Dr. Sami Abdel Azeem 20th Feb, 2013 - SusWaTec · Dr. Sami Abdel Azeem ... We purify water to get...
Transcript of Dr. Sami Abdel Azeem 20th Feb, 2013 - SusWaTec · Dr. Sami Abdel Azeem ... We purify water to get...
What is water purification?
Water purification is the transition of dirty harmful (Contaminated) water into clean safe water.
Water purification generally means freeing water from any kind of impurity it contains such as contaminants or micro organisms.
WHY PURIFY WATER?
We purify water to get rid of contaminants that can be detrimental to our health.
To make it safe and palatable for human consumption.
Chemical methods Coagulation, flocculation, combined with flotation and filtration, precipitation, ion exchange.
Physical methods Membrane-filtration processes (nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, . . .) and adsorption techniques.
Biological treatments Biodegradation methods such as fungal decolorization, microbial degradation, adsorption by microbial biomass.
Adsorption techniques:
Employing solid sorbents are widely used to remove certain
classes of chemical pollutants from waters, especially those that
are practically unaffected by conventional biological wastewater
treatments.
These sorbents must have:
• High thermal stability and
• Small pore diameters,
• High exposed surface area and hence high surface capacity for
adsorption.
• Distinct pore structure which enables fast mass transport.
Oxygen-containing compounds – Are typically hydrophilic and polar, including materials such as Silica gel.
Polymer-based compounds - Are polar or non-polar functional groups in a porous polymer matrix (polyurethane foam).
Carbon-based compounds – Are typically hydrophobic and non-polar, including materials such as activated carbon.
Most industrial adsorbents fall into one of
three classes:
prepared by the coagulation of colloidal silicic acid results in the formation of porous and noncrystalline granules of different sizes. It shows a higher surface area which ranges from 250 to 900 m2/g.
Show high sorption capacity.
Expensive adsorbent.
Silica gel
Silica gel
Developed Silica based Sorbents
SG
OH
OH
OH
Silica Gel
(CH3O)
3 Si CH
2CH
2CH
2 NH
2 SG
OH
O
O
Si CH2CH
2CH
2NH
2
(I)
(I)
O
NO2
CHCl3
(CH3CH
2)3N
SG
OH
O
O
Si CH2CH
2CH
2NH
O
NO2
Na2S
2O
4 SG
OH
O
O
Si CH2CH
2CH
2NH
O
NH2
NaNO2 SG
OH
O
OSi CH
2CH
2CH
2NH
O
N=N Ac
OH
NH2
SG
OH
O
OSi CH
2CH
2CH
2NH
O
N=N
OH
NH2
NaNO2/ HAc
OH
N=N
OHOH
N=N
OH
N=N
HO CH3
H3C
NN
HO CH3
C6H
5
+
APTMS, 20 ml
100 ml dry Toluene
Reflux, 72 h
SG - APTMS
+ Cl - C 120 ml
4 ml
50 C, 48 h5 g
- C
(II)
(II) +
5 g
100 ml H O2
50 C, 24 h - C
(III)
(III) +
3 g
120 ml, 1% HAc
0 - 3 C, 2 h - C
(IV)
+
(IV) +
2-aminophenol (AP)
Acetone
0 - 3 C, 24 h - C
AP - SG
2-Naphthol/
NaOH
Acetylacetone/NaOAC/EtOH
0 - 3 C, 2 h
Pyrazolone/NaOAc/EtOH
SG - WWW-
SG - WWW- SG - WWW-C
C
CO
HPANaph - SG HPAAA - SG HPAPyr - SG
Modified Silica gel (Contd.)
