Dr Mariah - Seminar 11 Nov 2014
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Transcript of Dr Mariah - Seminar 11 Nov 2014
EVALUATION OF EVACUATION AT
FACULTY ENGINEERING UPM BUILDING
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION The seven story building fitted with three lifts lies partially on a lake. It houses offices for the Dean, Deputy Deans and eight engineering departments as well as rooms for professors (JUSA A, B and C) and associate professors, senior lecturers and other academic staff. This is the biggest engineering faculty in Malaysia in terms of the number of programmes offered and the number of postgraduates. Each lecturer office has one wall almost covered with glass, standard government size fitted with individual air conditioner, PA system, sprinkler head and four foot fluorescent lights.
The objective of this work is to evaluate fire safety components using manual and commercial software.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature
Review
Fire Services act
1988 (act 341)
Regulation,
Rules and Order
Best assembly
area
Fire fighting
access lobbies
Means of egressStairs
Fire drilss
Computer
simulation
FIRE SERVICES ACT 1988 (ACT 341) REGULATION, RULES AND ORDERFire Services act 1988 (act 341) is an act that make provision for the effective and efficient functioning of the Fire Services Department for the protection of persons and property from the fire risk and for purposes connected with it. (Fire Services Act 1988, 2006)
BEST ASSEMBLY AREA
Assembly area is an area where located outside the building in an open space so everyone can gather and be identified but the area should be clearing indicate by all occupants before emergency arise. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)
FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS LOBBIES
Fire safety should conform to the following requirements:
Each lobby shall have a floor area of not less than 5.587 square meters (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)
The open able area of windows or area of permanent ventilation shall be not less than 25% of the floor area of the lobby and if ventilation is by means of open able windows, Additional permanent ventilation having a free opening of 464 square centimeters shall be provided except that mechanical pressurization may be provided as an alternative. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)
HEAT LOAD
The heat load is the maximum heat that can be theoretically generated by the combustible items and contents of the structure. The heat load could be measured as the weight of the combustible material multiplied by the calorific value per unit weight. Heat load is conveniently expressed in terms of the floor space as MJ/m2or Mcal/m2.More often it would be expressed in terms of equivalent quantity of wood and expressed as Kg wood / m2 (1 Kg wood = 18MJ). The amount of heat load and the values may change from one environment to the other and also from country to country (Patterson, 1993)
MEANS OF EGRESS
A means of egress is an exit path that occupants may use to safely exit a building. It is designed to provide safe and easy travel during a fire or other emergency so that the risk of injury or death is minimized. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)
Components of means of egress
Doors
Stairs
Guards and handrails
Smoke proof enclosures
Stair pressurization
Horizontal exits
Exit passageways
STAIRS
Stairs for emergency during fire has their own dimension that need to follow by rules that stated in Uniform Building By Law 1984.the dimension that be suggested by the law is the rise of any staircase shall not be not more than 180 millimeters and tread shall be not less than 255 millimeters and dimension of the rise and the tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout. Other than that, the width of staircase shall be in accordance by law 168 while the depth of landings shall be not less than the width of the staircase. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)
FIRE DRILLS
Fire drill is an exercise in the use of firefighting equipment or the evacuation of a building in case of a fire
There are 4 stages that will be analyze during the fire drills, which are
1-Time before fire been aware (Δtdet) 2- Be aware of fire (Δta)3 - Identify and respond to sound the alarm (Δtpre)4 - Start clear the building and move to a place of assembly secure (Δttrav)
PYRO SIM SOFTWARE
