Dr. László A. Gömze1, Judit Csányi Tamásné2,

1University of Miskolc, Department of Ceramic and Silicate Engineering; 2EPCOS, SzombathelyTel.:+36 46 565-111/15-66; Fax: .: +36 46 565-103; e-mail: femgomze@uni-miskolc.hu

2. INTRODUCTION2. INTRODUCTION

3. OUR AIMS3. OUR AIMS

International Symposium on

FRICTION, WEAR AND WEAR PROTECTION

1. ABSTRACT1. ABSTRACTCorundum is one of the most popular technical ceramic materials because of its high mechanical strength and good

wear properties and resistance to thermal shock. The machine parts, tools and fittings made from Corundum ceramics have excellent good resistance to high temperature corrosion as well. To decrease the inclination of Corundum ceramic parts and tools to pittings and rigid fractures and increase their elasticity and flexibility, the authors have developed a special heat treatment method to establish a 50 – 70 micron thin deposit of AlN and SiAlON sub-micron and nano-particles at their surface. Because of this thin deposit of sub-micron and nano-particles at the surfaces, not only the density but the massiveness and compactness are increasing considerably of these treated Corundum ceramic parts and tools.

In their presentation and article the authors should like to explain, how could they develop these thin deposites of AlN and SiAlON nano-particles at the surface of ceramic tools and parts, and how these sub-micron and nano-particles could change the thermo-chemical, physical, mechanical, tribologycal and wear properties of these Corundum ceramic items.Keywords: Corundum, nano-particles, mechanical strength, wear resistance

The purpose of the study is toThe purpose of the study is to increase the hardness and wear resistancy of Corundum increase the hardness and wear resistancy of Corundum ceramic items and tools, using nitrogen atmosphere during biscuit firing and sintering.ceramic items and tools, using nitrogen atmosphere during biscuit firing and sintering.

1. Our tests and investigations clearly confirmed that nitrogen gas during sintering excercises positive impact on microstructure of alumina ceramic items. Beside of α-Al2O3 Corundum development of Si2ON2 ceramic particles of nano sizes is taking place. The quantity of Si2ON2 new ceramic phase with nano size as more as more quantity of SiO2 contain the used raw material.

2. Increasing the quantity of Si2ON2 in α-Al2O3 Corundum ceramics using nitrogen gas during sintering, the hardness can increases up to 4000 HRC, increasing the wear resistancy at the same time.

1. Shui, A. - Kato, Z. - Tanaka, S. - Uchida, N. – Uematshu, K.: Development of anisotropic microstructure in uniaxially pressed alumina compacts, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 22 (2002) 1217-1223

2. Sathiyakumar, M. – Gnanam, F.D.: Influence of additives on density, microstructure and mechanical properties of alumina, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 133 (2003) 282-286

3. Tabary, P. - Servant, C. – Alary, J.A.: Effects of a low amount of C on the phase transformations in the AlN-Al2O3 pseudo-binary system; Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 20. (2000) pp. 1915-1921

4. Kim, Y.W. - Park, H.C. - Lee, Y.B. - Oh, K.D. – Stevens, R.: Reaction sintering and microstructural development in the system Al2O3-AlN; Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 21 (2001) pp. 2383-2391

5. Maghsoudipour, A. - Moztarzadeh, F. - Saremi, M. – Heinrich, J.G.: Oxidation behaviour of AlN-Al2O3 composites; Ceramics International 30 (2004) pp. 773-783

6. Nivot, C. - Valdivieso, F. – Goeuriot, P.: Nitrogen pressure effects on non-isothermal alumina sintering; Journal of the European Ceramic Society Vol.26 (2006) pp. 9-15

7. Cao, L.H. - Khor, K.A. - Fu, L. - Boey, F.: Journal of European Ceramic Society, Vol. 89-90, 1999. pp.392-3988. A. M. Alper: Phase Diagrams in Advanced Ceramics. Academic Press, Inc., London, 1995. pp.15-83.9. Tabary, P. - Servant, C. – Alary, J. A: Journal of European Ceramic Society, Vol. 20, 2000. pp.1915-192110. J. Ahn, J. Park, H. Lee: Effect of compact structures on the phase transition, subsequent densification and microstructure ecolution during sintering of

ultrafine alumina powder, NanoStructured Materials, Vol. 11, (1999) No. 1. pp. 133-140, 11. C.C. Anya, S. G. Roberts: Pressureless Sintering and Elastic Constants of Al2O3-SiC “Nanocomposites”, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 17

(1997) 565-57312. S. Kim, Y. Kim, T. Sekino, K. Niihara, S.W. Lee. Tribological Properties of Hot Pressed alumina-Silicon Carbide Nanocomposite; Journal of Materials

Online; DOI: 10.2240/azojomo0144, (2005)

