drang nach osten3
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Transcript of drang nach osten3
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Drang nach Osten
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War as a stimulus?
For it was their victory over the
Carthaginians in this war, and their
conviction that thereby the most difficultand most essential step towards universal
empire had been taken, which encouraged
the Romans for the first time to stretch outtheir hands upon the rest, and to cross with
an army into Greece and Asia. Polybius 1.3
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The Hellenistic World
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Macedonian Entanglements
Philip V of Macedon
1st Macedonian War
214-205 - desultory
2nd Macedonian War200-197 BC - starts as an
eastern power struggle
Rome responds to Rhodes
and Pergamum
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The End
Battle of Cynoscephalae
197 BC
196 BC Flaminiusproclaims the Freeedom
of Greece at the
Isthmian Games near
Corinth
No attempt made to annex
Macedon
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Polybius on the Phalanx
If the phalanx has its proper formation andstrength, nothing can resist it face to face or
withstand its charge... so what brings
disaster on those who employ it? War is fullof uncertainties both as to time and place
and there is only one time and one kind of
ground on which a phalanx can fully work...if it leaves its proper ground...it will be
easy prey to the enemy. Polybius 18.30-31
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Polybius on the Roman Army
The Roman order on the other hand is flexible: for
every Roman, once armed and on the field, is
equally well equipped for every place, time, or
appearance of the enemy. He is, moreover, quite
ready and needs to make no change, whether he isrequired to fight in the main body, or in a
detachment, or in a single maniple, or even by
himself. Therefore, as the individual members of
the Roman force are so much more serviceable,their plans are also much more often attended by
success than those of others. Polybius, 18.32
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Drive West
Rome doesnt leave
Spain after defeat of
Carthage
Declares 2 provinces
there in 197 BC
By 146 BC has
reached central Spain
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War with Antiochus the Great
192-188 BC Antiochus IIIinvades
Sparta to liberate it
Philip V doesnt
support him
He rejects Hannibals
idea of a second front
Heavily defeated atThermopylae in 191
BC
& at Magnesia in 190
BC
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Treaty of Apamea
Antiochus forced to
give up all his territory
in Asia Minor
Not annexed, but
either freed or given to
Pergamum or Rhodes
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Macedon again 3rd Macedonian War
171-168 BC
King Perseus attempts
to re-assertMacedonian power
Starts well, but
defeated at Pydna in
168 BC
Macedon split up into
4 republics
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Polybiuss verdict
almost the whole inhabited world was
conquered and brought under the dominion
of the single city of Rome, and that toowithin a period of not quite fifty-three
years... they left behind them an empire not
to be paralleled in the past or rivalled in thefuture. Polybius 1.1-2
219-167 B. C.
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146: A new start
Continuous bickering
in Greece
146 - Macedoniabecomes a Roman
province
Corinth sacked
Creation of province
of Achaea
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3rd Punic War 149-146 Elder Cato -Et ceterum
censeo Carthaginem essedelendam
Carthage attacks a
neighbour, Numidia, under
extreme provocation
Rome attacks & besieges
town ineptly for over 2 yrs
Carthage finally captured& destroyed
Creation of Roman
province of Africa
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Why did it happen?
Why did Rome expand like this?
And why didnt it happen straightaway?
Is there a difference between East and
West?
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Possibilities Rome always wanted world domination
A search for markets and raw materials
Forced into war by others
A product of individuals rather than the
state
These need not be exclusive of one another
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Hobsons choice?
Search for markets -
often wrongly ascribed
to Lenin
Anachronistic in this
period?
Were Roman rulers
involved in trade?
John Hobson
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A fit of absent mindedness?
We English seem, as it
were, to have conqueredand peopled half the
world in a fit of absence
of mind.
Defensive Imperialism?
Rome feels threatened &
gets her revenge in first
Fetial Law
Frustration?
Sir John Seeley
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Peripheral Imperialism
Personal ambition
search for a triumph (and
cash)
Senate left with faits
accomplis
A brake as well as a
stimulus for expansion?Cecil Rhodes
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Aristotle and the Wild West
No cultural baggage
here
Lack of urbanisation
means people seen as
sub-human?
Man is by his nature a political
animal,Pol. 1253a1-3
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Results tensions and instability in
aristocracy
rise and fall of Scipio
AfricanusIngrata patria, ne
ossa quidem habebis exponential increase in wealth
Battle over sumptuary laws -
repeal of Lex Oppia in 195
BC
Elder Catos Origines
vir bonus peritus dicendi
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Intellectual crisis?
Exposure to new ideas - philosophers
embassy in 155BC
154 BC expulsion of 2 Epicureanphilosophers because they had introduced
the younger generation to many unnatural
pleasures - Aelian, Varia Historiae 9.12
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