Pyro Sim is a graphical user interface for the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). FDS models can predict smoke, temperature, carbon monoxide, and other substances during fires. The results of these simulations have been used to ensure the safety of buildings before construction, evaluate safety options of existing buildings, reconstruct fires for post-accident investigation, and assist in firefighter training. (Engineering, 2010)
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
1) Determination of fire load from types of files and books
2) Determine air flow rate in the lift lobby
3) Checking conditions and staircases
4) Measure the lumen in the corridor and stair cases
5) Checking the condition of firefighting devices
6) Determining optimum location of new assembley points
7) Calculating distance and suitability of assembly points
8) Questionnaire on fire safety awareness
DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM
TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS
DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS
DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS No Classification Type Reference Quantity
1 Furniture Carpet
(16 m x 11 m)
Chair
Curtain
Table
Pic Frame
Sofa
Book Rack
Cupboard/Cabi
net
Dashboard
Whiteboard
2 Machine Refrigerator
Phone
Photostat
Computer
Printer
DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS
Materials Calorie Value
KJ/Kg
Acrylic 26051.2
Asphalt 40472.4
Coal 30935.8
Cotton 16747.2
Dynamite 5349.8
Nylon 23260
Paper ( average) 16282
Peats (average) 22097
Pitch 34890
Polyester 23260
Polyurethane 37216
Polyvinylchloride 22097
Straw 13956
Waxes 39542
Woods (average hard and softwood) 18608
Materials Calorie Value
KJ/Kg
Acrylic 26051.2
Asphalt 40472.4
Coal 30935.8
Cotton 16747.2
Dynamite 5349.8
Nylon 23260
Paper ( average) 16282
Peats (average) 22097
Pitch 34890
Polyester 23260
Polyurethane 37216
Polyvinylchloride 22097
Straw 13956
Waxes 39542
Woods (average hard and softwood) 18608
DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS
Heat load of material = Weight of material x calorie value of material
Average heat load (kJ) =
Heat load Furniture (kJ) + Heat load Machine (kJ) + Stationary equipment (kJ) + Papers (kJ) +
Miscellaneous (kJ)
EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION OF HEAT LOAD
1,825 910 kJ
DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS
Room Heat load (KJ) Classification
1 3306292.7 Low
2 3434885.6 Low
3 4252509.5 Medium
4 5042651.7 High
5 5575073.1 Very High
6 6241704.7 Very High
DETERMINE AIR FLOW RATE IN THE LIFT
LOBBY
DETERMINE AIR FLOW RATE IN THE LIFT LOBBY
DETERMINE AIR FLOW RATE IN THE LIFT LOBBY
CHECKING CONDITIONS AND
STAIRCASES
CHECKING CONDITIONS ANDSTAIRCASES
The time taken in actual experiment is 122
seconds which consists of 25 participants
evacuate from lift lobby level 5 to assembly
point. But by using pyro sim, the calculated time
is 119 seconds.
MEASURE THE LUMEN IN THE CORRIDOR AND STAIR CASES
MEASURE THE LUMEN IN THE CORRIDOR AND STAIR CASES
Place Lux number
Office lighting 320 -400 Lux
Emergency Staircase 80 – 90 Lux
Office Pavement 80 – 90 Lux
Exit Sign 0 Lux
CHECKING THE CONDITION OF FIREFIGHTING
DEVICES
CHECKING THE CONDITION OF FIREFIGHTING DEVICESFirefighting devices Equip Condition
Good Need to enhance
Door Y Y
Stair pressurization Y Y
Smoke proof enclosure Y Y
Guard and handrails Y Y
Fire door Y Y
Fire staircase Y Y
“KELUAR” Mimic Diagram Y Y
DETERMINING OPTIMUM LOCATION OF NEW ASSEMBLY
POINTS
FACULTY ENGINEERING UPM
1
2 3
4
1
23
4
Safest to assemble
Safest to assemble
Medium Risk to
assemble
High risk to
assemble
Assembly Area Reasons
1 The assembly area are high risk because the area are on a
roadway, accident could occur in this area. The best way to
control during evacuation by traffic control.
2 This assembly area has been gazette as medium risk as
because it is situated in the middle of lab.
3 This assembly are the safest place to assembly as it is in
the parking lot.
4 This assembly area are the safest place to assemble as it is
in the parking lot.
DESCRIPTION
CALCULATING DISTANCE AND
SUITABILITY OF ASSEMBLY POINTS
PATHFINDER ANALYSIS
PROFILES OF OCCUPANTS
PROFILES OF OCCUPANTS
Default
Characteristic Description
Speed occupants 1.19 m/s
Standard movement Standard normal
Shoulder Width 45.48 cm in average
Movement Use stairs and find any nearest
exit
Average height 1.8 m
Acceleration time 1.1 s
Slow factor 0.1
Slow pace
Characteristic Description
Speed occupants Log speed 0.5 – 1.19 m/s
Standard movement Standard normal
Shoulder Width 44 – 48 cm in average
Movement Use stairs and find any nearest
exit
Average height 1.8 m
Acceleration time 0.8 s
Slow factor 0.1
Reduction factor U = 0.7 S = 0.1
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS
- Analysis done with 450 occupants.