Heat treatment in nitrogen gas is a well-known technology for steels, resulting the increase of surface hardness of steels, their wear resistance, resistance to repeated use and corrosion. In this procedure alloy elements – carbon, nitrogen, silicon, and aluminum – are entered into the surface layer of the steel by diffusion – modifying, improving its mechanical and chemical properties. According to the literature several authors are dealing with the use of nitrogen atmosphere by adding other additives (AlN). During the sintering the nitrogen – entered in the form of gas or solid substance (AlN) – and its reaction with the rigid, solid material produces a new substance, a very tough material, keeping its mechanical properties. The result of heat treatment in nitrogen inert gas is the production of AlN and AlON, besides Al2O3. AlN has several excellent properties, its thermal conductivity, specific resistance is high, the dielectric constant is moderately low. AlN cannot be found in the nature. It can be produced by nitridation of metal aluminum powder, or by the carbothermic reaction of alumina powder. AlON is a kind of polycrystalline material, the structure of which is just the inverse of spinel. It is a glass-like, poreless material of great hardness, but with low heat conductivity. Among the methods to be used for the production of alumina nitride phase the most popular are simultaneous reduction and nitridation of Al2O3, oxynitridation of metal aluminum during firing, its gas phase reaction with AlCl3, direct reaction between Al2O3 and AlN.

According to the literature the reaction of Al2O3 and AlN produces AlON phase above 1650°C, which can be made by plasma spraying, adding AlN, sintered in nitrogen gas. In the plasma spraying technology first the Al2O3/AlN composite powder is sintered in Ar/N2 plasma (10000K), which is direct nitridation of alumina. With this method cubic lattice AlN can be produced, containing N- and O-ions. The AlN and -Al2O3 content of the thus produced material is growing compared to the AlN and Al2O3 content of the original (starting) material. Thus further heat treatment is required in nitrogen gas at 800-1200°C for 2 hours with temperature holding. As a result of later heat treatment the AlN will be of hexagonal lattice, the AlN quantity will increase, but the -Al2O3 content will decrease.

The quantity of AlN added to Al2O3 and the sintering temperature influence significantly the material microstructure. During sintering in nitrogen gas homogenous microstructure is achieved with lower (<10 mol%) AlN content, AION appears on the contact surface of alumina. At higher AlN content the produced AlON is around the grain boundary of alumina.

McCauley and Corbin sintered in situ the AlN and Al2O3 powders, grinded together. Several combinations of production parameters were discovered. As shown by Fig. 1.a the liquid phase can be found in a very narrow stripe of the solid phase at high temperature.

The results of sintering at 1975 °C are grain porosities, but the higher temperature (2025 °C) produces much less porosity and AlON.The method was improved later the starting powder is 0,5 μm and smaller grain size distribution AlON powder, formed by preliminary reaction. Reaction of the starting powder:

Al2O3(s) + C(s) + N2(g) ≥ ALON(s) + CO(g)

Tabary, Servant and alary observed, that carbon is present in two forms. On the one hand in the form of graphite, not entering into reaction during melting, on the other in a form embedded into separations, becoming an Al-O-N-C quaternary system.

Figure 1.b shows the phase structure of “AlONC” in Mol quantity along the line connecting points a P1 (25% Al2O3 – 75% AlN) and P2 (60% Al2O3 – 20% AlN – 20% Al4C3). The intersection point of Al2O3 – Al4C3 section can be 26,5 mol% Al4C3, not following the literature value. Thus Al4O4C can be found at 20 mol% Al4C3 and Al2OC, and also at 50 mol% Al4C3. Three dominant AlN based compositions can be distinguished. The generalform is AlN-Al2O3 in pseudo-binary system it is AlnO3N(n-2). In the Al2O3-Al4C3 pseudo-binary phase this formula becomes Al(x+4)O(1,5X)C3, where x=8; 6; 5; 4,4 and 4; and the M/X=n/n+1 ratio is equal to 4/5, 5/6, 6/7, 7/8 and 8/9, where M=(nAl) and X=(nO+nC)

Several industries, like machine builing technology, tool engineering and aerospace engineering as well as biomaterials require new accessory parts with better wear resistancy and excellent mechanical properties. These accessory parts are mainly made from ceramic powders like Al2O3, ZrO2, SiC, Si3N4 and others. In order to achieve the required wear resistancy and the special mechanical features the use of the right compacting (pressing) and sintering technology is as important as the selection of the right basic materials.

Many studies are investigating the sintering behaviour of alumina, its microstructure. Our work until now has focused on obtaining deeper knowledge about these properties and on the description of mechanical characteristics of alumina, heat treated in nitrogen atmosphere.

