What Else Is On Our Radar Screen?

Mark J Engle, DVM, MS

Dr. James Hanson

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The virus matrix exercise…

To acknowledge and understand those viruses that are known to infect swine globally. 

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Viruses Known to Infect Swine

Baltimore classification group

Families affecting homeotherm vertebrates

Genera known to affect swine

Representative virus affecting swine

Group I (dsDNA)1 Herpesviridae Varicellovirus pseudorabies virus

  unassigned porcine cytomegalovirus

Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus swine adenovirus

Asfarviridae Asfivirus African swine fever virus

Papillomaviridae Alphapapillomavirus swine papillomavirus

Polyomaviridae none known to be pathogenic

Poxviridae Suipoxvirus swine pox

Group II (ssDNA)3 Anelloviridae Alphatorquevirus none known to be pathogenic

Circoviridae Circovirus porcine circovirus

Parvoviridae Parvovirus porcine parvovirus

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Viruses Known to Infect SwineBaltimore classification group

Families affecting homeotherm vertebrates

Genera known to affect swine

Representative virus affecting swine

Group III (dsRNA)4 Birnaviridae none known to be pathogenic Picobirnaviridae none known to be pathogenic Reoviridae Rotavirus porcine rotavirus

Group IV (+ssRNA)5 Arteriviridae Arterivirus porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Astroviridae Mamastrovirus swine astrovirus Caliciviridae Sapovirus porcine sapovirus Vesivirus vesicular exanthema of swine virus Coronaviridae Alphacoronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus   Torovirus porcine torovirus Picornaviridae Apthovirus foot and mouth diseae virus   Cardiovirus encephalomyocarditis virus   Enterovirus swine vesicular disease virus   Kobuvirus porcine kobuvirus   Sapelovirus porcine sapelovirus   Senecavirus Seneca valley virus   Teschovirus porcine teschovirus Flaviviridae Pestivirus classical swine fever   Flavivirus Japanese enchephalitis Togaviridae Alphavirus Getah virus

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Viruses Known to Infect Swine

Baltimore classification group

Families affecting homeotherm vertebrates

Genera known to affect swine

Representative virus affecting swine

Group V (-ssRNA)6 Bornaviridae none known to be pathogenic

Filoviridae none known to be pathogenic

Paramyxoviridae Henipavirus Nipah virus

Respirovirus Sendai virus

Rubulavirus porcine rubulavirus (blue eye disease), Menangle virus

Rhabdoviridae Vesiculovirus vesicular stomatitis virus

  Lyssavirus rabies

Arenaviridae none known to be pathogenic

Bunyaviridae none known to be pathogenic

Orthomyxoviridae Influenzavirus A Influenza A virus

Influenzavirus C Influenza C virus

Group VI (ssRNA-RT)7 Retroviridae none known to be pathogenic

Group VII (DNA-RT)8 Hepadnaviridae none known to be pathogenic

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Ranking

• Economic impact to domestic market

• Economic impact to exports

• Risk of introduction or reemergence in the US

• Zoonotic capabilities

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Top Eight Viral InfectionsRanked by AASV SHC

• FMD• ASF• Influenza A• CSF• PRV• Swine Vesicular Disease• Vesicular Stomatitis Virus • PRRS

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Determine the tools necessary to…

• Recognize an emerging clinical disease as early as possible

• Diagnostic detection

• Determine virulence and viability

• Understand effective disinfectants

• Respond to an emerging disease

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Determine the tools necessary to…

• Understand vaccine availability

• If it exists, where?

• If not, what research is needed to develop a vaccine.

• Understand virus transmission

• Determine possible route of introduction into the U.S?

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Working Group

• John Waddell – Chair AASV Swine Health Committee

• Harry Snelson - AASV

• Joe Connor – Practitioner

• Dick Hesse – KSU Diagnostic Laboratory

• Jane Christopher-Hennings – SDSU Diagnostic Lab

• Michael McIntosh – USDA/APHIS/VSPlum Island

• Kent Schwartz - ISU Diagnostic Laboratory

• Dermot Hayes – Economist, ISU

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Working Group

• Doug MacDougald – Canada, practitioner and government liaison

• Eric Bush – USDA/APHIS/VS epidemiologist

• Paul Sundberg - NPB

• Albert Rovira – Un of MN Diagnostic Lab

• Liz Wagstrom - NPPC

• Eric Neumann – Independent epidemiologist

• Mark Engle – Merck animal Health

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Resource Categories

• Diagnostics

• Epidemiology

• Viability

• Immunity

• Pathogenesis

• Traceability

• Biosecurity

• Detection and response

• Global distribution

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Working Group MeetingChicago, July 30

Outcomes:• International surveillance

– Monitor published literatureGenBank

– Confer with international connections– Support funding of collaborative international

projects– Investigate possible routes of Asian

pathogens to North America

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Working Group MeetingChicago, July 30

Outcomes:• Determine roles for dealing with emerging

diseases– Planning should be led by producers and practitioners

with APHIS/VS partnership– APHIS/VS shift focus and broaden mission if needed– More involvement from DHS– ARS funding based on FADs not EDs– ED diagnostic funding falls to producer/practitioner

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Summary

• Produce a short white paper on each virus to identify gaps in our knowledge base

• Establish a surveillance plan for emerging and international diseases

• Define response roles of government and industry

• Identify diagnostic needs

• Explore interactions with vaccine manufacturing partners