- Design of the building are approximately same with the actual design with standard deviation of 1.8%.
- Results are 6.23 Minutes = 373.8 Seconds
SIMULATION VIDEO
ANALYSIS FLOW OF OCCUPANTS
1st phase : 0 – 50 seconds- Room compact as
occupants increase2nd Phase : 50 – 100 seconds- Time critical - Accident could happen3rd phase : 100 – 200 Seconds- Rehabilitation time- Major occupants able to
evacuate 4th phase : 200 – end Seconds- All Occupants manage to
escape
Accident can happen in this critical time
ANALYSIS IN MEANS OF EGRESS
1st phase : 0 – 50 seconds- Exit staircase compact
as occupants increase2nd Phase : 50 – 100 seconds- Time critical - Accident could happen3rd phase : 100 – 200 Seconds- Rehabilitation time- Major occupants able to
evacuate 4th phase : 200 – 350 Seconds- All Occupants manage to
Accident can happen in this critical time
WAY FORWARD FROM ANALYSIS
By theory, the design of the building are safe for evacuation. Unfortunately, by practical the occupants of the building are in high risk. Therefore, Risk Assessment should be done in this building.
FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT-LIKELIHOOD SCALE
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Description Rare Unlikely Possible LikelyAlmost
Certain
Fall from stair
during evacuation of
building
>5 people 4 people 3 people 2 people 1 people
Time evacuation 3 minutes 4 minutes 4.5 minutes 5 minutes 5.5 minutes
Firefighting
equipment working
Predictable will
not happenUnlikely happen Possible happen Likely happen Not working
Knowledge of
occupant using
firefighting
equipment
Fully skills Less skill Average skills Know little bit Do not know
FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT-CONSEQUENCE SCALE
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Description Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catasthropic
Fall from stair
during evacuation of
building
Smooth evacuation Panic Slow down evacuation time
Injury + Slow down
evacuation time
Injury + death + Slow
down evacuation time
Time evacuation People safe Fainting Shortness of breath
Injury + Shortness of
breath
Death
Firefighting
equipment working
Smooth evacuation Properties damage
Properties damage + extend
time for evacuation
Properties damage +
injury
Properties damage +
death
Knowledge of
occupant using
firefighting
equipment
Smooth evacuation Properties damage
Properties damage + extend
time for evacuation
Properties damage +
injury
Properties damage +
death
FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT-RISK MATRIX
Scale
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major
Catasthrop
ic
1 2 3 4 5
Almost
Certain
5 5 10 15 20 25
Likely 4 4 8 12 16 20
Possible 3 3 6 9 12 15
Unlikely 2 2 4 6 8 10
Rare 1 1 2 3 4 5
For grading risk, the scores obtained from the Table 3 Risk Matrix are assign
grades as follows:
1 - 2 : Low Risk – Standard Operating Procedures
to handle the risk;
3 - 4 : Moderate Risk – Monitor and review;
5 - 12 : High Risk –Attention Required; and
15 - 25 : Extreme Risk –Attention, time and
resources required.
Acceptability:
Score 1 - 4 : Acceptable Risk; and
Score 5 - 25 : Unacceptable Risk.
QUESTIONNAIRE ON FIRE SAFETY AWARENESS
QUESTIONNAIRE BACKGROUND
Questionnaire based from “Sikap Dan Tindakbalas PenghuniBangunan Dalam Menghadapi Situasi Kebakaran Kajian Kes : MenaraAnsar, Johor Bahru” by Nawal Bt. Hj Mohd Khudzairi
3 parts in the questionnaire :a) Background of the respondent
b) Awareness & understanding on fire prevention system in the building
c) Criteria of fire prevention system in the building
TARGET OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Respondent
population
Number of
questionnaire
distributed
Number of
questionnaire that
been returnedPercentage (%)
350 110 100 25
PART A : ANALYSIS OF RESPONDENT BACKGROUND
20%
73%
7%
0%0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
< 1 year 1- 5 years 5-10 years >10 years
Experience been in the building
Majority are 1-5 years
Majority are from student and
staff
Aim : To get well blended
information on fire safety
PART B: AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE FIRE SAFETY IN FACULTY ENGINEERING
Part B
The
effectiveness
of fire alarm in
the building
The training of
"fire drill"
organized by
the building
management
Briefing of fire
safety to the
respondent
PART B.1 : ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FIRE ALARM IN THE BUILDING
Hear a fire alarm
2 times of
hearing the fire
alarm for past 2
years
Did not know
cause of fire
alarm
1 time hearing
false alarm in 2
years
Fire alarm in the
building is not
working well
Series1 61 39.3 36.1 81 37
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Perc
enta
ge (%
)
The effectiveness of fire alarm in the building
Findings :1. Respondent didn’t alert fire
alarm2. Respondent lack of
awareness on fire alarm3. Fire alarm are not tested
regularly.
