Dr. Muhammad Razzaq malik In the Name of Allah Most Beneficent and Most Merciful.

Dr. Muhammad Razzaq malikDr. Muhammad Razzaq malik

In the Name of Allah Most Beneficent and Most Merciful


SOLID WASTES & ITS DISPOSALSOLID WASTES & ITS DISPOSAL

Solid waste or refuse, if allowed to accumulate,Solid waste or refuse, if allowed to accumulate,is a health hazard is a health hazard Health Hazards:Health Hazards:It decomposes and favours fly breedingIt decomposes and favours fly breedingIt attracts rodents and wormsIt attracts rodents and wormsThe pathogens which may be present in theThe pathogens which may be present in thesolid waste may be conveyed back to man’ssolid waste may be conveyed back to man’sfood through flies and dust.food through flies and dust.There is a possibility of water and soil pollution,There is a possibility of water and soil pollution,and Heaps of refuse present an unsightlyand Heaps of refuse present an unsightlyappearance and nuisance form bad odours.appearance and nuisance form bad odours.


SORUCES OF REFUSESORUCES OF REFUSE

1.1. Domestic refuseDomestic refuse

2.2. Market refuseMarket refuse

3.3. Stable refuseStable refuse

4.4. Industrial refuseIndustrial refuse

RubbishRubbish comprises paper, clothing, bits of comprises paper, clothing, bits of wood, metal, glass, dust and dirt.wood, metal, glass, dust and dirt.

GarbageGarbage is consumption of food. It consists of is consumption of food. It consists of waste food, vegetable peelings and other waste food, vegetable peelings and other organic matter. Garbage needs quick removal organic matter. Garbage needs quick removal and disposal because it ferments on storage. and disposal because it ferments on storage.


Methods of disposalMethods of disposal

There is no single method of refuse disposal which There is no single method of refuse disposal which is equally suitable in all circumstances. The choice of a is equally suitable in all circumstances. The choice of a particular method is governed by local factors such as cost particular method is governed by local factors such as cost and availability of land and labour. The principal method of and availability of land and labour. The principal method of refuse disposals are:-refuse disposals are:-

DumpingDumping Controlled Tipping or Sanitary Land –fillControlled Tipping or Sanitary Land –fill IncinerationIncineration CompostingComposting Manure PitsManure Pits Burial.Burial.


DumpingDumping

Refuse is dumped in low lying areas partly Refuse is dumped in low lying areas partly as a method of reclamation of land but as a method of reclamation of land but mainly as an easy method of disposal of dry mainly as an easy method of disposal of dry refuse. It is a most insanitary method that refuse. It is a most insanitary method that creates public health hazards, a nuisance, creates public health hazards, a nuisance, and severe pollution of the environment.and severe pollution of the environment.


Controlled tippingControlled tipping

The material is placed in trench or other prepared The material is placed in trench or other prepared area, adequately compacted, and covered with area, adequately compacted, and covered with earth at the end of the working day.earth at the end of the working day.

Chemical, bacteriological and physical changes Chemical, bacteriological and physical changes occur in buried refuse. The temperature rises to occur in buried refuse. The temperature rises to over 60 deg. C within 7 days and kills all the over 60 deg. C within 7 days and kills all the pathogens and hastens the decomposition pathogens and hastens the decomposition process.process.


IncinerationIncineration

Refuse can be disposed of hygienically by Refuse can be disposed of hygienically by burning or incineration. It is the method of burning or incineration. It is the method of choice where suitable land is not available. choice where suitable land is not available. Hospital refuse which is particularly Hospital refuse which is particularly dangerous is best disposed of by dangerous is best disposed of by incineration.incineration.


CompostingComposting

Composting is a method of combined disposal of Composting is a method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil or sludge. It is a process of refuse and night soil or sludge. It is a process of nature whereby organic matter breaks down under nature whereby organic matter breaks down under bacterial action resulting in the formation of bacterial action resulting in the formation of relatively stable humus-like material, called the relatively stable humus-like material, called the compost which has considerable manorial value compost which has considerable manorial value for the soil.for the soil.

The principal by-products are carbon dioxide, The principal by-products are carbon dioxide, water and heat.water and heat.


How disease is carried from How disease is carried from excretaexcreta


Method of excreta disposalMethod of excreta disposal

1. Unsewered areas1. Unsewered areas SERVICE TYPE (CONSERVANCY SERVICE TYPE (CONSERVANCY

SYSTEM)SYSTEM)

Nightsoil is collected from Nightsoil is collected from pail or bucket type of pail or bucket type of latrines by human agency, latrines by human agency, and later disposed of by and later disposed of by burying or composting.burying or composting.


NON-SERVICE TYYPE (SANITARY NON-SERVICE TYYPE (SANITARY LATRINES)LATRINES)

TYPES:TYPES: Bore hole latrineBore hole latrine Well or pit latrineWell or pit latrine Water-seal type of latrinesWater-seal type of latrines

– Squatting Plate latrineSquatting Plate latrine– Commode latrineCommode latrine


SANITARY LATRINESANITARY LATRINE

A sanitary latrine is one which fulfils the A sanitary latrine is one which fulfils the following criteria:following criteria:

(1) Excreta should not contaminate the (1) Excreta should not contaminate the ground or surface waterground or surface water

(2) Excreta should not polluted the soil(2) Excreta should not polluted the soil (3) Excreta should not be accessible to flies, (3) Excreta should not be accessible to flies,

rodents, animals (pigs, dogs, cattle, etc.) rodents, animals (pigs, dogs, cattle, etc.) and other vehicles of transmission.and other vehicles of transmission.

