Y \GUIGZ 87 "3);:8-95/

‘‘‘/ <663/ GNAOA@IN ̂ GOXI@GOX^; CHC@ ̂ @IXB$ NAOHA\NGX$ COH XBG GODIJBXGO@GOX / Nc`l|ihjg$ @C;

Bc|uc|h Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

^c`wgd~ao$ Vcwd C/ 39::/ C @ahg|o Xbga|i~x*~ Uiohincxiao ae Chc` ^ìxb/ Xbg C`g|inco Gnaoaìn \guigz 5:

"3);8<-89/

^nbaeigdh$ Vbidiv/ <668/ Kg|g`y Lgoxbc`$ xbg E|gonb \guadwxiao coh vadixincd |chincdi~`/ Bi~xa|y ae Gw|avgco Ihgc~ >6 "8);>23-863/

^gijgd$ Kg||adh G/ <667/ XBG IHGC AE XBG ^GDE; XBAWJBX COH GRVG\IGONG IO ZG^XG\O GW\AVG ÎONG XBG

^GUGOXGGOXB NGOXW\Y / Ogz Ya|m; Nc`l|ihjg Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

^go$ C`c|xyc/ <669/ XBG IHGC AE KW^XING / Nc`l|ihjg$ @c~~/; Lgdmocv V|g~~ ae Bc|uc|h Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

‘‘‘/ <636/ Chc` ^ìxb coh xbg Naoxg`va|c|y Za|dh/ G\C^@W^ KAW\OCD EA\ VBIDAÂVBY COH GNAOA@IN^ >



39

"3);76-5:/

îdug|$ Cddco/ 3996/ E|igoh~biv io Na``g|nicd ânigxy; Gijbxggoxb-Ngoxw|y ânicd Xbga|y coh @ahg|o âniadajy/

C@G\INCO KAW\OCD AE ÂNIADAJY 97 "5);38:8-3768/

îào$ Bg|lg|x C/ 398:/ CH@IOI^X\CXIUG LGBCUIA\ / Ogz Ya|m$; @cnìddco Na/

‘‘‘/ 397:/ CH@IOI^X\CXIUG LGBCUIA\; C ̂ XWHY AE HGNIÎAO-@CMIOJ V\ANG^^G^ IO CH@IOI^X\CXIUG

A\JCOI[CXIAO$ <oh ghixiao/ Ogz Ya|m; E|gg V|g~~/

^ìxb$ Chc`/ 3:79/ XBG XBGA\Y AE @A\CD ^GOXI@GOX^/ 3~x gh/ Daohao; C/ @iddc|/

‘‘‘/ 3:53/ XBG XBGA\Y AE @A\CD ^GOXI@GOX^/ <oh gh/ Daohao; C/ @iddc|/

‘‘‘/ 39:5/ XBG XBGA\Y AE @A\CD ^GOXI@GOX^/ Ghixgh ly H/ H/ \cvbcgd coh C/ D/ @cneig/ 5xb gh$ Xbg Jdc~jaz

ghixiao ae xbg za|m~ coh na||g~vaohgong ae Chc` ^ìxb/ Area|h; Area|h Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

‘‘‘/ 392>/ DGNXW\G^ AO \BGXA\IN COH LGDDG^ DGXX\G^/ Ghixgh ly K/ N/ L|yng$ Xbg Jdc~jaz ghixiao ae xbg

za|m~ coh na||g~vaohgong ae Chc` ^ìxb/ Area|h; Area|h Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

‘‘‘/ 392:/ XBG NA\\G^VAOHGONG AE CHC@ ̂ @IXB/ Ghixgh ly G/ N/ @a~~og| coh I/ ^/ \a~~/ <oh gh$ Xbg

Jdc~jaz ghixiao ae xbg za|m~ coh na||g~vaohgong ae Chc` ^ìxb/ Area|h; Area|h Woiug|~ixy V|g~~/

^ìxb$ Ug|oao D/ 3992/ Xbg Xza Ecng~ ae Chc` ^ìxb/ ÂWXBG\O GNAOA@IN KAW\OCD 57 "3);<-39/

‘‘‘/ <66>/ Nao~x|wnxiui~x coh Gnadajincd \cxiaocdixy io Gnaoaìn~/ C@G\INCO GNAOA@IN \GUIGZ 9> ">);857-

762/

‘‘‘/ <668/ Bw`co ocxw|g; co gnaoaìn vg|~vgnxiug/ HCGHCDW^ 3>> "8);5:-:5/

‘‘‘/ <667/ Lgbcuia|cd gnaoaìn~ |g~gc|nb coh xbg eawohcxiao~ ae gnaoaìn~/ KAW\OCD AE ÂNIA-GNAOA@IN^

>8 "<);3>7-376/

â|a~$ Jga|jg/ <662/ XBG OGZ VC\CHIJ@ EA\ EIOCONICD @C\MGX^; XBG N\GHIX N\IÎ^ AE <662 COH ZBCX IX

@GCO^/ Ogz Ya|m; VwldinCeeci|~/

^zgg{gy$ Vcwd @/ 398</ XBG XBGA\Y AE NCVIXCDI^X HGUGDAV@GOX / Ogz Ya|m; @ahg|o \gchg|/

Zcddcnb$ Da|i @/ <66</ Cnnawoxcldg Jaug|ocong io xbg G|c ae Jdalcdi{cxiao; Xbg ZXA$ OCEXC$ coh Ioxg|ocxiaocd

Bc|àoi{cxiao ae ^xcohc|h~/ WOIUG\ÎXY AE MCO^C^ DCZ \GUIGZ 76 "8);2<>-255/

Zcd{g|$ @inbcgd/ 3998/ XBINM COH XBIO; @A\CD C\JW@GOX CX BA@G COH CL\ACH/ Oax|g Hc`g; Woiug|~ixy ae

Oax|g Hc`g V|g~~/

Zg|bcog$ Vcx|inic B/ 3929/ Xbg \adg ae ^gde-Ioxg|g~x io Chc` ^ìxb*~ Zgcdxb ae Ocxiao~/ KAW\OCD AE VBIDAÂVBY 25 "33);559-526/

Zidhcu~my$ Cc|ao/ 39:9/ XBG VADIXIN^ AE XBG LWHJGXC\Y V\ANG^^/ >|h gh/ La~xao$ @C; Dixxdg L|azo/

‘‘‘/ 3922/ XBG OGZ VADIXIN^ AE XBG LWHJGXC\Y V\ANG^^/ Jdgouigz$ ID; ^naxx Ea|g~`co/

Zid~ao$ Kc`g~ S/ 399>/ XBG @A\CD ^GO^G / Ogz Ya|m; E|gg V|g~~/

Dubnick 2010 MW Smith

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