PART B.2 : ANALYSIS OF THE TRAINING OF “FIRE DRILL" ORGANIZED BY THE BUILDING MANAGEMENT.
56
45.4
31.8
65.9 66.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
never
experience fire
drill training
Only 1 time
involved in fire
drill
Not sure who
organize fire
drill
directly
evacuate from
the building
when hearing
fire alarm
do not know
what happpen
The training of "fire drill" organized by the
building management.
Series1
Findings :1. Majority of respondent
never experience fire drill training
2. Lack of awareness among respondent who are really in charge on fire drill
PART B.3 : ANALYSIS OF BRIEFING OF FIRE SAFETY TO THE RESPONDENT
38
57.9
65.8
51
35.2 35.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Receive
briefing of
fire safety
Receive fire
safety
brochure
External
consultant
give the fire
safety
briefing
seldom
recive
briefing
receive fire
safety
briefing
elsewhere
knowing the
fire safety
from
television
Briefing of fire safety to the respondent
Series1
Findings :1. Majority of respondent did
not aware on fire safety briefing in Faculty Engineering
2. Majority of respondent does not receive the importance of fire safety in faculty.
ANALYSIS OF AWARENESS ON FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Awarness on fire fighting equipment
No
Yes
Findings :1. Majority does not know
how to use fire extinguisher
PART C : THE CRITERIA OF FIREFIGHTING SYSTEM IN OFFICE BUILDINGThere are several point need to focus in enhancing the fire fighting system in the building which are:1. Requirements of fire safety plan2. Effectiveness of fire alarm system3. Awareness of the importance of fire safety plan and devices.
From those criteria, there are 3 aspect been observe in this part:1- Spreading information aspect2- Effective communication devices aspect3- Maintenance aspect
PART C.1 : SPREADING INFORMATION ASPECT
Create more systematic fire
emergency plan
Spreading the information of using
fire fighting device by brochures
1% 1%3%
1%
13% 12%
25%
35%
58%
51%
Spreading Information
strongly disagree Disagree No opinion Agree Strongly agree
Spreading information of fire safety devices by brochures
Demand for
systematic fire
emergency plan
Information of
fire safety should
be spread well
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION DEVICES
0.0%20.0%40.0%60.0%80.0%100.0%120.0%
Fire drill
should be
done more
frequently
as training
and
experience.
Briefing on
fire safety
from
external
consultants
Teacing
manual of
fire
fighting
equipment
Strongly Agree 23.9% 26.1% 29.3%
Agree 47.8% 45.7% 53.3%
No opinion 21.7% 19.6% 10.9%
Disagree 2.2% 4.3% 0.0%
Strongly disagree 4.3% 4.3% 6.5%
Axis
Tit
le
Effective communication devices
Training
frequent
Briefing on
fire safety
Teaching
manual
MAINTENANCE OF FIREFIGHTING DEVICE
4.3% 1.1%
6.5%7.6%
37.0%34.8%
52.2% 56.5%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
Maintenance of fire fighting device
should be done regularly
Routine inspection should be
conducted by management
Maintenance
Strongly agree
Agree
No opinion
Disagree
Strongly disagree
CONCLUSION
Lack of awareness
of fire safety
among occupants
Management
should ensure
every Fire safety
devices works well
Fire Drill should
be done annually
to ensure
occupants know
on how to
evacuate.
CONCLUSION
THANK YOU FOR EVERYTHING!!!