(4) Excreta should not create a nuisance (4) Excreta should not create a nuisance due to odour or unsightly appearance.due to odour or unsightly appearance.


LATRINES SUITABLE FOR CAMPS AND LATRINES SUITABLE FOR CAMPS AND TEMPORATRY USETEMPORATRY USE

Shallow trench latrineShallow trench latrine Deep trench latrineDeep trench latrine Pit latrinePit latrine Bore hole latrineBore hole latrine


COMPONANTS OF WATER SEAL COMPONANTS OF WATER SEAL TYPE OF LATRINETYPE OF LATRINE

SQUATTING PLATESQUATTING PLATE TRAPTRAP CONNECTING PIPECONNECTING PIPE SEPTIC TANKSEPTIC TANK


Septic tankSeptic tank

The main design features of a septic tank are as follows:The main design features of a septic tank are as follows: i. A capacity of 20-30 gallons or 2/12 -5 c.ft. per person i. A capacity of 20-30 gallons or 2/12 -5 c.ft. per person

recommended for household septic tanks. The minimum recommended for household septic tanks. The minimum capacity of septic tank should be at least 500 gallons.capacity of septic tank should be at least 500 gallons.


CHEMICAL CLOSETCHEMICAL CLOSET

The closet consists of a metal tank containing a The closet consists of a metal tank containing a disinfectant fluid. The active ingredients of the fluid disinfectant fluid. The active ingredients of the fluid are formaldehyde and quaternary ammonium are formaldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds. In addition, a harmless water dye and compounds. In addition, a harmless water dye and a deodorizing substance are usually incorporated. a deodorizing substance are usually incorporated. A seat with a cover is placed directly over the tank. A seat with a cover is placed directly over the tank. Nothing except the toilet paper should be thrown Nothing except the toilet paper should be thrown into the chemical closet.into the chemical closet.


SewageSewage

Sewage is waste water from a community, Sewage is waste water from a community, containing solid and liquid excreta, derived containing solid and liquid excreta, derived from houses, street and yard washings, from houses, street and yard washings, factories and industries. It resembles dirty factories and industries. It resembles dirty water with an unpleasant smell. water with an unpleasant smell.


Sullage:Sullage: The term “sullage” is applied to waste water The term “sullage” is applied to waste water

which does not contain human excreta, e.g., which does not contain human excreta, e.g., waste water from kitchens and bathrooms waste water from kitchens and bathrooms

Sludge:Sludge: The organic matter which settles down is called The organic matter which settles down is called

sludge and is removed by mechanically sludge and is removed by mechanically operated devices, without disturbing the operated devices, without disturbing the operation in the tank.operation in the tank.


Modern Sewage treatmentModern Sewage treatment

Water-Carriage system and sewage treatmentWater-Carriage system and sewage treatmenta. Primary treatment a. Primary treatment

Screening Screening

Removal of gritRemoval of grit

Plain SedimentationPlain Sedimentation

b. Secondary treatment b. Secondary treatment

Trickling filtersTrickling filters

Activated sludge processActivated sludge process


Modern Sewage treatmentModern Sewage treatment


Other methods of waste disposalOther methods of waste disposal

Sea outfallSea outfall River outfallRiver outfall Sewage Farming Sewage Farming Oxidation PondsOxidation Ponds


Aim of Sewage PurificationAim of Sewage Purification

Health Aspects:Health Aspects: Unless prompt measures are taken to provide Unless prompt measures are taken to provide

proper means of sewage disposal, the following proper means of sewage disposal, the following environmental problems may be created:environmental problems may be created:

Creation of nuisance, unsightliness and Creation of nuisance, unsightliness and unpleasant odours.unpleasant odours.

Breeding of flies and mosquitoesBreeding of flies and mosquitoes Pollution of soil and water suppliesPollution of soil and water supplies Contamination of foodContamination of food Increase in the incidence of disease, especially Increase in the incidence of disease, especially

enteric and helminthes diseases.enteric and helminthes diseases.


Environmental aspectsEnvironmental aspects

The oxygen in the sewage water is used by The oxygen in the sewage water is used by the numerous aerobic bacteria fount in the numerous aerobic bacteria fount in sewage. Depletion of oxygen may lead to sewage. Depletion of oxygen may lead to the death of the plants and animal life in the death of the plants and animal life in water. Furthermore, the water may yield an water. Furthermore, the water may yield an offensive smell because of the release of offensive smell because of the release of hydrogen sulphide.hydrogen sulphide.


Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

It is most important test done on sewage. It is It is most important test done on sewage. It is defined as the amount of oxygen absorbed by a defined as the amount of oxygen absorbed by a sample of sewage during a specified period, sample of sewage during a specified period, generally 5 days, at a specified temperature, generally 5 days, at a specified temperature, generally 20 deg. C for the aerobic destruction or generally 20 deg. C for the aerobic destruction or use of organic matter by living organisms.use of organic matter by living organisms.

If the BOD is 300 mg /l and above, sewage is said If the BOD is 300 mg /l and above, sewage is said to be strong, if it is 100 mg/l, it is said to be weak.to be strong, if it is 100 mg/l, it is said to be weak.

Dr. Muhammad Razzaq malik In the Name of Allah Most Beneficent and Most Merciful.

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Transcript of Dr. Muhammad Razzaq malik In the Name of Allah Most Beneficent and Most Merciful.