Ligand Element Found RSD
(µg/l) (%)
AP Cu
Zn
Pb
Cd
Ni
HPANaph Cu
Zn
Pb
Cd
Ni
HPAAA Cu
Zn
Pb
Cd
Ni
HPAAPyr Cu
Zn
Pb
Cd
Ni
48.6 7.4
125.2 1.8
3.7 5.2
6.1 1.1
15.0 1.7
47.6 1.2
127.2 4.0
4.5 1.6
5.6 3.9
15.9 3.0
49.5 3.2
126.0 1.6
4.7 3.7
5.9 2.5
16.5 1.4
44.5 1.0
130.0 2.4
4.1 4.8
5.2 1.3
16.0 6.5
Analysis of heavy metals in tap water at fayoum city
Polyurethane foam –Polymeric Sorbents
CH3
CH3
n
C NH
O
O CH2CH
2 O (CH
2CH
2 O CH
2CH
2 O)
NHC CH2CH
2
CH3
n HO CH2CH
2 O (CH
2CH
2 O CH
2CH
2 O) H
N=C=O
N=C=O
C NH
O
WWW
NHC
O
O
WWW
Polyurethane Foam (PUF)
+
Polyol (Polyether Type)
Toluene -2,4-diisocyanate
O
nm
m
NH2
Developed foam based sorbents
PUF
2-aminophenol
Acetylacetone
Pyrazolone
Phenylhydrazone
2-aminothiazole
P-cresol
-CH2-O-CH2-O-CO-NH
NH2
CH3-CH2-O-CH2-O-CO-NH CH3
O
CH3
O
CH3
Acetylacetone
-H2C-O-H2C-O-OC-HN
O
CH3NN
CH3OHCH3
acetylacetone-PUF
1.0 mol L-1
NaNO2
0.1 mol L-1
HCl
3oC
1.0 mol L-1
CH3COONa
50% Ethanol +
PUF-untreated
N NCl
-CH2-O-CH2-O-CO-NH CH3
N NCl
Ph
NH
NH2
Ethanol
OH
-H2C-O-H2C-O-OC-HN
N
CH3
N
N
CH3
Ph
NH
CH3
Heat for 4.0 h
AAPH-PUF
+
phenylhydrazin
Synthesis of Acetyacetone phenylhydrazone-PUF sorbent
Adsorption Isotherm of metal ions by AAPH-PUF
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Cu
Zn
Mn
Ad
so
rbed
am
ou
nt,
ug
g-1
Concentraion, ug L-1
Removal of Heavy metals from Water
AAPH˗PUF Sorbent
Metal ion Sample
analyzed
RSD% Found (µgL˗1)
5.8 2.9 4.5
10 80 50
Cu Zn Mn
Drinking
water
The oldest adsorbent known and is usually prepared from coal, lignite, wood etc., using physical or chemical activation method.
AC is highly porous, amorphous solid consisting of micro crystallites with a graphite lattice, usually prepared in small pellets or a powder.
It is non-polar and cheap.
The main drawbacks are that it is reacts with oxygen at moderate temperatures and recycling costs.
Activated carbon
Activated carbon
Low cost activated carbon Agricultural Wastes
Banana peel
Orange peel
Saw dust
Coconut shell
Rice husks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ad
so
rp
tio
n (
%)
Sample pH
4-CP
2,4,6-CP
Nitro-CP
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Ad
so
rp
tio
n (
%)
Sample pH
4-CP
2,4,6-CP
Nitro-CP
Rice husks Bana Peel
Removal of CPs by raw agricultural wastes
Removal of CPs by raw agricultural wastes (Contd.)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ad
so
rptio
n (
%)
Shaking time, min
4-CP
2,4,6-CP
Nitro-CP
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ad
so
rptio
n (
%)
Shaking time, min
4-CP
2,4,6-CP
Nitro-CP
Rice husks Bana Peel
Effect of pH on removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by AC from chemically activated Rice husks
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
1,38 2,23 6,40 10,31 11,44
Rem
ov
al %
pH value
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
25 50 100 150 200
Rem
ov
al %
Initial Concentration of 2,4- DCP (mg/l)
Adsorption isotherm of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by AC from chemically activated Rice husks
Thank you