Compound Kreutz SPG 95 Alcoa CT 3000 SDP

Al2O3 95% 99,7% SiO2 2,2% 0,02% MgO 1,40% 0,1%

CaO 1,10% 0,03%

Na2O < 0,2% 0,08% Fe2O3 < 0,3% 0,02%

Development AlN and SiAlON nano-particles at the surface of Corundum Development AlN and SiAlON nano-particles at the surface of Corundum technical ceramicstechnical ceramics

Traditional ST-3001 (Tear Coatings Ltd.)ST-3001 (Tear Coatings Ltd.)

6. PHENOMENA TAKING PLACE DURING SINTERING6. PHENOMENA TAKING PLACE DURING SINTERING

The DSC diagram of Al2O3 powders was taken into account to the establishment of test conditions. The investigation confirmed that in the presence of oxygen the organic materials begin to evaporate at 240-250 °C out of the 95 and 99,7 % content pressing powder. The evaporation process lasts nearly until the attainment of 800 °C. Firing in oxygen atmosphere and having excess of alumina to quartz at temperature about 1000 °C the following chemical reaction can be observed:

nAl2O3 + mSiO2 → 2kAl2O3*kSiO2+(n-2k)Al2O3+(m-k)SiO2

Increasing the firing temperature over 1650 °C and increasing the time of sintering, we could obtain the high

proportion of α-Corundum as the followingnAl2O3 + mSiO2 → 2mAl2O3*mSiO2+(n-2m) α-Al2O3

Thus in our test during the biscuit baking process the N2 gas had been continuously flown from 500 °C. It is known that

with the reduction of oxygen the dissociation of organic materials cannot be completed, thus some percentage carbon is left in the biscuit baked, sintered ceramics. The structure of ceramics heat treated in nitrogen gas was determined on the basis of X-Ray diffraction test.

Fig. 3.Fracture surface of N2 heat treated, sintered Al2O3 by EDAX

It can be seen that next to the tips of Al2O3 carbon in crystal form, and also Al4N3CO (ALONC) had appeared. Most of the AlON tips fit to the diffractogram, its presence is still not completely proved. The results of our experiments are significant, since we have proved, that already at relatively low temperature ALONC is produced in alumina ceramics of traditional “contamination” pre-baked in nitrogen gas.

Observations of Tabary, Servant and Alary support our findings, that carbon is present in two forms. Once in the form of graphite, which does not enter into reaction during melting, and in the form Al-O-N-C quaternary system.Sintering in nitrogen atmosphere, the items and specimens made from the 2 types of alumina powder used by us, the following chemical reactions can be observed:

Fig. 4.Fracture surface of N2 heat treated, sintered Al2O3 by EDAX

Sintering in nitrogen atmosphere, the items and specimens made from the 2 types of alumina powder used by us, the following chemical reactions can be observed:

nAl2O3 + mSiO2 +iN2 → 2kAl2O3*kSiO2+(n-2k)Al2O3+(m-k)SiO2+iN2

At temperature between 1250-1400°C:

(m-k)SiO2+iN2 → [(m-k)/2)] Si2ON2+pNOx+jN2

Because of this, near the surface a very dense and massive 30-70 μm thick layer can be observed, full of tiny granules of 50-500 nm size. Considerably less new phase of Si2ON could be seen in the middle of the specimen. Because of this new phase the hardness of the Corundum ceramic items we could increase up to 3500-4000 HRC.

4. IMPORTANCE OF HEAT TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY4. IMPORTANCE OF HEAT TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Fig.1.aPhase diagram of AlN- Al2O3

(Taken from: Allen M. Alper: Phase Diagrams in Advanced Ceramics 29.)

Fig. 1.b.Content of AlONC phase in Al4O6-Al4N4-Al4C3 pseudo-terner

system(Taken from: Tabary, Servant, Alary: Journal of the European

Ceramic Society p.1918)

5. THE ALUMINA RAW MATERIALS AND TEST CONDITIONS5. THE ALUMINA RAW MATERIALS AND TEST CONDITIONSTo increase surface hardness of Corundum technical ceramics we developed thin deposites of AlN and SiAlON nano-

particles at the uniaxially pressed ceramic tools and parts. During our experiments different purity of alumina powders were investigated with the use of nitrogen gas. Table 1 shows the compound of the powders applied by us, according to the datasheet of the manufacturers.

Part of uniaxially pressed ceramic tools and specimen was green fired oxygen atmosphere at temperature 1250 °C and the remaining part in nitrogen blanket at 1420 °C in composition-type resistor furnace. The microstructure of the fired tools and specimen was tested by SEM, EDAX and X-Ray diffraction meter. The wear resistancy was tested on a traditional instrument (Fig. 2.a) as well as on a modern equipment ST-3001 (Fig. 2.b.) from Tear Coatings Ltd. The RC hardness was tested too on this instrument.

Fig. 2.Testing instruments for wear resistancy and hardness

9-11. April 2008Aachen, Germany

Table. 1.Content of applied alumina powder

No.2.No.1.

7. CONCLUSION7. CONCLUSION

REFERENCESREFERENCES